Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (10 February 1894 – 29 December 1986) was a British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 January 1957 to 18 October 1963. Earl of Stockton is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 Robert Anthony Eden 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 &ndash 14 January 1977 was a British Conservative Politician Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British The Secretary of State for Air was a cabinet level British position in charge of the Air Ministry. Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Archibald Henry Macdonald Sinclair 1st Viscount Thurso KT CMG PC ( October 22 1890 &ndash June 15 1970) known William Wedgwood Benn 1st Viscount Stansgate DSO DFC PC ( 10 May 1877 &ndash 17 November 1960) was a British Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Edward Hugh John Neale Dalton Baron Dalton PC, generally known as Hugh Dalton ( 26 August 1887 &ndash 13 February 1962 Edwin Duncan Sandys Baron Duncan-Sandys CH PC ( 24 January 1908 &ndash 26 November 1987) was a British Politician The post of Minister of Defence was responsible for co-ordination of defence and security from its creation in 1940 until its abolition in 1964. Events 202 BCE - The Battle of Zama results in the defeat of Carthage and Hannibal. Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Field Marshal Harold Rupert Leofric George Alexander 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis KG OM GCB GCMG CSI DSO John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC (28 July 1904 - 18 May 1978 known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Robert Anthony Eden 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 &ndash 14 January 1977 was a British Conservative Politician Robert Anthony Eden 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 &ndash 14 January 1977 was a British Conservative Politician John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC (28 July 1904 - 18 May 1978 known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Robert Anthony Eden 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 &ndash 14 January 1977 was a British Conservative Politician Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 George Edward Peter Thorneycroft Baron Thorneycroft CH PC (26 July 1909 &ndash 4 June 1994 was a British Conservative Party Politician Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Chelsea is an area of south-west London, England, bounded to the south by the River Thames, where its frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Sussex is a historic county in South East England corresponding roughly in area to the ancient Kingdom of Sussex. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Lady Dorothy Evelyn Macmillan GBE ( 28 July 1900 – 21 May 1966) was a daughter of the 9th Duke and Duchess of Devonshire Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval Balliol College (ˈbeɪlɪəl founded in 1263 is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Publishing is the process of production and dissemination of Literature or Information &ndash the activity of making information available for public view The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Nicknamed 'Supermac' (after the 'cartoon character'), he did not use his first name and was known as Harold Macmillan before elevation to the peerage. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. This article is about the depiction as "Supermac" of British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. The Peerage is a system of Titles of Nobility in the United Kingdom, part of the British honours system. When asked what represented the greatest challenge for a statesman, Macmillan replied: “Events, my dear boy, events”. [2]
Contents |
Early life
Harold Macmillan was born at 52 Cadogan Place in Chelsea, London, to Maurice Crawford Macmillan (1853-1936) and Helen (Nellie) Artie Tarleton Belles (1856-1937). Chelsea is an area of south-west London, England, bounded to the south by the River Thames, where its frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. His paternal grandfather, Daniel MacMillan (1813-1857), was the son of a Scottish crofter who founded Macmillan Publishers. Daniel MacMillan (1813-1857 Scottish Gaelic: Dòmhnall MacMhaolain) was a Scottish publisher from the Isle of Arran, Scotland. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. A croft is a fenced or enclosed area of land usually small and arable with a crofter's Dwelling thereon Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck
Macmillan was first educated at Summer Fields School and then at Eton but was expelled - according to Woodrow Wyatt - for buggery, though an alternative version is that he left due to illness. Summer Fields is a boys' preparatory school based in Summertown, Oxford, England. Eton College, or just Eton, is a world-famous British Independent school for boys founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. Woodrow Lyle Wyatt Baron Wyatt of Weeford ( 4 July 1918 &ndash 7 December 1997) was a British Labour Party Politician The English term Buggery is very close in meaning to the term Sodomy, and is often used interchangeably in law and popular speech [3] He also attended Balliol College, Oxford, although he only completed two years of his classics degree before the outbreak of the First World War. Balliol College (ˈbeɪlɪəl founded in 1263 is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
Macmillan served with distinction as a captain in the Grenadier Guards during the war and was wounded on three occasions. The Grenadier Guards (GREN GDS is the most senior Regiment of the Guards Division of the British Army, and as such is the most senior regiment of infantry During the Battle of the Somme, he spent an entire day wounded and lying in a slit trench with a bullet in his pelvis, reading the Classical Greek playwright Aeschylus in his original language. The Battle of the Somme, also known as the Somme Offensive, fought from July to November 1916 was among the largest battles of the First World War Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Aeschylus (ˈɛskɨləs or /ˈiːskɨləs/ Greek: Ασχύλος, Aischylos, 525 BC/524 BC 456 BC/455 BC was an ancient Greek Playwright [4]
Macmillan lost so many of his fellow students during the war that afterwards he refused to return to Oxford, saying the university would never be the same. He joined Macmillan Publishers as a junior partner in 1920, remaining with the company until his appointment to ministerial office in 1940.
Marriage
Macmillan married Lady Dorothy Cavendish, daughter of Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire on 21 April 1920. Lady Dorothy Evelyn Macmillan GBE ( 28 July 1900 – 21 May 1966) was a daughter of the 9th Duke and Duchess of Devonshire Victor Christian William Cavendish 9th Duke of Devonshire, KG, GCMG, GCVO ( London May 31, 1868 – May Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar Her great-uncle was Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire, who was leader of the Liberal Party in the 1870s, and a close colleague of William Ewart Gladstone, Joseph Chamberlain and Lord Salisbury. Spencer Compton Cavendish 8th Duke of Devonshire, KG, GCVO, PC ( 23 July 1833 – 24 March 1908) was a The Liberal Party was one of the two major British political parties from the early 19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s and a third party Joseph Chamberlain ( 8 July 1836 &ndash 2 July 1914) was an influential British businessman politician and statesman "Lord Salisbury" redirects here For other holders of the title see Marquess of Salisbury. Lady Dorothy was also descended from William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, who served as Prime Minister from 1756-1757 in communion with Newcastle and Pitt the Elder. William Cavendish 4th Duke of Devonshire, KG, PC (8 May 1720 &ndash 2 October 1764 styled Lord Cavendish before 1729 and Marquess of Hartington Thomas Pelham-Holles 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, KG, PC (21 July 1693 &ndash 17 November 1768 was a British William Pitt 1st Earl of Chatham PC (15 November 1708 &ndash 11 May 1778 was a British Whig Statesman who achieved his greatest fame as Her nephew William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington married Kathleen, a sister of John F. Kennedy. William John Robert Cavendish Marquess of Hartington (December 10 1917 – September 10 1944 was the eldest son of Edward Cavendish 10th Duke of Devonshire and the husband Kathleen Cavendish Marchioness of Hartington (February 20 1920 – May 13 1948 born Kathleen Agnes Kennedy, was the second daughter of Joseph P John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of Between 1929 and 1935 Lady Dorothy had a long affair with the Conservative politician Robert Boothby, in full public view of Westminster and established society. Robert John Graham Boothby Baron Boothby, KBE (also known as Bob Boothby) ( 12 February 1900 &ndash 16 July 1986) was Boothby was widely rumoured to have been the father of Macmillan's youngest daughter Sarah. The stress caused by this may have contributed to Macmillan's nervous breakdown in 1931. [5] Lady Dorothy died on 21 May 1966, aged 65.
