Haredi or Chareidi Judaism is the most theologically conservative form of Orthodox Judaism. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized ^[1] A follower of Haredi Judaism is called a Haredi (Haredim in the plural).

Haredi (חֲרֵדִי) is derived from charada, meaning fear or anxiety, which in this context is interpreted as "one who trembles in awe of God" (cf. Isaiah 66:2, Isaiah 66:5).

Haredi Jews, like other Orthodox Jews, consider their belief system and religious practices to extend in an unbroken chain back to Moses and the giving of the Torah on Mount Sinai. Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to The Biblical Mount Sinai is an ambiguously located mountain at which the Hebrew Bible states that the Ten Commandments were given to Moses by As a result, they consider non-Orthodox denominations to be unjustifiable deviations from authentic Judaism, both because of other denominations' doubts concerning the divine revelation of the Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of halakhic (or Jewish legal) precedent as binding. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law

Many Haredi Jews consider the term Ultra-Orthodox a pejorative label. They are also sometimes referred to as Black Hat Jews. The term 'chareidi' is used in Haredi newspapers, not 'ultra-orthodox'. ^[2]

Contents 1 Practices and beliefs 1.1 Views of halacha 1.2 Lifestyle and family 1.3 Dress 2 History 2.1 Modern origins 2.2 Effects of the Holocaust 3 Present day 3.1 Israel 3.2 United States 3.3 United Kingdom 3.4 France 4 Organizations 4.1 Haredi Jewish groups 5 Rabbinical leaders 5.1 Rabbinical organizations and dynasties 6 See also 7 External Links 8 References

Practices and beliefs

Views of halacha

One basic belief of the Orthodox community in general is that it is the latest link in a chain of Jewish continuity extending back to the giving of the Torah to Moses at Mount Sinai. For other places named Mount Sinai see Mount Sinai (disambiguation Mount Sinai (Arabic طور سيناء, Hebrew הר סיני also It believes that two guides to Jewish law were given to the Israelites at that time: the first, known as the Torah she-bi-khsav, or the "Written Law" is the Tanach (Jewish Holy Book) as Jews know it today; the second, known as the Torah she-ba'al peh ("Oral Law"), is the exposition as relayed by the scholarly and other religious leaders of each generation. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is According to Rabbinic Judaism, the oral Torah, oral Law, or oral tradition ( is the oral tradition received in conjunction with the written Torah The traditional interpretation of the Oral Torah is considered as the authoritative reading of the Written Law. According to Rabbinic Judaism, the oral Torah, oral Law, or oral tradition ( is the oral tradition received in conjunction with the written Torah term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to

Jewish law, known as halacha is considered a set of God-given instructions to effect spiritual, moral, religious and personal perfection. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law As such, it includes codes of behavior applicable to virtually every imaginable circumstance (and many hypothetical ones), which have been pored over and developed throughout the generations in a constantly expanding collection of religious literature. Rabbinic literature, in its broadest sense can mean the entire spectrum of Rabbinic writings throughout Jewish history The earliest written compilation of halacha, the Talmud, is considered authoritative. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history

Halacha is a guide for everything the traditional Jew does from the moment he wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It is a body of intricate laws, combined with the reasoning on how such conclusions are reached. Halacha incorporates as rules many practices that began as customs, some passed down over the centuries, and an assortment of ingrained behaviors. It is the subject of intense study in religious schools known as yeshivas. Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n

Throughout history, halacha has addressed issues on the basis of circumstance and precedent. There have been some significant adaptations, including more formal education for women in the early twentieth century, and the application of halacha to modern technology. While Haredim have typically been more conservative than their Modern Orthodox counterparts regarding new practices and rulings on new applications of halachic concepts, Orthodox Judaism views these types of innovations as consistent with traditionally expounded halachic concepts. Modern Orthodox Judaism (or Modern Orthodox or Modern Orthodoxy) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism that attempts to synthesize traditional observance Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Haredi Orthodoxy's differences with Modern Orthodoxy usually lie in interpretation of the nature of traditional halachic concepts and in understanding of what constitutes acceptable application of these concepts.

