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Enomoto Takeaki, a famous hatamoto of the late Edo period
Enomoto Takeaki, a famous hatamoto of the late Edo period

A hatamoto (旗本?) was a samurai in the direct service of the Tokugawa shogunate of feudal Japan. is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the, and the, was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the Shoguns of For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. While all three of the shogunates in Japanese history had official retainers, in the two preceding ones, they were referred to as gokenin. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" The written history of Japan begins with brief references in the 1st century AD Twenty-Four Histories, a collection of Chinese historical texts appeared as direct vassals ( kenin) of the Shogun (or Regent Shikken) in Japan during the Kamakura Shogunate. However, in the Edo period, hatamoto were the upper vassals of the Tokugawa house,[1] and the gokenin were the lower vassals. The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 There was no precise difference between the two in terms of income level, but hatamoto had the right to an audience with the shogun, where gokenin did not. [2] The word hatamoto literally means "at the base of the flag" and is often translated as "bannerman". Another term for the Edo-era hatamoto was jikisan hatamoto (直参旗本?), sometimes rendered as "direct Shogunal hatamoto", which serves to illustrate the difference between them and the preceding generation of hatamoto who served various lords.

Contents

History

The term hatamoto originated in the Sengoku period. The term was used for the direct retainers of a lord; as the name suggests, the men who were grouped "at the base of the flag". Many lords had hatamoto; however, when the Tokugawa clan achieved ascendancy in 1600, its hatamoto system was institutionalized, and it is to that system which we mainly refer today when using the term.

In the eyes of the Tokugawa Shogunate, hatamoto were retainers who had served the family from its days in Mikawa onward. is an old province in the area that today forms the eastern half of Aichi Prefecture. [3] However, the ranks of the hatamoto also included people from outside the hereditary ranks of the Tokugawa house. Retainer families of formerly defeated provincial strongmen like Takeda, Hōjō, or Imagawa were included, as were branch families of feudal lords. The was a famous clan of Daimyō (feudal lords in Japan's late Heian Period to Sengoku period. See the Late Hōjō clan for the Hōjō clan of the Sengoku Period. The was a Japanese clan that claimed descent from Emperor Seiwa (850-880 [4] Also included were heirs to lords whose domains were confiscated (for example, Asano Daigaku, the brother of Asano Naganori),[5] local power figures in remote parts of the country who never became daimyo; and the families of Kamakura Period and Muromachi Period Shugo (Governors) : some of these include the Akamatsu, Besshō (branch of the Akamatsu), Hōjō, Hatakeyama, Kanamori, Imagawa, Mogami, Nagai, Oda, Ōtomo, Takeda, Toki, Takenaka (branch of the Toki), Takigawa, Tsutsui, and Yamana families. was the Daimyo of the Akō Domain in Japan (1675 - 1701 His title was Takumi no Kami (内匠頭 The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura Shogunate, officially established in 1192 by the first Kamakura Shogun The Muromachi period ( Japanese: 室町時代 Muromachi-jidai, also known as the Muromachi era, the Muromachi bakufu, the Ashikaga era was a title commonly translated as "Governor" given to certain officials in feudal Japan. The was a Japanese samurai clan Originally a branch of the Taira clan, and descended from Taira no Takamochi, after 1205 the Hatakeyama came to be descendants of The was a Japanese clan that claimed descent from Emperor Seiwa (850-880 The was a famous clan of Daimyō (feudal lords in Japan's late Heian Period to Sengoku period. [6] The act of becoming a hatamoto was known as bakushin toritate (幕臣取立て?).

Many hatamoto fought in the Boshin War of 1868, on both sides of the conflict. The was a Civil war in Japan, fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the

The hatamoto remained retainers of the main Tokugawa clan after the fall of the Shogunate in 1868, and lost their status along with all other samurai in Japan following the abolition of the domains in 1871. The was a powerful Daimyo family of Japan. They descended from Emperor Seiwa (850-880 and were a branch of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji by the

Ranks and roles

Hijikata Toshizo of the Shinsengumi became a hatamoto shortly before the end of the Edo period
Hijikata Toshizo of the Shinsengumi became a hatamoto shortly before the end of the Edo period