The Macmillans had four children:
- Maurice Macmillan, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden (1921-1984)
- Lady Caroline Faber (born 1923)
- Lady Catherine Amery (1926-1991)
- Sarah Macmillan (1930-1970)
Brother-in-law
On 26 November 1950, Lady Dorothy's brother Edward Cavendish, the 10th Duke of Devonshire had a heart attack and died in the presence of John Bodkin Adams, the suspected serial killer. Maurice Victor Macmillan Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden PC ( 27 January 1921 &ndash 10 March 1984) was a British Conservative Lady Ann Caroline Macmillan (born 1923 was the daughter of Harold Macmillan 1st Earl of Stockton and his wife Lady Dorothy Cavendish. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Edward William Spencer Cavendish 10th Duke of Devonshire, KG, MBE ( May 6 1895 &ndash November 26 1950) known as John Bodkin Adams ( January 21, 1899 &ndash July 4, 1983) was an Irish-born British General practitioner, convicted A serial killer is a person who Murders usually three or more people with a "cooling off" period between each murder and whose motivation for killing is largely based Thirteen days before, Mrs Edith Alice Morrell, another patient of Adams, had also died. Edith Alice Morrell (1868 – 13 November 1950) was a resident of Eastbourne and patient of the suspected Serial killer John Bodkin Adams Adams was tried in 1957 for her murder but controversially acquitted. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Political interference has been suspected[6][7] and indeed, the case was prosecuted by a member of Macmillan's cabinet, Sir Reginald Manningham-Buller. Reginald Edward Manningham-Buller 1st Viscount Dilhorne KC PC ( August 1, 1905 - September 7, 1980) was as the 1st Home office pathologist Francis Camps linked Adams to a total of 163 suspicious deaths. Francis Edward Camps, MD FRCP FRCPath DTM & H DMJ ( 28 June 1905 &ndash 8 July 1972) was a famous British [8]
Eileen O’Casey
Eileen (née Eileen Kathleen Reynolds), the actress wife of Irish dramatist Sean O’Casey, had a close relationship with Harold Macmillan, who had published her husband’s plays. Seán O'Casey ( Irish Seán Ó Cathasaigh (30 March 1880 &ndash 18 September 1964 was a major Irish dramatist and Memoirist A committed irish
According to an obituary notice of Eileen O’Casey by Edward Marriott, published in the London Evening Standard on 18 April 1995: “It was the death of Sean O’Casey, in 1964. The London Evening Standard is an English Tabloid regional local newspaper published and sold in London and surrounding areas of southeast Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 and of Dorothy Macmillan, two years later, that cemented Macmillan and Eileen’s intimacy. She became the light which illuminated his twilight years, eventually even replacing Dorothy in his affections. ”
Macmillan’s biographer Garry O'Connor [9] noted that “Eileen was the first woman whom Macmillan asked to sit in Lady Dorothy’s place at table in Birch Grove; he also took her out frequently to dine at Buck’s Club. "
Eileen’s obituary in The Times (10 April 1995) records that: . The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. . . she became one of Harold Macmillan's closest friends. The two grew even closer after the death of their respective spouses. That Macmillan never proposed marriage was a source of bewilderment to outsiders, although Eileen was understanding about his shyness. . . . Her relationship with Macmillan, which only ended with his death in 1986, was a source of comfort to her in old age. For his part, he relied completely on her honest, outspoken Irish perspective. She recalled one lunch when Lord Home asked Macmillan to accept a peerage: “Harold turned to me and said ‘What about that Eileen?’ I told him I thought it nicer to keep the name Harold Macmillan to the end of his days and said, ‘Titles are two-a-penny these days. Butchers and bakers and candlestick makers are all getting them. ’ I got the impression that Alec Home was a bit annoyed with me. Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British ”
Political career (1924-1957)
Elected to the House of Commons in 1924 for Stockton-on-Tees, Macmillan lost his seat in 1929, only to return in 1931. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords The 1924 UK general election was held on 29 October 1924 The Conservatives, led by Stanley Baldwin performed dramatically better in electoral terms than in Stockton-on-Tees is a former Constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The 1929 UK general election was held on 30 May 1929 and resulted in a Hung parliament. The UK general election on Tuesday 27 October 1931 was the last in the United Kingdom not held on a Thursday He spent the 1930s on the backbenches, with his anti-appeasement ideals and sharp criticism of Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain serving to isolate him. Stanley Baldwin 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 &ndash 14 December 1947 was a British Conservative politician statesman and major Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
During this time (1938) he published the first edition of his book The Middle Way, which advocated a broadly centrist political philosophy both domestically and internationally. The Middle Way is a book on political philosophy written by Harold Macmillan and first published in 1938 (by MacMillan & Co Ltd London
In the Second World War he at last attained office, serving in the wartime coalition government in the Ministry of Supply and the Colonial Ministry before attaining real power upon being sent to North Africa in 1942 as British government representative to the Allies in the Mediterranean. During this assignment Macmillan worked closely with US General Dwight Eisenhower, a friendship that would prove crucial in his later career. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general
He was the senior British Operational Officer responsible for Operation Keelhaul, also known as the Betrayal of the Cossacks, the forced, and violent repatriation of tens of thousands of refugees from Russia and Yugoslavia to Tito's Yugoslavia in 1945. Operation Keelhaul was a program carried out in Austria by British and American forces in May and June 1945 that decided the fate of up The Betrayal of the Cossacks, also known as The Tragedy of Drau and The Massacre of Cossacks at Lienz refers to the forced repatriation of Cossacks Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian He is quoted as saying "Since these men will no longer be treated as prisoners, the Geneva Conventions will no longer apply. " [10]
Macmillan populated his government with many who had studied at the same school as him: he filled government posts with 35 former Etonians, 7 of whom sat in Cabinet. [11]
He was also devoted to family members: when Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire was later appointed (Minister for Colonial Affairs from 1963 to 1964 amongst other positions) he described his uncle's behaviour as "the greatest act of nepotism ever". Andrew Robert Buxton Cavendish 11th Duke of Devonshire, KG, MC, PC (2 January 1920 &ndash 3 May 2004 known as Lord Andrew Cavendish until Nepotism is the showing of favoritism toward relatives and friends based upon that relationship rather than on an objective evaluation of ability Meritocracy or suitability [12]
Election victory (1959)
Macmillan led the Conservatives to victory in the October 1959 general election, increasing his party's majority from 67 to 107 seats. Background Following the Suez Crisis in 1956 Anthony Eden the Conservative Prime Minister became unpopular and resigned the following year The successful campaign was based on the economic improvements achieved, the slogan "Life's Better Under the Conservatives" was matched by Macmillan's own remark, "indeed let us be frank about it - most of our people have never had it so good. " [13], usually paraphrased as "You've never had it so good".
