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Hart Crane

Taken by Walker Evans in 1930
Born July 21, 1899(1899-07-21)
Garrettsville, Ohio
Died April 27, 1932 (aged 32)
At sea: off the Florida coast
Occupation Poet
Literary movement American Modernism, Romanticism
Influences
Influenced

Harold Hart Crane (July 21, 1899 – April 27, 1932) was an American poet. For the off-road and NASCAR driver see Walker Evans (racer. Walker Evans ( November 3, 1903 &ndash April 10, Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Garrettsville is a village in Portage County, Ohio, United States. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. Modernist poetry in English is generally considered to have emerged in the early years of the 20th century with the appearance of the Imagists. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827 was an English poet, painter, and Printmaker. Walter Whitman (May 31 1819 &ndash March 26 1892 was an American poet, Essayist journalist, and humanist. Gerard Manley Hopkins ( 28 July 1844 – 8 June, 1889) was an English Poet, Roman Catholic convert and "Rimbaud" redirects here For other uses see Rimbaud (disambiguation Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (ræm'boʊ or in French aʁtyʁ John Donne (pronounced like done, dʌn 1572 – 31 March 1631 was a Jacobean poet preacher and a major representative of the Metaphysical poets William Shakespeare ( baptised Edward Estlin Cummings (October 14 1894 &ndash September 3 1962 popularly known as E Alfred Stieglitz (January 1 1864 &ndash July 13 1946 was an American photographer who was instrumental over his fifty-year career in making Photography an acceptable Robert Lowell (March 1 1917&ndashSeptember 12 1977 born Robert Traill Spence Lowell IV, was an American Poet whose works confessional in nature John Allyn Berryman (originally John Allyn Smith) ( October 25, 1914 – January 7, 1972) was an American Jack Kerouac ( March 12 1922 &ndash October 21 1969) was an American Novelist, Writer, Poet, and Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26 1911 &ndash February 25 1983 better known as Tennessee Williams, was a major American playwright who received many of the top theatrical Jasper Johns Jr (born May 15, 1930 in Augusta Georgia) is a contemporary American artist who primarily works in painting and Printmaking Harold Bloom' (born July 11, 1930) is a Literary critic. Bloom defended 19th-century Romantic poets at a time when their reputations Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Finding both inspiration and provocation in the poetry of T. S. Eliot, Crane wrote poetry that was traditional in form, difficult and often archaic in language, and which sought to express something more than the ironic despair that Crane found in Eliot's poetry. Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. In Language, an archaism is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current Though frequently condemned as being difficult beyond comprehension, Crane has proved in the long run to be one of the most influential poets of his generation.

Contents

Life and work

Born in Garrettsville, Ohio, Hart Crane’s father, Clarence, was a successful Ohio businessman who had made his fortune in the candy business with chocolate bars. Garrettsville is a village in Portage County, Ohio, United States. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads He originally held the patent for the Life Saver, but sold his interest to another businessman right before the candy took off. Life Savers is an American brand of ring-shaped mints and artificially fruit-flavored hard candy. Crane’s mother and father were constantly fighting, and early in April, 1917, they divorced[1]. It was shortly thereafter that Hart dropped out of high school and headed to New York City. The City of New York Between 1917 and 1924 he moved back and forth between New York and Cleveland, working as an advertising copywriter and a worker in his father’s factory. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state Copywriting is the use of words to promote a Person, Business, Opinion, or Idea. From Crane's letters, it appears that New York was where he felt most at home, and much of his poetry is set there.

Crane was gay and associated his sexuality with his vocation as a poet. In the English language, gay is an Adjective that in modern usage refers to Homosexuality. Raised in the Christian Science tradition of his mother, he never ceased to view himself as a pariah in relation to society. Christian Science is believed by its supporters to be a system of spiritually scientific truths which are summed up in the two commandments having one God one Mind one Life Truth However, as poems such as "Repose of Rivers" make clear, he felt that this sense of alienation was necessary in order for him to attain the visionary insight that formed the basis for his poetic work.