The line between hatamoto and gokenin, especially amongst hatamoto of lower rank, was not rigid, and the title of hatamoto had more to do with rank rather than income rating. For the NHK television series see Shinsengumi!. The were a Special police force of the Late shogunate period. In the context of an army, it could be compared to the position of an officer. Throughout the Edo period, hatamoto held the distinction that if they possessed high enough rank, they had the right to personal audience with the shogun (these hatamoto were known as ome-mie ijō). All hatamoto can be divided into two categories, the kuramaitori, who took their incomes straight from Tokugawa granaries, and the jikatatori, who held land scattered throughout Japan. [7] Another level of status distinction amongst the hatamoto was the class of kōtai-yoriai, men who were heads of hatamoto families and held provincial fiefs, and had alternate attendance (sankin kotai) duties like the daimyo. Sankin kōtai (参勤交代 ("alternate attendance" was a policy of the Shogunate during most of the Edo period of Japanese history. However, as kōtai-yoriai were men of very high income in terms of the spectrum of hatamoto stipends, not all jikatatori hatamoto had the duty of alternate attendance. The dividing line between the upper hatamoto and the fudai daimyo—the domain lords who were also vassals of the Tokugawa house—was 10,000 koku. KOKU (1003 FM, "Hit Radio 100" is a Radio station in the United States territory of Guam. [8]

Some hatamoto could be granted an increase in income and thus promoted to the rank of fudai daimyo. However, this did not happen frequently. One example of such a promotion is the case of the Hayashi family of Kaibuchi (later known as Jozai han), who began as jikatatori hatamoto but who became fudai daimyo and went on to play a prominent role in the Boshin War, despite their domain's relatively small size of 10,000 koku. was a domain of Edo period Japan located at a Jin'ya in Kazusa Province (modern-day Kisarazu, in Chiba Prefecture) The was a Civil war in Japan, fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the

The term for a hatamoto with income in the neighborhood of 8,000 koku or greater was taishin hatamoto ("greater hatamoto").

The hatamoto who lived in Edo resided in their own private districts and oversaw their own police work and security. Men from hatamoto ranks could serve in a variety of roles in the Tokugawa administration, including service in the police force as yoriki inspectors,[9] city magistrates, magistrates or tax collectors of direct Tokugawa house land, members of the wakadoshiyori council, and many other positions. were high-ranking members of the police force during the Edo period. The, or "Junior Elders" were high government officials in 17th century Tokugawa Japan. [10]

The expression "eighty thousand hatamoto" (旗本八万旗 hatamoto hachimanhata?) was in popular use to denote their numbers, but a 1722 study put their numbers at about 5,000. Adding the gokenin brought the number up to about 17,000. appeared as direct vassals ( kenin) of the Shogun (or Regent Shikken) in Japan during the Kamakura Shogunate.

Famous Hatamoto

Famous hatamoto include Ōoka Tadasuke, Tōyama Kagemoto, Katsu Kaishu, Enomoto Takeaki, and Hijikata Toshizō. (1677 - 1752 was a Japanese Samurai in the service of the Tokugawa shogunate. ( September 27, 1793 – April 15, 1855) was a Hatamoto and an official of the Tokugawa Shogunate during the Edo Period was a Japanese naval officer and statesman during the Late Tokugawa shogunate and the Meiji period. Viscount was a Japanese Navy admiral faithful to the Tokugawa Shogunate, who fought against the new Meiji government until the end of the Boshin Hijikata Toshizō (土方歳三 May 31, 1835 — June 20, 1869) was the deputy leader of Shinsengumi, a small-built and talented

Hatamoto and the Martial Arts

Hatamoto patronized the development of the martial arts in the Edo period; many of them were involved in the running of dojo in the Edo area and elsewhere. A is a Japanese term which literally means "place of the Way" literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the

Hatamoto in popular culture

Hatamoto appeared as figures in popular culture even before the Edo era ended. Recent depictions of hatamoto include the TV series Hatchōbori no Shichinin, the manga Fūunjitachi Bakumatsu-hen, and Osamu Tezuka's manga Hidamari no ki. was a Japanese manga artist, Animator, producer and Medical doctor, although he never practiced medicine

References

  1. ^ Ooms, p. 190.
  2. ^ Ogawa, p. 43.
  3. ^ Ogawa, p. 35.
  4. ^ Ogawa, pp. 35-36.
  5. ^ Ogawa, p. 35.
  6. ^ Ogawa, p. 35
  7. ^ Ooms, p. 92.
  8. ^ Ogawa, p. 43.
  9. ^ Sasama, p. 45.
  10. ^ Bolitho, p. 118.
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