Critics contended that the actual economic growth rate was weak and distorted by increased defence spending.
Independent nuclear deterrent
A succession of prime ministers since the Second World War had been determined to persuade the Americans to share the secret of their nuclear weapons with Britain. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Macmillan believed that, if Britain could develop an H-bomb on the scale of the Americans', they would treat it as an equal and form an alliance. This led the British government and its armed forces to increase demands on Windscale, Britain's first nuclear power plant, to produce increasing amounts of material for an H-bomb. Sellafield is a nuclear processing and former electricity generating site close to the village of Seascale on the coast of the Irish Sea in Cumbria As a result of these demands, the safety margins of the radioactive materials inside the reactor were being eroded. This led to the Windscale accident on the night of 10 October 1957, in which a fire engulfed the radioactive materials in the core of Windscale's reactor. On October 10, 1957, the Graphite core of a British Nuclear reactor at Windscale, Cumbria, caught fire releasing substantial amounts Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Nuclear contaminants travelled up a chimney where a filter blocked some but not all of the contaminated material and a radioactive cloud spread over the UK and Europe.
Scientists had warned of the dangers of such an accident for some time but Macmillan covered up the reasons for the accident, blaming workers for "an error of judgement" rather than pressure from his government to produce even more nuclear material (Windscale: Britain's biggest nuclear disaster broadcast on Monday, 8 October, 2007, at 2100 BST on BBC Two).
Following the technical failures of a British independent nuclear deterrent with the Blue Streak and the Blue Steel projects, and the unilateral cancellation of the Skybolt missile system by US Defence Secretary Robert McNamara, Macmillan negotiated the delivering of American Polaris missiles to the UK under the Nassau agreement in December 1962. Blue Steel was a British air-launched rocket-propelled nuclear stand-off Missile, built to arm the The Polaris missile was a submarine-launched two-stage solid-fuel nuclear-armed ballistic missile ( SLBM) built during the Cold War by Lockheed for The Nassau Agreement was a treaty negotiated between President John F (Previously he had agreed to base 60 Thor missiles in Britain under joint control, and since late 1957 the American McMahon Act had been eased to allow Britain more access to nuclear technology. Thor was the first operational Ballistic missile in the arsenal of the United States, operated by the US Air Force. The Atomic Energy Act of 1946, informally known as the McMahon Act, determined how the United States government would control and manage the Nuclear technology These negotiations were the basis for Peter Cook's satire of Macmillan in Beyond the Fringe). Peter Edward Cook (17 November 1937 &ndash 9 January 1995 was an English Satirist, Writer and Comedian. Beyond the Fringe was a British Comedy stage revue written and performed by Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Alan Bennett
Macmillan was a force in the successful negotiations leading to the signing of the 1962 Partial Test Ban Treaty by the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union. The Treaty banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere In Outer Space And Under Water, often abbreviated as the Partial Test Ban Treaty ( PTBT) His previous attempt to create an agreement at the May 1960 summit in Paris had collapsed due to the U-2 Crisis of 1960. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The 1960 U-2 incident occurred during the Cold War on May 1, 1960 when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over
Economy
Macmillan's One Nation approach to the economy was to seek high or full employment. One Nation, One Nation Conservatism, or Tory Democracy is a term used in political debate in the United Kingdom to refer to the left wing of the Conservative This contrasted with his mainly monetarist Treasury ministers who argued that the support of sterling required strict controls on money and hence an unavoidable rise in unemployment. Monetarism is a school of economic thought concerning the determination of national income and monetary Economics. Their advice was rejected and in January 1958 the three Treasury ministers Peter Thorneycroft, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nigel Birch, Economic Secretary to the Treasury, and Enoch Powell, the Financial Secretary to the Treasury, resigned. George Edward Peter Thorneycroft Baron Thorneycroft CH PC (26 July 1909 &ndash 4 June 1994 was a British Conservative Party Politician The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Evelyn Nigel Chetwode Birch Baron Rhyl, PC, OBE ( 18 November 1906 &ndash 8 March 1981) was a British Conservative The Economic Secretary to the Treasury is the fifth and most junior ministerial post in the UK Treasury, after the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Chief Secretary Brigadier John Enoch Powell, MBE ( June 16 1912 &ndash February 8 1998) was a British Politician, Financial Secretary to the Treasury is a junior Ministerial post in the UK Treasury. Macmillan, away on a tour of the Commonwealth, brushed aside this incident as "a little local difficulty". The English noun commonwealth dates from the fifteenth century.
Macmillan brought the monetary concerns of the Exchequer into office; the economy was his prime concern. However, Britain's balance of payments problems led to the imposition of a wage freeze in 1961 and, amongst other factors, this caused the government to lose popularity and a series of by-elections in March 1962. In Economics, the balance of payments, (or BOP) measures the Payments that flow between any individual Country and all other countries A by-election or bye-election (called special election in the United States) is an Election held to fill a political office that has become vacant Fearing for his own position, he organised a major Cabinet change in July 1962 - also named "the night of long knives" as a symbol of his alleged betrayal of the Conservative party. Eight junior Ministers were sacked at the same time. The Cabinet changes were widely seen as a sign of panic, and the young Liberal MP Jeremy Thorpe said of Macmillan's dismissal of so many of his colleagues, "greater love hath no man than this, than to lay down his friends for his life". The Liberal Party was one of the two major British political parties from the early 19th century until the rise of the Labour Party in the 1920s and a third party John Jeremy Thorpe (born April 29, 1929) is a British Politician, who was leader of the Liberal Party from 1967 to 1976
Macmillan supported the creation of the National Incomes Commission as a means to institute controls on income as part of his growth-without-inflation policy. A further series of subtle indicators and controls were also introduced during his premiership.
