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Harold Clayton Urey
Harold Urey, circa 1963
Harold Urey, circa 1963
Born April 29, 1893(1893-04-29)
Walkerton, Indiana, United States
Died January 5, 1981 (aged 87)
La Jolla, California, United States
Fields chemistry
Institutions University of Copenhagen,
Johns Hopkins University, ,
Columbia University,
Institute for Nuclear Studies,
University of Chicago,
University of California, San Diego
Alma mater University of Montana,
University of California, Berkeley
Doctoral advisor Gilbert N. Lewis
Doctoral students Stanley Miller
Known for discovery of deuterium,
Miller-Urey experiment
Notable awards Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1934)

Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 and later led him to theories of planetary evolution. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Walkerton is a town in Lincoln Township, St Joseph County, Indiana, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 La Jolla (ləˈhɔɪə "luh-HOY-uh") is a wealthy Seaside resort community of up to 42808 residents within the city of San Diego, California The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties The University of Copenhagen (Københavns Universitet is the oldest and largest University and research institution in Denmark. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The Institute for Nuclear Studies was founded September 1945 as part of the University of Chicago with Samuel King Allison as director The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. The University of California San Diego (popularly known as UC San Diego or UCSD) is a public Research university in San Diego, California Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Montana is a State university located in Missoula Montana, U The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Gilbert Newton Lewis ( October 23, 1875 - March 23, 1946) was a famous American physical chemist known for the discovery Stanley Lloyd Miller ( March 7, 1930 - May 20, 2007) was an American Chemist and Biologist who is known Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a Stable isotope of Hydrogen with a Natural abundance in the Oceans of Earth The Miller-Urey experiment (or Urey-Miller experiment) was an Experiment that simulated hypothetical conditions present on the Early Earth and tested The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry.

Biography

Urey was born in Walkerton, Indiana to Reverend Samuel Clayton Urey and Cora Rebecca Riensehl. Walkerton is a town in Lincoln Township, St Joseph County, Indiana, United States. After briefly teaching in rural schools, Urey earned a degree in zoology from the University of Montana and a Ph. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of The University of Montana is a State university located in Missoula Montana, U D. in chemistry, studying thermodynamics under Gilbert N. Lewis at the University of California, Berkeley. In Physics, thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη therme meaning " Heat " and δυναμις dynamis meaning " Gilbert Newton Lewis ( October 23, 1875 - March 23, 1946) was a famous American physical chemist known for the discovery The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley

At Berkeley, Urey was influenced by the work of physicist Raymond T. Birge and soon joined Niels Bohr in Copenhagen to work on atomic structure at the Institute for Theoretical Physics. A physicist is a Scientist who studies or practices Physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many branches of physics spanning Raymond Thayer Birge ( March 13, 1887 - March 22, 1980) was a Physicist. Niels Henrik David Bohr (nels ˈb̥oɐ̯ˀ in Danish 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962 was a Danish Physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city The Niels Bohr Institute is part of the Niels Bohr Institute for Astronomy Physics and Geophysics of the University of Copenhagen. On his return to the U.S. and between 1924 and 1928, he taught at The Johns Hopkins University as 'Associate in Chemistry', and then at Columbia where he assembled a team of associates that included Rudolph Schoenheimer, David Rittenberg and T. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Rudolph Schoenheimer ( May 10, 1898 – September 11, 1941) was a German / U David Rittenberg ( November 11, 1906 &ndash January 24, 1970) was a U I. Taylor. After completion of his text with Arthur Ruark, Atoms, Quanta and Molecules, one of the first English texts on quantum mechanics and its applications to atomic and molecular systems, Urey became interested in nuclear systematics. Arthur Edward Ruark (1899–1979 was an American physicist who actively played a role in the development of quantum mechanics. This led to his discovery of deuterium. Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a Stable isotope of Hydrogen with a Natural abundance in the Oceans of Earth

During this time, Urey isolated deuterium by repeatedly distilling a sample of liquid hydrogen. Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 In 1931, he and his associates went on to demonstrate the existence of heavy water. Heavy water is water which contains a higher proportion than normal of the Isotope Deuterium, as deuterium oxide, D2O or ²H2O Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for this work. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. [1]

During World War II, Urey's team at Columbia worked on a number of research programs that contributed towards the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb for the United States. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Most importantly, they developed the gaseous diffusion method to separate uranium-235 from uranium-238. Isotope separation is the process of concentrating specific Isotopes of a Chemical element by removing other isotopes for example separating Natural uranium Uranium-235 is an isotope of uranium that differs from the element's other common isotope Uranium-238, by its ability to cause a rapidly expanding fission Uranium-238 (U-238 is the most common isotope of Uranium found in nature In autumn 1941, Urey, with G. B. Pegram, led a diplomatic mission to England to establishing co-operation on development of the atomic bomb. George Braxton Pegram ( October 24, 1876 - August 12, 1958) was an American Physicist who played a key role in the technical England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