Throughout the early 1920s, small but well-respected literary magazines published some of Crane’s lyrics, gaining him, among the avant-garde, a respect that White Buildings (1926), his first volume, ratified and strengthened. Avant-garde (avɑ̃gaʁd in French) means "advance guard" or "vanguard The first collection ( 1926) of poetry by Hart Crane, an American Modernist poet critical to both lyrical and language poetic traditions White Buildings contains many of Crane’s best lyrics, including "For the Marriage of Faustus and Helen," and a powerful sequence of erotic poems called "Voyages," written while he was falling in love with Emil Opffer, a Danish merchant mariner. Contained in Hart Crane 's first collection of poems White Buildings ( 1926) 'Voyages' was composed across six years ( 1921 - 1926)

"Faustus and Helen" was part of a larger artistic struggle to meet modernity with something more than despair. Crane identified T. S. Eliot with that kind of despair, and while he acknowledged the greatness of The Waste Land, he also said it was "so damned dead," an impasse, and a refusal to see "certain spiritual events and possibilities. The Waste Land ( 1922) is a highly influential 434-line modernist poem by T " Crane’s self-appointed work would be to bring those spiritual events and possibilities to poetic life, and so create "a mystical synthesis of America. " This ambition would finally issue in The Bridge (1930), where the Brooklyn Bridge is both the poem’s central symbol and its poetic starting point. The Bridge, first published in 1930 is Hart Crane's first and only attempt at an American Long poem. The Brooklyn Bridge, one of the oldest Suspension bridges in the United States, stretches 5989 feet (1825 m over the East River connecting the

The Bridge received poor reviews for the most part, but much worse than that was Crane’s sense of failure. It was during the late '20s, while he was finishing The Bridge, that his drinking, always a problem, got notably worse.

While on a Guggenheim Fellowship in Mexico in 1931-32, his drinking continued while he suffered from bouts of alternating depression and elation. Guggenheim Fellowships are American grants that have been awarded annually since 1925 by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those "who The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. His only heterosexual relationship - with Peggy Cowley, the soon to be ex-wife of his friend Malcolm Cowley - who joined Crane in the south when the Cowleys agreed to divorce, occurred here, and "The Broken Tower," one of his last published poems, emerges from that affair. Margarite Frances Baird was also known as Peggy Baird Peggy Johns and Peggy Cowley Malcolm Cowley ( August 28, 1898 Belsano Cambria County, Pennsylvania &ndash March 27, 1989) was an American The last new poem meant to be published in Hart Crane 's life 'The Broken Tower' ( 1932) has been widely acknowledged as one of the best lyrics of Crane's last years if not his Crane still felt himself a failure, though, in part because he recommenced homosexual activity despite his relationship with Cowley. Just before noon on 27 April 1932, while onboard the steamship SS Orizaba[2] heading back to New York from Mexico - right after he was beaten up for making sexual advances to a male crewmember, which may have appeared to confirm his idea that one could not be happy as a homosexual - he committed suicide by jumping into the Gulf of Mexico. World War I Orizaba —named after the town of Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico —was laid down for the Ward Line by William Cramp The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world Although he had been drinking heavily and left no suicide note, witnesses believed Crane's intentions to be suicidal, as several reported that he exclaimed "Goodbye, everybody!" before throwing himself overboard.

His body was never recovered. A marker on his father's tombstone in Garrettsville includes the inscription, "Harold Hart Crane 1899-1932 LOST AT SEA". [3]