Foreign policy
Macmillan also took close control of foreign policy. He worked to narrow the post-Suez rift with the United States, where his wartime friendship with Dwight D. Eisenhower was key; the two had a productive conference in Bermuda as early as March 1957. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Ba (officially The Bermuda Islands or The Somers Isles) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The cordial relationship remained after the election of John F. Kennedy. John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29 1917&ndashNovember 22 1963 often referred to by his initials JFK, was the thirty-fifth President of
Macmillan's term saw the first phase of the African independence movement, beginning with the granting of independence to the Gold Coast, as Ghana, in 1957. This article is about the British colony in west Africa 1821-1957 The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the His celebrated "wind of change" speech (February 1960) is considered a landmark in this process. Ghana and Malaya were granted independence in 1957, Nigeria in 1960 and Kenya in 1963. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the The Federation of Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was a federation of 11 states formed on January 31 1948 from the nine Malay states and the British Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south However in the Middle East Macmillan ensured Britain remained a force, intervening over Iraq in 1958 and 1960 and becoming involved in the affairs of Oman. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast
In 1956, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev twice interrupted a speech by Macmillan at the United Nations by shouting out "we will bury you" and pounding his desk. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev famously used an expression generally translated into English as "We will bury you!" ("Мы вас похороним!" Macmillan famously replied, "I should like that to be translated if he wants to say anything". [14]
Europe
Macmillan saw the value of rapprochement with Europe and sought belated entry to the European Economic Community (EEC). The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 But Britain's application to join the EEC was vetoed by Charles de Gaulle (29 January 1963); in part due to de Gaulle's fear that "the end would be a colossal Atlantic Community dependent on America" and in part in anger at the Anglo-American nuclear deal. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
He also explored the possibility of a European Free Trade Area (EFTA).
Retirement and death (1963-1986)
The Profumo affair of spring and summer 1963 permanently damaged the credibility of Macmillan's government. The Profumo Affair was a political scandal from 1963 in the United Kingdom that is named after the then Secretary of State for War, John Profumo He survived a Parliamentary vote with a majority of 69, one less than had been thought necessary for his survival, and was afterwards joined in the smoking-room only by his son and son-in-law, not by any Cabinet minister. Nonetheless, Butler and Maudling (who was very popular with backbench MPs at that time) declined to push for his resignation, especially after a tide of support from Conservative activists around the country.
However, the affair may have exacerbated Macmillan's ill-health. He was taken ill on the eve of the Conservative Party conference, diagnosed incorrectly with inoperable prostate cancer. Consequently, he resigned on 18 October 1963. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He was succeeded by the Foreign Secretary Alec Douglas-Home in a controversial move; it was alleged that Macmillan had pulled strings and utilised the party's grandees, nicknamed "The Magic Circle", to ensure that Butler was not chosen as his successor. Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British
Macmillan initially refused a peerage and retired from politics in September 1964. He did, however, accept the distinction of the Order of Merit from the Queen. The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. After retiring, he took up the chairmanship of his family's publishing house, Macmillan Publishers. Macmillan Publishers Ltd, also known as The Macmillan Group, is a privately-held International Publishing company owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck He then brought out a six-volume autobiography; the read was described by his political enemy Enoch Powell as inducing "a sensation akin to that of chewing on cardboard". His wartime diaries, published after his death, were much better received.
Over the next 20 years or so Macmillan made the occasional political intervention, particularly after Margaret Thatcher became Tory leader and Macmillan's premiership came under attack from the monetarists in the party. Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Monetarism is a school of economic thought concerning the determination of national income and monetary Economics. Responding to a remark made by Harold Wilson about not having boots in which to go to school, Macmillan retorted: "If Mr Wilson did not have boots to go to school, it is because he was too big for them!"
Macmillan is commonly thought to have likened Thatcher's policy of privatisation to "selling the family silver". James Harold Wilson Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 &ndash 24 May 1995 was one of the most prominent British politicians Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business In fact what he did say (at a dinner of the Tory Reform Group at the Royal Overseas League on 8 November 1985) was that the sale of assets was commonplace amongst individuals or states when they encountered financial difficulties: "First of all the Georgian silver goes. The Tory Reform Group (TRG is a group within the United Kingdom 's Conservative Party, that uphold the One Nation Tory vision The Royal Over-Seas League ( ROSL) is a non-profit members’ organisation with international headquarters based in its clubhouse in central London, England Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 1985 ( MCMLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays 1985 Gregorian calendar) The arts Especially during the mid-18th century the period was marked by cultural vibrancy with the establishment of the British Museum in 1753 and the contributions And then all that nice furniture that used to be in the salon. A drawing room is a room in a house where visitors may be entertained Then the Canalettos go. This is about the first and better known artist "Canaletto" for his nephew and pupil sometimes also called "Canaletto" especially in Poland and Germany see " Profitable parts of the steel industry and the railways had been privatised, along with British Telecom: "They were like two Rembrandts still left. BT Group plc (formerly British Telecommunications plc) which trades as BT (ˌbiːˈtiː bee tee) (previously known as British Telecom and still The Rembrandts are an American pop-rock band formed by Phil Solem and Danny Wilde in 1989 "[15] Macmillan's speech was much commented on and a few days later Macmillan made a speech in the House of Lords to clarify what he had meant:
- When I ventured the other day to criticise the system I was, I am afraid, misunderstood. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" As a Conservative, I am naturally in favour of returning into private ownership and private management all those means of production and distribution which are now controlled by state capitalism. Means Of Production is a compilation of Aim 's early 12" and EP releases recorded between 1995 and 1998 I am sure they will be more efficient. What I ventured to question was the using of these huge sums as if they were income. [16]
In 1984 he finally accepted a peerage and was created Earl of Stockton and Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden. In the last month of his life, he observed:
- "Sixty-three years ago . . . the unemployment figure (in Stockton-on-Tees) was then 29%. Last November . . . the unemployment (there) is 28%. A rather sad end to one's life. "
Macmillan died at Birch Grove, West Sussex, on 29 December 1986, aged 92 years and 322 days — the greatest age attained by a British Prime Minister until surpassed by James Callaghan on 14 February 2005. Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Leonard James Callaghan Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005 was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. His son Maurice had become heir to the earldom of Stockton, but died suddenly a month after his father's elevation. Harold Macmillan's grandson became the 2nd Earl of Stockton.