After the war, he became professor of chemistry at the Institute for Nuclear Studies, then Ryerson professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago before progressing to honorific offices at the University of California, San Diego. The Institute for Nuclear Studies was founded September 1945 as part of the University of Chicago with Samuel King Allison as director The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. The University of California San Diego (popularly known as UC San Diego or UCSD) is a public Research university in San Diego, California A UCSD building was named in his honor in the early 1960s, during a time when nearly all buildings other than student dormitories had only generic names. The name of the building is actually the "Frieda and Harold Urey Hall". Urey would have rejected the honor, he hated the architecture of the building, but since it also honored his wife he accepted.

In later life, Urey helped develop the field of cosmochemistry and is credited with coining the term. Cosmochemistry is concerned with the origin and development of the elements and their Isotopes primarily within the Solar System. His work on oxygen-18 led him to develop theories about the abundance of the chemical elements on earth and of their abundance and evolution in the stars. Oxygen-18 ( 18O) is a natural stable Isotope of Oxygen and one of the Environmental isotopes. See also Abundances of the elements (data page The abundance of a Chemical element measures how relatively common the element is or how much of the element See also Abundances of the elements (data page The abundance of a Chemical element measures how relatively common the element is or how much of the element This work was among the pioneering paleoclimatic research. Urey summarised his work in the book The Planets: Their Origin and Development (1952). Urey speculated that the early terrestrial atmosphere was probably composed of ammonia, methane and hydrogen; it was one of his Chicago graduate students, Stanley L. Miller, who showed that, if such a mixture be exposed to ultraviolet radiation and to water, it can interact to produce amino acids, commonly called the "building blocks of life" (see Miller-Urey experiment). Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Stanley Lloyd Miller ( March 7, 1930 - May 20, 2007) was an American Chemist and Biologist who is known Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this The Miller-Urey experiment (or Urey-Miller experiment) was an Experiment that simulated hypothetical conditions present on the Early Earth and tested

Urey died at La Jolla, California, and is buried in the Fairfield Cemetery in DeKalb County, Indiana. La Jolla (ləˈhɔɪə "luh-HOY-uh") is a wealthy Seaside resort community of up to 42808 residents within the city of San Diego, California DeKalb County is a County located in the US state of Indiana.

Apart from his Nobel Prize, he also won the J. Lawrence Smith Medal in 1962, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1966, and the Priestley Medal of the American Chemical Society in 1973. J Lawrence Smith Medal is awarded by the National Academy of Sciences for investigations of meteoric bodies The Gold Medal is the highest award of the Royal Astronomical Society. The Priestley Medal is the highest honor conferred by the American Chemical Society (ACS and is awarded for distinguished service in the field of Chemistry. The American Chemical Society ( ACS) is a Learned society ( Professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry Named after him are lunar impact crater Urey, asteroid 4716 Urey and the H. C. Urey Prize, awarded for achievement in planetary sciences by the American Astronomical Society. In the broadest sense the term impact crater can be applied to any depression natural or manmade resulting from the high velocity impact of a projectile with larger body Urey is a lunar Impact crater located in the narrow niche of terrain between the western halves of the Rayleigh and Lyapunov craters 4716 Urey (1989 UL5 is a Main-belt Asteroid discovered on October 30, 1989 by S The Harold C Urey Prize is awarded annually by the Division for Planetary Sciences of the American Astronomical Society. Planetary science, also known as planetology and closely related to planetary astronomy, is the Science of Planets or Planetary systems The American Astronomical Society (AAS sometimes pronounced "double-A-S" is a US society of professional astronomers and other interested individuals The Harold C. Urey Middle School in Walkerton, Indiana, is also named for him, as is Urey Hall, the chemistry building at Revelle College, UCSD, in La Jolla, California. (The actual name of the building is "Freida and Harold Urey Hall" because the naming committee worried that Dr. Urey might reject the honor, but knew he could not decline an honor to his wife. ) UCSD has also established a Harold C. Urey chair whose first holder is Dr. James R. Arnold. Urey Lecture Hall on the University of Montana campus in Missoula, Montana also bears his name. The University of Montana is a State university located in Missoula Montana, U

External links

References

  1. ^ H. C. Urey, Ferdinand G. Brickwedde, G. M. Murphy (1932). "A Hydrogen Isotope of Mass 2". Physical Review 39: 164–165. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.39.164. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  


PMID is an Acronym for PubMed Identifier or more specifically PubMed Unique Identifier which is a unique number assigned to each PubMed A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United PMID is an Acronym for PubMed Identifier or more specifically PubMed Unique Identifier which is a unique number assigned to each PubMed
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