Poetics

Crane's critical effort - like Keats and Rilke - is most pronounced in his letters: he corresponded regularly with Allen Tate, Yvor Winters, and Gorham Munson, and shared critical dialogues with Eugene O'Neill, William Carlos Williams, E. E. Cummings, Sherwood Anderson, Kenneth Burke, Waldo Frank, Harriet Monroe, Marianne Moore, and Gertrude Stein. Rainer Maria Rilke (also Rainer Maria von Rilke (4 December 1875 &ndash 29 December 1926 is considered one of the German language 's greatest 20th century Poets John Orley Allen Tate ( November 19, 1899 - February 9, 1979) was an American Poet, essayist and social commentator and Arthur Yvor Winters ( October 17, 1900 - January 26, 1968) was an American poet and literary critic whose criticism was often embroiled in controversy Gorham Bockhaven Munson ( May 26, 1896 – August 15, 1969) was an American Literary critic. Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16 1888–November 27 1953 was a Nobel -prize winning American playwright William Carlos Williams ( 17 September 1883 &ndash 4 March 1963) was an American poet closely associated with modernism Edward Estlin Cummings (October 14 1894 &ndash September 3 1962 popularly known as E Sherwood Anderson (September 13 1876 &ndash March 8 1941 was an American writer mainly of short stories, most notably the collection Winesburg Ohio Kenneth Duva Burke ( May 5 1897 – November 19 1993) was a major American literary theorist and philosopher. Waldo Frank ( August 25, 1889, Long Branch New Jersey - 1967 was a prolific novelist historian literary and social critic Harriet Monroe ( 12 December 1860 &ndash 26 September 1936) was an American editor scholar literary critic and patron of the arts Marianne Moore ( November 15, 1887 – February 5, 1972) was a Modernist American Poet and Writer Gertrude Stein ( February 3, 1874 &ndash July 27, 1946) was an American Writer who spent most of her life in France

Most serious work on Crane begins with his letters, selections of which are available in many editions of his poetry; his letters to Munson, Tate, Winters, and his patron, Otto Hermann Kahn, have been particularly valuable. Otto Hermann Kahn ( February 21, 1867 – March 29, 1934) was an Investment banker, Collector, Philanthropist Even his two most famous stylistic defenses emerged from correspondences: his Emersonian "General Aims and Theories" (1925) was written to urge Eugene O’Neill’s critical foreword to White Buildings, then passed around among friends, yet unpublished during Crane's life; and the famous "Letter to Harriet Monroe" (1926) was part of an exchange for the publication of "At Melville's Tomb" in Poetry. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century Poetry, published in Chicago Illinois since 1912 is one of the leading monthly Poetry journals in the English-speaking world

The 'Logic of Metaphor'

As with Eliot's "objective correlative," a certain vocabulary haunts Crane criticism, his "logic of metaphor' being perhaps the most vexed. An objective correlative is a literary term referring to a symbolic article used to provide explicit rather than implicit access to such traditionally inexplicable concepts as emotion His most quoted formulation is in the circulated, if long unpublished, "General Aims and Theories":

As to technical considerations: the motivation of the poem must be derived from the implicit emotional dynamics of the materials used, and the terms of expression employed are often selected less for their logical (literal) significance than for their associational meanings. Via this and their metaphorical inter-relationships, the entire construction of the poem is raised on the organic principle of a 'logic of metaphor,' which antedates our so-called pure logic, and which is the genetic basis of all speech, hence consciousness and thought-extension. [4]

There is also some mention of it, though it is not so much presented as a critical neologism, in his letter to Harriet Monroe: ". A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been . . The logic of metaphor is so organically entrenched in pure sensibility that it can't be thoroughly traced or explain outside of historical sciences, like philology and anthropology. . . . "[5]

L. S. Dembo's influential study of The Bridge, Hart Crane's Sanskrit Charge (1960), reads this 'logic' well within the familiar rhetoric of the Romantics:

The 'logic of metaphor' was simply the written form of the 'bright logic' of the imagination, the crucial sign stated, the Word made words. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the . . . As practiced, the logic of metaphor theory is reducible to a fairly simple linguistic principle: the symbolized meaning of an image takes precedence over its literal meaning; whether or not the vehicle of an image makes sense, the reader is expected to grasp its tenor. [6]