Titles from birth to death
- Harold Macmillan, Esq (10 February 1894 – 29 October 1924)
- Harold Macmillan, Esq, MP (29 October 1924 – 30 May 1929)
- Harold Macmillan, Esq (30 May 1929 – 4 November 1931)
- Harold Macmillan, Esq, MP (4 November 1931 – 1942)
- The Right Honourable Harold Macmillan, MP (1942 – 26 July 1945)
- The Right Honourable Harold Macmillan (26 July 1945 – November 1945)
- The Right Honourable Harold Macmillan, MP (November 1945 – 15 September 1964)
- The Right Honourable Harold Macmillan (15 September 1964 – 2 April 1976)
- The Right Honourable Harold Macmillan, OM (2 April 1976 – 24 February 1984)
- The Right Honourable The Earl of Stockton, OM, PC (24 February 1984 –29 December 1986)
Cabinets
For a full list of Ministerial office-holders, see Conservative Government 1957-1964. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar)
January 1957 - October 1959
- Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister
- Lord Kilmuir: Lord Chancellor
- Lord Salisbury: Lord President of the Council
- Rab Butler: Lord Privy Seal and Secretary of State for the Home Department
- Peter Thorneycroft: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Selwyn Lloyd: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
- Alan Lennox-Boyd: Secretary of State for the Colonies
- Lord Home: Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
- Sir David Eccles: President of the Board of Trade
- Charles Hill: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
- Lord Hailsham: Minister of Education
- John Scott Maclay: Secretary of State for Scotland
- Derick Heathcoat Amory: Minister of Agriculture
- Iain Macleod: Minister of Labour and National Service
- Harold Arthur Watkinson: Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation
- Duncan Edwin Sandys: Minister of Defence
- Lord Mills: Minister of Power
- Henry Brooke: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs
Change
- March 1957 - Lord Home succeeds Lord Salisbury as Lord President, remaining also Commonwealth Relations Secretary. David Patrick Maxwell Fyfe 1st Earl of Kilmuir GCVO, PC, KC, (29 May 1900 &ndash 27 January 1967 was a British Conservative Party The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil 5th Marquess of Salisbury, KG PC ( August 27, 1893 &ndash February 23, 1972) was a The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Treasurer and above Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom ranking beneath the The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office George Edward Peter Thorneycroft Baron Thorneycroft CH PC (26 July 1909 &ndash 4 June 1994 was a British Conservative Party Politician The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC (28 July 1904 - 18 May 1978 known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the Alan Tindal Lennox-Boyd 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton CH PC (18 November 1904 &ndash 8 March 1983 was a British Conservative Party politician The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British The Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations was a British Cabinet office existing between 1947 and 1966, responsible for dealing with British relationship with David McAdam Eccles 1st Viscount Eccles CH KCVO PC ( September 18, 1904 &ndash February 24, 1999) was a The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 Charles Hill Baron Hill of Luton ( 15 January 1904 &ndash 22 August 1989) was an English administrator, doctor The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is in modern times a Sinecure office in the Government of the United Kingdom. Quintin McGarel Hogg Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone, KG, CH, PC, QC ( 9 October 1907 &ndash 12 October John Scott Maclay 1st Viscount Muirshiel, KT, CH, CMG, PC, ( October 26, 1905 &ndash August 17, 1992 The Secretary of State for Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: Rùnaire Stàite na h-Alba) is the principal minister of Her Majesty's Government in the Derick Heathcoat Amory 1st Viscount Amory, KG, PC, GCMG, TD, DL, Bart The Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food was a UK cabinet position responsible for the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Iain Norman Macleod ( 11 November 1913 &ndash 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party Politician and The Secretary of State for Employment was a position in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Harold Arthur Watkinson 1st Viscount Watkinson PC CH ( 25 January 1910 &ndash 19 December 1995) was a British Conservative Edwin Duncan Sandys Baron Duncan-Sandys CH PC ( 24 January 1908 &ndash 26 November 1987) was a British Politician The post of Minister of Defence was responsible for co-ordination of defence and security from its creation in 1940 until its abolition in 1964. Percy Herbert Mills 1st Viscount Mills ( 4 January 1890 - 10 September 1968) was an English Politician. Henry Brooke Baron Brooke of Cumnor CH ( 9 April 1903 &ndash 29 March 1984) was a British Conservative Party politician
- September 1957 - Lord Hailsham succeeds Lord Home as Lord President, Home remaining Commonwealth Relations Secretary. Geoffrey Lloyd succeeds Hailsham as Minister of Education. Geoffrey William Geoffrey-Lloyd Baron Geoffrey-Lloyd PC ( January 17 1902 &ndash September 12, 1984) was a British The Chief Secretary to the Treasury, Reginald Maudling, enters the Cabinet. Reginald Maudling (7 March 1917 - 14 February 1979 was a British Politician known for his intellectual brilliance political pragmatism and easygoing nature
- January 1958 - Derick Heathcoat Amory succeeds Peter Thorneycroft as Chancellor of the Exchequer. John Hare succeeds Amory as Minister of Agriculture. John Hugh Hare 1st Viscount Blakenham, OBE, PC, ( January 22 1911 &ndash March 7 1982) was a British peer and
October 1959 - July 1960
- Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister
- Lord Kilmuir: Lord Chancellor
- Lord Home: Lord President of the Council and Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
- Lord Hailsham: Lord Privy Seal and Minister of Science
- Derick Heathcoat Amory: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Rab Butler: Secretary of State for the Home Department
- Selwyn Lloyd: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
- Iain Macleod: Secretary of State for the Colonies
- Reginald Maudling: President of the Board of Trade
- Charles Hill: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
- Sir David Eccles: Minister of Education
- Lord Mills: Chief Secretary to the Treasury
- Ernest Marples: Minister of Transport
- Duncan Edwin Sandys: Minister of Aviation
- Harold Arthur Watkinson: Minister of Defence
- John Scott Maclay: Secretary of State for Scotland
- Edward Heath: Minister of Labour and National Service
- John Hare: Minister of Agriculture
- Henry Brooke: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs
July 1960 - October 1961
- Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister
- Lord Kilmuir: Lord Chancellor
- Lord Hailsham: Lord President of the Council and Minister of Science
- Edward Heath: Lord Privy Seal
- Selwyn Lloyd: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Rab Butler: Secretary of State for the Home Department
- Lord Home: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
- Iain Macleod: Secretary of State for the Colonies
- Duncan Edwin Sandys: Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
- Reginald Maudling: President of the Board of Trade
- Charles Hill: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
- Sir David Eccles: Minister of Education
- Lord Hailsham: Minister of Science
- Lord Mills: Chief Secretary to the Treasury
- Ernest Marples: Minister of Transport
- Peter Thorneycroft: Minister of Aviation
- Harold Arthur Watkinson: Minister of Defence
- John Scott Maclay: Secretary of State for Scotland
- John Hare: Minister of Labour and National Service
- Christopher Soames: Minister of Agriculture
- Henry Brooke: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs
October 1961 - July 1962
- Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister
- Lord Kilmuir: Lord Chancellor
- Lord Hailsham: Lord President of the Council and Minister of Science
- Edward Heath: Lord Privy Seal
- Selwyn Lloyd: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Rab Butler: Secretary of State for the Home Department
- Lord Home: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
- Iain Macleod: Secretary of State for the Colonies
- Duncan Edwin Sandys: Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
- Frederick Erroll: President of the Board of Trade
- Iain Macleod: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
- Sir David Eccles: Minister of Education
- Henry Brooke: Chief Secretary to the Treasury
- Ernest Marples: Minister of Transport