Modern inventions have been studied and incorporated into the ever-expanding halacha, accepted by both Haredi and other Orthodox communities. For instance, rulings guide the observant about the proper use of electricity and other technology on the Jewish Sabbath and holidays. Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath Most major points are the subject of consensus, although fine points are the subject of a greater range of opinions. While discussions of halacha are common and encouraged, laypersons are not authorized to make final determinations as to the applicability of the law in any given situation; the proviso is: "Consult your local Orthodox rabbi or posek (rabbinical authority). Posek ( Hebrew פוסק po·ˈseq pl Poskim, פוסקים is the term in Jewish law for "decider"—a legal scholar who decides the "

Lifestyle and family

Haredi life is very family-centered. Depending on various factors, both boys and girls attend school and proceed to higher Torah study, in a yeshiva or seminary ("sem") respectively, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18. Torah study is the study by Jewish people of the Torah, Hebrew Bible, Talmud, Responsa, Rabbinic literature and similar Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n A significant proportion of students, especially boys, remain in yeshiva until marriage (which is often arranged through facilitated dating. See shiduch), and many study in a kollel (Torah study institute for married men) - for many years after marriage. The Shidduch ( Hebrew: שידוך pl shidduchim שידוכים is a system of Matchmaking in which Jewish singles are introduced A kollel (כולל "a gathering/collection scholars" (plural kollelim is an institute for advanced studies of the Talmud and of Rabbinic literature for In many Haredi communities, studying in secular institutions is discouraged, although some have educational facilities for vocational training or run professional programs for men and women. Most men, even those not in kollel, will make certain to study Torah daily. A kollel (כולל "a gathering/collection scholars" (plural kollelim is an institute for advanced studies of the Talmud and of Rabbinic literature for term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Families tend to be large, reflecting adherence to the Torah commandment "be fruitful and multiply" (Book of Genesis 1:28, 9:1,7).

Many Haredi poskim (authorities in Jewish law) forbid television and films, reading secular newspapers and using the Internet for non-business purposes. Posek ( Hebrew פוסק po·ˈseq pl Poskim, פוסקים is the term in Jewish law for "decider"—a legal scholar who decides the Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks They feel that mobile phones should be programmed to disable internet and other functions that could influence their users in undesired ways, and most companies in Israel now offer basic cellphones with limited capabilities to accommodate Haredim. ^[3] However, it appears that many Haredi let people use the Internet despite this, evidenced by the large number of participants in "Haredi chat rooms. "^[4]

Dress

Many Haredim view manner of dress as an important way to ensure Jewish identity and distinctiveness. In addition, a simple, understated mode of dress is seen as conducive to inner reflection and spiritual growth. As such, many Haredim are wary of modern clothing that compromises their standards of modesty. Many men have beards, most dress in dark suits, and wear a wide-brimmed hat (typically black) during prayer and while outside, all men wear a kippah at all times. A hat is a headcovering It may be worn for protection against the elements for religious reasons for safety or as a Fashion accessory. "Kipa" redirects here For the supermarket please see Kipa (supermarket. Women adhere to meticulous tznius (modesty) standards, and hence wear long skirts and long sleeves, high necklines and some form of head covering when married (scarves, snoods, shpitzelach, hats, or wigs). Tzniut or Tznius (also Tzeniut) ( Hebrew: צניעות " Modesty " is a term used within Judaism and has its greatest influence A snood is a type of Headgear, worn by women over their long Hair. A wig is a head of Hair made from horse-hair human hair wool feathers buffalo hair or synthetic worn on the head for fashion or various other aesthetic and stylistic

Hasidic men often follow the specific dress style of their group, which may include frock coats (bekishes), wide or high fur hats (shtreimels or spodiks) on the Sabbath and festivals. Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew bekishe is a long Coat, usually made of black Silk or Polyester worn by Hasidic Jews, and by some non-Hasidic Haredi Jews A shtreimel ( Yiddish: שטרײַמל pl שטרײַמלעך shtreimlech) is a Fur hat worn by many married Haredi Jewish men spodik is a tall fur hat worn by some Haredi Hasidic Jews, particularly members of sects originating in Congress Poland. For the Gregorian dates of Jewish Holidays see Jewish holidays 2000-2050. During prayer a gartel (a long belt wrapped around the frock) is worn. The Gartel is a belt used by married Jewish males predominantly but not exclusively Hasidim during prayer Some non-Hasidic Haredim also wear this garb.