Difficulty

The publication of White Buildings was delayed by Eugene O'Neill's struggle (and eventual failure) to articulate his appreciation for a foreword to it; and many critics since have used Crane's difficulty as an excuse for a quick dismissal. The first collection ( 1926) of poetry by Hart Crane, an American Modernist poet critical to both lyrical and language poetic traditions Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October 16 1888–November 27 1953 was a Nobel -prize winning American playwright [7] Even a young Tennessee Williams, then falling in love with Crane's poetry, could "hardly understand a single line--of course the individual lines aren't supposed to be intelligible. Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26 1911 &ndash February 25 1983 better known as Tennessee Williams, was a major American playwright who received many of the top theatrical The message, if there actually is one, comes from the total effect. . . . ". [8]

It was not lost on Crane, then, that his poetry was difficult. Some of his best, and practically only, essays originated as encouraging epistles: explications and stylistic apologies to editors, updates to his patron, and the variously well-considered or impulsive letters to his friends. It was, for instance, only the exchange with Harriet Monroe at Poetry when she initially refused to print "At Melville’s Tomb" that urged Crane to describe his "logic of metaphor" in print. Harriet Monroe ( 12 December 1860 &ndash 26 September 1936) was an American editor scholar literary critic and patron of the arts Poetry, published in Chicago Illinois since 1912 is one of the leading monthly Poetry journals in the English-speaking world [9] But describe it he did, then complaining that:

If the poet is to be held completely to the already evolved and exploited sequences of imagery and logic--what field of added consciousness and increased perceptions (the actual province of poetry, if not lullabies) can be expected when one has to relatively return to the alphabet every breath or two? In the minds of people who have sensitively read, seen, and experienced a great deal, isn’t there a terminology something like short-hand as compared to usual description and dialectics, which the artist ought to be right in trusting as a reasonable connective agent toward fresh concepts, more inclusive evaluations?[10]

Monroe was not impressed, though she acknowledged that others were, and printed the exchange alongside the poem: "You find me testing metaphors, and poetic concept in general, too much by logic, whereas I find you pushing logic to the limit in a painfully intellectual search for emotion, for poetic motive. "[11] In any case, Crane had a relatively well-developed rhetoric for the defense of his poems; here is an excerpt from "General Aims and Theories":

New conditions of life germinate new forms of spiritual articulation. . . . the voice of the present, if it is to be known, must be caught at the risk of speaking in idioms and circumlocutions sometimes shocking to the scholar and historians of logic. [12]

More recently, Allen Grossman has given a much respected guest lecture at the University of Chicago, "On communicative difficulty in general and 'difficult' poetry in particular: the example of Hart Crane's The Broken Tower. Allen Grossman is a noted American poet, Critic and Professor. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. "[13]

The 'Homosexual Text'

Recent queer criticism has pointed out that it is particularly difficult, perhaps even inappropriate, to read many of Crane's poems - "The Broken Tower," "My Grandmother’s Love Letters," the "Voyages" series, and so on - without a willingness to look for, and uncover, homosexual meanings in the text. Queer theory is a field of Gender Studies that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of gay and Lesbian studies and feminist studies The last new poem meant to be published in Hart Crane 's life 'The Broken Tower' ( 1932) has been widely acknowledged as one of the best lyrics of Crane's last years if not his Contained in Hart Crane 's first collection of poems White Buildings ( 1926) 'Voyages' was composed across six years ( 1921 - 1926) Tim Dean argues, for instance, that the obscurity of Crane's style owes itself partially to the necessities of being a semi-public homosexual - not quite closeted, but also, as legally and culturally necessary, not open:

The intensity responsible for Crane’s particular form of difficulty involves not only linguistic considerations but also culturally subjective concerns. Coming outThe expressions " closeted " or "in the closet " generally refer to undisclosed sexual behavior, Sexual orientation or Gender This intensity produces a kind of privacy that is comprehensible in terms of the cultural construction of homosexuality and its attendant institutions of privacy. . . . [14]