- Peter Thorneycroft: Minister of Aviation
- Harold Arthur Watkinson: Minister of Defence
- John Scott Maclay: Secretary of State for Scotland
- John Hare: Minister of Labour and National Service
- Christopher Soames: Minister of Agriculture
- Charles Hill: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs
- Lord Mills: Minister without Portfolio
July 1962 - October 1963
In a radical reshuffle dubbed "The Night of the Long Knives", Macmillan sacked a third of his Cabinet and instituted many other changes. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. David Patrick Maxwell Fyfe 1st Earl of Kilmuir GCVO, PC, KC, (29 May 1900 &ndash 27 January 1967 was a British Conservative Party The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Treasurer and above The Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations was a British Cabinet office existing between 1947 and 1966, responsible for dealing with British relationship with Quintin McGarel Hogg Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone, KG, CH, PC, QC ( 9 October 1907 &ndash 12 October The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom ranking beneath the Derick Heathcoat Amory 1st Viscount Amory, KG, PC, GCMG, TD, DL, Bart The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC (28 July 1904 - 18 May 1978 known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the Iain Norman Macleod ( 11 November 1913 &ndash 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party Politician and The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. Reginald Maudling (7 March 1917 - 14 February 1979 was a British Politician known for his intellectual brilliance political pragmatism and easygoing nature The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 Charles Hill Baron Hill of Luton ( 15 January 1904 &ndash 22 August 1989) was an English administrator, doctor The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is in modern times a Sinecure office in the Government of the United Kingdom. David McAdam Eccles 1st Viscount Eccles CH KCVO PC ( September 18, 1904 &ndash February 24, 1999) was a The Secretary of State for Education and Skills was the chief minister of the Department for Education and Skills in the United Kingdom government Percy Herbert Mills 1st Viscount Mills ( 4 January 1890 - 10 September 1968) was an English Politician. In the United Kingdom, there are at five Secretaries to the Treasury, officials officially acting as secretaries to the Treasury board (Alfred Ernest Marples Baron Marples (9 December 1907 &ndash 6 July 1978 was a British Conservative Politician, who served as Postmaster General The Secretary of State for Transport is the member of the cabinet responsible for the British Department for Transport. Edwin Duncan Sandys Baron Duncan-Sandys CH PC ( 24 January 1908 &ndash 26 November 1987) was a British Politician Ministry of Aviation was a department of the United Kingdom government established in 1959. Harold Arthur Watkinson 1st Viscount Watkinson PC CH ( 25 January 1910 &ndash 19 December 1995) was a British Conservative The post of Minister of Defence was responsible for co-ordination of defence and security from its creation in 1940 until its abolition in 1964. John Scott Maclay 1st Viscount Muirshiel, KT, CH, CMG, PC, ( October 26, 1905 &ndash August 17, 1992 The Secretary of State for Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: Rùnaire Stàite na h-Alba) is the principal minister of Her Majesty's Government in the Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Secretary of State for Employment was a position in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. John Hugh Hare 1st Viscount Blakenham, OBE, PC, ( January 22 1911 &ndash March 7 1982) was a British peer and The Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food was a UK cabinet position responsible for the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Henry Brooke Baron Brooke of Cumnor CH ( 9 April 1903 &ndash 29 March 1984) was a British Conservative Party politician David Patrick Maxwell Fyfe 1st Earl of Kilmuir GCVO, PC, KC, (29 May 1900 &ndash 27 January 1967 was a British Conservative Party The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. Quintin McGarel Hogg Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone, KG, CH, PC, QC ( 9 October 1907 &ndash 12 October The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Treasurer and above Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom ranking beneath the John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC (28 July 1904 - 18 May 1978 known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the Iain Norman Macleod ( 11 November 1913 &ndash 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party Politician and The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. Edwin Duncan Sandys Baron Duncan-Sandys CH PC ( 24 January 1908 &ndash 26 November 1987) was a British Politician The Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations was a British Cabinet office existing between 1947 and 1966, responsible for dealing with British relationship with Reginald Maudling (7 March 1917 - 14 February 1979 was a British Politician known for his intellectual brilliance political pragmatism and easygoing nature The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 Charles Hill Baron Hill of Luton ( 15 January 1904 &ndash 22 August 1989) was an English administrator, doctor The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is in modern times a Sinecure office in the Government of the United Kingdom. David McAdam Eccles 1st Viscount Eccles CH KCVO PC ( September 18, 1904 &ndash February 24, 1999) was a The Secretary of State for Education and Skills was the chief minister of the Department for Education and Skills in the United Kingdom government Quintin McGarel Hogg Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone, KG, CH, PC, QC ( 9 October 1907 &ndash 12 October Percy Herbert Mills 1st Viscount Mills ( 4 January 1890 - 10 September 1968) was an English Politician. In the United Kingdom, there are at five Secretaries to the Treasury, officials officially acting as secretaries to the Treasury board (Alfred Ernest Marples Baron Marples (9 December 1907 &ndash 6 July 1978 was a British Conservative Politician, who served as Postmaster General George Edward Peter Thorneycroft Baron Thorneycroft CH PC (26 July 1909 &ndash 4 June 1994 was a British Conservative Party Politician Harold Arthur Watkinson 1st Viscount Watkinson PC CH ( 25 January 1910 &ndash 19 December 1995) was a British Conservative The post of Minister of Defence was responsible for co-ordination of defence and security from its creation in 1940 until its abolition in 1964. John Scott Maclay 1st Viscount Muirshiel, KT, CH, CMG, PC, ( October 26, 1905 &ndash August 17, 1992 The Secretary of State for Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: Rùnaire Stàite na h-Alba) is the principal minister of Her Majesty's Government in the John Hugh Hare 1st Viscount Blakenham, OBE, PC, ( January 22 1911 &ndash March 7 1982) was a British peer and The Secretary of State for Employment was a position in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Arthur Christopher John Soames Baron Soames, GCMG, GCVO, CH, CBE, PC ( October 12, 1920 &ndash September The Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food was a UK cabinet position responsible for the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Henry Brooke Baron Brooke of Cumnor CH ( 9 April 1903 &ndash 29 March 1984) was a British Conservative Party politician David Patrick Maxwell Fyfe 1st Earl of Kilmuir GCVO, PC, KC, (29 May 1900 &ndash 27 January 1967 was a British Conservative Party The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. Quintin McGarel Hogg Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone, KG, CH, PC, QC ( 9 October 1907 &ndash 12 October The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Treasurer and above Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom ranking beneath the John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC (28 July 1904 - 18 May 1978 known for most of his career as Selwyn Lloyd, was a British Conservative The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the Iain Norman Macleod ( 11 November 1913 &ndash 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party Politician and The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. Edwin Duncan Sandys Baron Duncan-Sandys CH PC ( 24 January 1908 &ndash 26 November 1987) was a British Politician The Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations was a British Cabinet office existing between 1947 and 1966, responsible for dealing with British relationship with Frederick James Erroll 1st Baron Erroll of Hale TD PC ( 27 May 1914 &ndash 14 September 2000) was a