Hatred is a word that describes intense feelings of dislike. It can be used in a wide variety of contexts, from hatred of vegetables to hatred of other people. Prejudice or bigotry against an entire class of people (e. The word prejudice refers to prejudgment making a decision before becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case or event A bigot is a person who is intolerant of opinions lifestyles or identities differing from his or her own and bigotry is the corresponding state of mind g. racism) are examples of hatred. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that

Philosophers have offered many influencial definitions of hatred. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Rene Descartes viewed hate as an awareness that something is bad, combined with an urge to withdraw from it. Baruch Spinoza defined hate as a type of pain that is due to an external cause. Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, Aristotle viewed hate as a desire for the annihilation of an object that is incurable by time. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Finally, David Hume believed that hate is an irreducible feeling that is not definable at all. David Hume (26 April 1711 25 August 1776 Scottish Philosopher, Economist, and Historian is an important figure in Western philosophy ^[1]

In psychology, Sigmund Freud defined hate as an ego state that wishes to destroy the source of its unhappiness^[2]. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded In a more contemporary definition, the Penguin Dictionary of Psychology defines hate as a "deep, enduring, intense emotion expressing animosity, anger, and hostility towards a person, group, or object. "^[3] Because hatred is believed to be long-lasting, many psychologists consider it to be more of an attitude or disposition than a (temporary) emotional state.

See also

• Ethnic cleansing
• Genocide
• Hate crime
• Hate speech

Suggested reading

• The Psychology of Hate by Robert Sternberg (Ed. Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group Hate crimes (also known as bias motivated crimes) occur when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in a certain Social group, usually defined Hate speech is a term for speech intended to degrade intimidate or incite violence or prejudicial action against a person or group of people based on their race, Gender Robert J Sternberg (born December 8, 1949) is an American psychologist and psychometrician and the Dean of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University )
• Hatred: The Psychological Descent into Violence by Willard Gaylin
• Why We Hate by Jack Levin
• The Psychology of Good and Evil : Why Children, Adults, and Groups Help and Harm Others by Ervin Staub
• Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility, and Violence by Aaron T. Beck
• Becoming Evil: How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing by James Waller

References

1. ^ Royzman, E. Jack Levin, PhD is the Irving and Betty Brudnick Professor of Sociology and Criminology at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts where he teaches Aaron Temkin Beck (born July 18 1921 is an American psychiatrist and a Professor emeritus at the department of Psychiatry at the University James Waller is the author of Becoming Evil How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing. B. , McCauley, C. & Rozin, P. (2005). From Plato to Putnam: Four ways to think about hate. In The Psychology of Hate by Sternberg, R. (Ed. ).
2. ^ Freud, S. (1915). The instincts and their vicissitudes.
3. ^ Reber, A. S. , & Reber, E. (2002). The Penguin dictionary of psychology. New York: Penguin Books.

External links

• The Hate Blog
• Psychology research on hate (with references)
• HATE.info | Present news with a Hate Twist