Thomas Yingling, arguing from a more essentialist viewpoint, articulates yet another problem with the traditional, New Critical and Eliotic readings of Crane, arguing that the "American myth criticism and formalist readings" have "depolarized and normalized our reading of American poetry, making any homosexual readings seem perverse. In Philosophy, essentialism is the view that for any specific kind of Entity, there is a set of Characteristics or Properties all of which New Criticism was a dominant trend in English and American Literary criticism of the mid twentieth century from the 1920s to the early 1960s A mythographer, or a mythologist, according to a strict dictionary definition is a compiler of myths Mythography (from Greek μυθογραφία In Literary theory, formalism refers to critical approaches that analyze interpret or evaluate the inherent features of a text Perversion is a concept describing those types of Human behavior that are perceived to be a serious deviation from what is considered to be orthodox or normal "[15] Even more than a personal or political problem, though, Yingling argues that such biases obscure much of what the poems make clear; see, for instance, the last lines of "My Grandmother's Love Letters" from White Buildings, a haunting description of estrangement from the norms of (heterosexual) family life:

Yet I would lead my grandmother by the hand
Though much of what she would not understand;
And so I stumble. And the rain continues on the roof
With such a sound of gently pitying laughter.

And Brian Reed, an emerging critic of Crane deeply interested in Crane's homosexuality, has made contributions to a project of critical reintegration: though sympathetic, Reed notes that an overemphasis on the sexual biography of Crane's poetry can, of course, also be damaging to a broad appreciation. [16] He has, on a less formal scale, also contributed a study of Crane's famous gay lyrical series, "Voyages," to the Poetry Foundation. The Poetry Foundation is a Chicago-based American foundation created to promote poetry in the wider culture [17]

Influence

Crane has long been admired among poets, often passionately so. Some poet-critics have been ambivalent — one thinks of Yvor Winters’s famous turnabout, reviewing The Bridge in Poetry — but even the turning-aways have a tone of affectionate critique: Winters’s review grants Crane’s status of a "poet of genius" as a matter of course, even if he goes on to say that the poem augurs for a "public catastrophe. The Bridge, first published in 1930 is Hart Crane's first and only attempt at an American Long poem. Poetry, published in Chicago Illinois since 1912 is one of the leading monthly Poetry journals in the English-speaking world "[18] Indeed, Crane was admired, if sometimes cautiously, by much of the Greenwich Village and New England crowd: Allen Tate and Eugene O’Neill, of course, but also Kenneth Burke, Edmund Wilson, E. Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan Kenneth Duva Burke ( May 5 1897 – November 19 1993) was a major American literary theorist and philosopher. Edmund Wilson ( May 8, 1895 &ndash June 12 1972) was an American Writer and E. Cummings, and William Carlos Williams. And though some of his sharpest critics are well known — Marianne Moore, Ezra Pound, and a few others — Moore did publish his work, as did T. Marianne Moore ( November 15, 1887 – February 5, 1972) was a Modernist American Poet and Writer Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate S. Eliot, who, moving even further out of Pound's sphere, may have borrowed some of Crane's imagery for Four Quartets. Four Quartets is the name given to four related poems by T S Eliot, collected and republished in book form in 1943 [19]

Over the next two generations, Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg read The Bridge together,[20] John Berryman wrote him one of his famous elegies, and Robert Lowell published his "Words for Hart Crane" in Life Studies (1959): "Who asks for me, the Shelley of my age, / must lay his heart out for my bed and board. Jack Kerouac ( March 12 1922 &ndash October 21 1969) was an American Novelist, Writer, Poet, and Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. John Allyn Berryman (originally John Allyn Smith) ( October 25, 1914 – January 7, 1972) was an American The term " elegy " was originally used for a type of poetic meter ( Elegiac metre but is also used for a Poem of mourning from the Greek Robert Lowell (March 1 1917&ndashSeptember 12 1977 born Robert Traill Spence Lowell IV, was an American Poet whose works confessional in nature Life Studies is the fourth book of poems by Robert Lowell. Many critics consider it Lowell's most important book and the Academy of American Poets named it one " Perhaps most adoringly, Tennessee Williams wanted to be "given back to the sea" at the "point most nearly determined as the point at which Hart Crane gave himself back. Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26 1911 &ndash February 25 1983 better known as Tennessee Williams, was a major American playwright who received many of the top theatrical . . ". [21]