British Conservative The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 Iain Norman Macleod ( 11 November 1913 &ndash 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party Politician and The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is in modern times a Sinecure office in the Government of the United Kingdom. David McAdam Eccles 1st Viscount Eccles CH KCVO PC ( September 18, 1904 &ndash February 24, 1999) was a The Secretary of State for Education and Skills was the chief minister of the Department for Education and Skills in the United Kingdom government Henry Brooke Baron Brooke of Cumnor CH ( 9 April 1903 &ndash 29 March 1984) was a British Conservative Party politician In the United Kingdom, there are at five Secretaries to the Treasury, officials officially acting as secretaries to the Treasury board (Alfred Ernest Marples Baron Marples (9 December 1907 &ndash 6 July 1978 was a British Conservative Politician, who served as Postmaster General George Edward Peter Thorneycroft Baron Thorneycroft CH PC (26 July 1909 &ndash 4 June 1994 was a British Conservative Party Politician Harold Arthur Watkinson 1st Viscount Watkinson PC CH ( 25 January 1910 &ndash 19 December 1995) was a British Conservative The post of Minister of Defence was responsible for co-ordination of defence and security from its creation in 1940 until its abolition in 1964. John Scott Maclay 1st Viscount Muirshiel, KT, CH, CMG, PC, ( October 26, 1905 &ndash August 17, 1992 The Secretary of State for Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: Rùnaire Stàite na h-Alba) is the principal minister of Her Majesty's Government in the John Hugh Hare 1st Viscount Blakenham, OBE, PC, ( January 22 1911 &ndash March 7 1982) was a British peer and The Secretary of State for Employment was a position in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Arthur Christopher John Soames Baron Soames, GCMG, GCVO, CH, CBE, PC ( October 12, 1920 &ndash September The Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food was a UK cabinet position responsible for the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Charles Hill Baron Hill of Luton ( 15 January 1904 &ndash 22 August 1989) was an English administrator, doctor Percy Herbert Mills 1st Viscount Mills ( 4 January 1890 - 10 September 1968) was an English Politician. The epithet Night of the Long Knives is given to July 13, 1962, when the British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan sacked the following
- Harold Macmillan: Prime Minister
- Rab Butler: Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State
- Lord Dilhorne: Lord Chancellor
- Lord Hailsham: Lord President of the Council and Minister of Science
- Edward Heath: Lord Privy Seal
- Reginald Maudling: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- Henry Brooke: Secretary of State for the Home Department
- Lord Home: Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
- Iain Macleod: Secretary of State for the Colonies
- Duncan Edwin Sandys: Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
- Frederick Erroll: President of the Board of Trade
- Iain Macleod: Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
- Sir Edward Boyle: Minister of Education
- John Boyd-Carpenter: Chief Secretary to the Treasury
- Ernest Marples: Minister of Transport
- Julian Amery: Minister of Aviation
- Peter Thorneycroft: Minister of Defence
- Michael Noble: Secretary of State for Scotland
- John Hare: Minister of Labour and National Service
- Christopher Soames: Minister of Agriculture
- Sir Keith Joseph: Minister of Housing and Local Government and Welsh Affairs
- Enoch Powell: Minister of Health
- Bill Deedes: Minister without Portfolio
Notes
- ^ hen Fisher resigned in 1961
- ^ Never Had It So Good: A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles.
- ^ Ball, Simon "The Guardsmen, Harold Macmillan, Three Friends and the World They Made", (London, Harper Collins), 2004
- ^ Lawton, John (1992). Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 The Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is a senior member of the British Cabinet. First Secretary of State is an occasionally used title within the British government, principally regarded as purely honorific. Reginald Edward Manningham-Buller 1st Viscount Dilhorne KC PC ( August 1, 1905 - September 7, 1980) was as the 1st The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the Government of the United Kingdom. Quintin McGarel Hogg Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone, KG, CH, PC, QC ( 9 October 1907 &ndash 12 October The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Treasurer and above Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 &ndash 17 July 2005 often known as Ted Heath, was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom ranking beneath the Reginald Maudling (7 March 1917 - 14 February 1979 was a British Politician known for his intellectual brilliance political pragmatism and easygoing nature The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Henry Brooke Baron Brooke of Cumnor CH ( 9 April 1903 &ndash 29 March 1984) was a British Conservative Party politician The Secretary of State for the Home Department, commonly known as the Home Secretary, is the minister in charge of the United Kingdom Home Office Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home Baron Home of the Hirsel, KT, PC (2 July 1903 - 9 October 1995 14th Earl of Home from 1951 to 1963 was a British The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the Iain Norman Macleod ( 11 November 1913 &ndash 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party Politician and The Secretary of State for the Colonies or Colonial Secretary was the British Cabinet official in charge of managing the various British Colonies. Edwin Duncan Sandys Baron Duncan-Sandys CH PC ( 24 January 1908 &ndash 26 November 1987) was a British Politician The Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations was a British Cabinet office existing between 1947 and 1966, responsible for dealing with British relationship with Frederick James Erroll 1st Baron Erroll of Hale TD PC ( 27 May 1914 &ndash 14 September 2000) was a British Conservative The Secretary of State for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (formerly the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry before the June 28, 2007 Iain Norman Macleod ( 11 November 1913 &ndash 20 July 1970) was a British Conservative Party Politician and The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is in modern times a Sinecure office in the Government of the United Kingdom. Edward Charles Gurney Boyle Baron Boyle of Handsworth CH PC ( 31 August 1923 &ndash 28 September 1981) was a The Secretary of State for Education and Skills was the chief minister of the Department for Education and Skills in the United Kingdom government John Archibald Boyd-Carpenter Baron Boyd-Carpenter PC ( 2 June 1908 &ndash 11 July 1998) was a British Conservative politician In the United Kingdom, there are at five Secretaries to the Treasury, officials officially acting as secretaries to the Treasury board (Alfred Ernest Marples Baron Marples (9 December 1907 &ndash 6 July 1978 was a British Conservative Politician, who served as Postmaster General Harold Julian Amery Baron Amery of Lustleigh PC ( 27 March 1919 – 3 September 1996) was a prominent British politician George Edward Peter Thorneycroft Baron Thorneycroft CH PC (26 July 1909 &ndash 4 June 1994 was a British Conservative Party Politician The Secretary of State for Defence is the senior United Kingdom government minister in charge of the Ministry of Defence. Michael Antony Cristobal Noble Baron Glenkinglas PC ( 19 March 1913 - 15 May 1984) was a Scottish Tory politician The Secretary of State for Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic: Rùnaire Stàite na h-Alba) is the principal minister of Her Majesty's Government in the John Hugh Hare 1st Viscount Blakenham, OBE, PC, ( January 22 1911 &ndash March 7 1982) was a British peer and The Secretary of State for Employment was a position in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Arthur Christopher John Soames Baron Soames, GCMG, GCVO, CH, CBE, PC ( October 12, 1920 &ndash September The Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food was a UK cabinet position responsible for the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Keith Sinjohn Joseph Baron Joseph, CH, PC ( 17 January 1918 &ndash 10 December 1994) was a British Barrister Brigadier John Enoch Powell, MBE ( June 16 1912 &ndash February 8 1998) was a British Politician, William Francis Deedes Baron Deedes, KBE, MC, PC, DL (1 June 1913 &ndash 17 August 2007 was a British journalist and politician 1963: Five Hundred Days. Sevenoaks: Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-50846-9.
- ^ Parris, Matthew (1997). Great Parliamentary Scandals: Four Centuries of Calumny, Smear & Innuendo. London: Robson Books. ISBN 1-86105-152-2.
- ^ Rodney Hallworth, Mark Williams, "Where there's a will. . . The sensational life of Dr John Bodkin Adams", 1983, Capstan Press
- ^ Cullen, Pamela V. , "A Stranger in Blood: The Case Files on Dr John Bodkin Adams", London, Elliott & Thompson, 2006, ISBN 1-904027-19-9
- ^ Cullen, Pamela V. , "A Stranger in Blood: The Case Files on Dr John Bodkin Adams", London, Elliott & Thompson, 2006, ISBN 1-904027-19-9
- ^ Sean O’Casey: A Life by Garry O’Connor, Hodder and Stoughton (1988) ISBN 0340385987
- ^ http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yugoslav-hist1.htm Macmillan returned to England after the war and was Secretary of State for Air for two months in 1945. The Secretary of State for Air was a cabinet level British position in charge of the Air Ministry. He lost his seat in the landslide Labour victory that year, but soon returned to Parliament in a November 1945 by-election in Bromley. Bromley is a former Borough constituency in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. With the Conservative victory in 1951 he became Minister of Housing under Winston Churchill and fulfilled his conference promise to build 300,000 houses per year. Results |} Total votes cast 28596594 All parties shown Conservative result includes the Ulster Unionists Votes summary Headline Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 He then served as Minister of Defence from October 1954. The Secretary of State for Defence is the senior United Kingdom government minister in charge of the Ministry of Defence. By this time he had lost the wire-rimmed glasses, toothy grin and brylcreemed hair of wartime photographs, and instead grew his hair thick and glossy, had his teeth capped and walked with the ramrod bearing of a former Guards officer - acquiring the distinguished appearance of his later career. Brylcreem (pronounced brill-cream) is a brand name of a men's hair grooming product He then served as Foreign Secretary in April-December 1955 and Chancellor of the Exchequer 1955-1957 under Anthony Eden. The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the title held by the British Cabinet minister who is responsible for all Economic and Financial Robert Anthony Eden 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 &ndash 14 January 1977 was a British Conservative Politician In the latter job he insisted that Eden's de facto deputy Rab Butler not be treated as senior to him, and threatened resignation until he was allowed to cut bread and milk subsidies. Richard Austen Butler Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, KG CH DL PC (9 December 1902&ndash8 During the Suez Crisis, according to Shadow Chancellor Harold Wilson, MacMillan was "First In, First Out" : first very supportive of the invasion, then a prime mover in Britain's withdrawal in the wake of the financial crisis. The Suez Crisis, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, (أزمة السويس - العدوان الثلاثي Crise du canal de Suez מבצע קדש Kadesh Harold Macmillan became Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party after Eden's resignation in January 1957, surprising observers with his appointment over the favourite, Rab Butler. He was nicknamed Supermac by cartoonist Victor 'Vicky' Weisz. Victor Weisz ( 25 April 1913 &ndash 22 February 1966) was a German-British Political cartoonist, drawing under the name of Vicky It was intended as mockery, but backfired, coming to be used in a neutral or friendly fashion. Weisz tried to label him with other names, including "Mac the Knife" at the time of widespread cabinet changes in 1962, but none of these caught on.
Prime Minister (1957-1963)
Government
The situation with Suez was so desperate that when Macmillan became Prime Minister on 10 January he told Queen Elizabeth II he could not guarantee his government would last "six weeks". This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II <ref>Macmillan, Harold, "The Macmillan Diaries, The Cabinet Years, 1950-1957", ed. Peter Catterall (London, Macmillan, 2003)</li> <li id="cite_note-10">'''[[#cite_ref-10|^]]''' David Butler, Twentieth Century British Political Facts 1900-2000, Macmillan, 8th edition, 2000</li> <li id="cite_note-11">'''[[#cite_ref-11|^]]''' Cullen, Pamela V. , "A Stranger in Blood: The Case Files on Dr John Bodkin Adams", London, Elliott & Thompson, 2006, ISBN 1-904027-19-9</li> <li id="cite_note-12">'''[[#cite_ref-12|^]]''' http://news. bbc. co. uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_3728000/3728225. stm Harold MacMillan, Speech in Bedford, 20 July 1957</li> <li id="cite_note-13">'''[[#cite_ref-13|^]]''' [http://news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2368397. stm BBC News, 28 October 2002, When the diplomatic mask slips]</li> <li id="cite_note-14">'''[[#cite_ref-14|^]]''' Alan Watkins, ''A Conservative Coup'' (Duckworth, 1992), p. 105. </li>
<li id="cite_note-15">'''[[#cite_ref-15|^]]''' 468 H. L. Deb. , cc. 390-1, 14 November 1985. Quoted in Watkins, p. 106. </li></ol></ref>
External links
- BBC Harold Macmillan obituary
- Some Harold Macmillan quotes
- President of the friends of Roquetaillade association [1]
- June 8, 1958 speech on "Interdependence" at DePauw University
- More about Harold Macmillan on the Downing Street website
- RootsAndLeaves.com, Cavendish family genealogy
- Bodleian Library Suez Crisis Fiftieth Anniversary Exhibition
Additional Reading
- Macmillan A Publishing Tradition by Elizabeth James 2002 ISBN 0-333-73517-X
- Britanica Online about Harold Macmillan
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