Such important affections have made Crane even more of a "poet’s poet," and much of Poet’s Bookshelf, a recent anthology of short, personal essays by contemporary poets, is marked through with debts to him. Thomas Lux offers, for instance: "If the devil came to me and said 'Tom, you can be dead and Hart can be alive,' I'd take the deal in a heartbeat if the devil promised, when arisen, Hart would have to go straight into A. Thomas Lux (born December 10, 1946) is an American Poet. Biography Thomas Lux was born in Northampton Massachusetts A. "[22]

Beyond poetry, Crane's suicide inspired several works of art by noted artist Jasper Johns, including "Periscope" and "Diver," and a painting by Marsden Hartley called "Eight Bells' Folly, Memorial for Hart Crane. Jasper Johns Jr (born May 15, 1930 in Augusta Georgia) is a contemporary American artist who primarily works in painting and Printmaking Marsden Hartley (January 4 1877 - September 2 1943 was an American Modernist painter and poet in the early 20th century "

Bibliography

Published by Crane
Compilations of Letters and/or Poems
Biographies
Selected Criticism

Notes

  1. ^ Exact date seems to be April 1st, but is described somewhat unclearly in Mariani (p. 35)
  2. ^ Mariani 1999 p. 421
  3. ^ Untrecker, John. Voyager (1969)
  4. ^ Hammer 1997 p. 163
  5. ^ Hammer 1997 p. 166
  6. ^ Dembo, L. S. Hart Crane's Sanskrit Charge (1960) p. 34
  7. ^ See article on White Buildings
  8. ^ Lyle Leverich. The first collection ( 1926) of poetry by Hart Crane, an American Modernist poet critical to both lyrical and language poetic traditions Tom: The Unknown Tennessee Williams (1995) p. 162
  9. ^ Mariani p. 191
  10. ^ Hammer 1997 p. 281
  11. ^ Hammer 1997 p. 282
  12. ^ Hammer 2006 p. 164
  13. ^ Allen Grossman (2005). On communicative difficulty in general and 'difficult' poetry in particular: the example of Hart Crane's The Broken Tower. GENWI. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
  14. ^ Tim Dean. "Hart Crane's Poetics of Privacy," American Literary History 8:1 (1996) p. 84
  15. ^ Thomas Yingling. Hart Crane and the Homosexual Text: New Thresholds, New Anatomies. p. 3
  16. ^ Brian Reed. Hart Crane: After His Lights (2006)
  17. ^ Brian Reed on 'Voyages': http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/feature.html?id=180083
  18. ^ 'The Progress of Hart Crane,' Poetry 36 (June 1930) pp. 153-65
  19. ^ Lee Oser. T. S. Eliot and American Poetry. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press (1998) pp. 112-14.
  20. ^ Haw, Richard. The Brooklyn Bridge: A Cultural History (2005) p. 175. Also, see the Literary Kicks article, linked below.
  21. ^ Leverich, Lyle. Tom: The Unknown Tennessee Williams (1997) pp. 9-10
  22. ^ Poets Bookshelf p. 126

See also

External links

Walter Whitman (May 31 1819 &ndash March 26 1892 was an American poet, Essayist journalist, and humanist. Harold Bloom' (born July 11, 1930) is a Literary critic. Bloom defended 19th-century Romantic poets at a time when their reputations Modernist poetry in English is generally considered to have emerged in the early years of the 20th century with the appearance of the Imagists. The poetry of the United States arose first during its beginnings as the constitutionally unified Thirteen colonies (although before this a strong Colm Tóibín ( (born 1955 in Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland) is an multi award winning Irish novelist and critic The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current
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