History

Modern origins

For several centuries before the Emancipation of European Jewry, most of Europe's Jews were forced to live in closed communities, where their culture and religious observances were preserved, no less because of internal pressure within their own community as because of the refusal of the outside world to accept them. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ In a predominantly Christian society, the only way for Jews to gain social acceptance was to convert, thereby abandoning all ties with one's own family and community. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth There was very little middle ground, especially in the ghetto, for people to negotiate between the dominant culture and the community. A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure

This began to change with the Haskalah ("Enlightenment") and calls by some European liberals to include the Jewish population in the emerging empires and nation states. Haskalah ( Hebrew: השכלה "enlightenment" "education" from sekhel " Intellect " "mind") the Jewish Enlightenment For some Jews, the meticulous and rigorous Judaism practiced in the ghetto interfered with the new opportunities. A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure They held that acceptance by the non-Jewish world necessitated the reformation of Judaism and the modification of those principles deemed inconsistent with this goal. In the words of a popular aphorism coined by Yehuda Leib Gordon, a person should be "a Jew in the home, and a mensch (good person) in the street. Judah Leib Gordon (1831 Vilna - 1892 St Petersburg) ( Hebrew: יהודה לייב גורדון) was among the most important Hebrew "

Other Jews argued that the division between Jew and gentile had actually protected the Jews' religious and social culture; abandoning such divisions, they argued, would lead to the eventual abandonment of Jewish religion through assimilation. This latter group insisted that the appropriate response to the Enlightenment was to maintain strict adherence to traditional Jewish law and custom to prevent the dissolution of authentic Judaism and ensure the survival of the Jewish people. Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law

The former group argued that Judaism had to "reform" itself in keeping with the social changes taking place around them. They were the forerunners of the Reform movement in Judaism. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions This group overwhelmingly assimilated into the surrounding culture.

Even as the debate raged, the rate of integration and assimilation grew proportionately to the degree of acceptance of the Jewish population by the host societies. In other countries, particularly in Eastern Europe, acceptance (and integration) was much slower in coming. This was especially true in the Pale of Settlement, a region along Russia's western border including most of modern Poland, to which Jewish settlement in Russia was confined. The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border in which Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Although Jews here did not win the same official acceptance as they did in Western and Central Europe, that same spirit of change pervaded the air, albeit in a local variant. Since it was impossible to gain acceptance by the dominant culture, many Jews turned to a number of different movements that they expected would offer hope for a better future. The predominant movement was socialism; other important alternatives were the cultural autonomists, including the Bund and the Zionists. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the These movements were not neutral on the topic of the Jewish religion: by and large, they entailed a complete, not infrequently contemptuous, rejection of traditional religious and cultural norms.

One of the most influential, if not the most influential, members of early Haredi Judaism was the Chasam Sofer, from Bratislava, Slovakia. Rabbi Moshe Sofer, (Moses Schreiber also known by his main work Chasam Sofer, ( trans In response to those who stated that Judaism could change or evolve, Rabbi Sofer applied the rule chadash asur min ha-Torah (חדש אסור מן התורה), "The 'new' is forbidden by the Torah," originally referring to new (winter) wheat that had not been sanctified through the wave offering culminating in the Counting of the Omer in the Temple in Jerusalem, now broadly understood to mean "innovation" in general. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to Counting of the Omer (or Sefirat Ha'omer, Hebrew: ספירת העומר) is a verbal counting of each of the forty-nine days between the Jewish holidays Etymology The Hebrew name given in Scripture for the building is Beit HaMikdash or "The Holy House" and only the Temple in Jerusalem is referred to by this name The Chasam Sofer held that any movement expressing the need to "modernize" Judaism, or expressing the dubiety of the verbal revelation of the Written and Oral Torah, were outside the pale of authentic Judaism. In his view the fundamental beliefs and tenets of Judaism should not, and could not, be altered. This became the defining idea behind the opponents of Reform and in some form, it has influenced the Orthodox response to other innovations. The traditionalists of Eastern Europe, who fought against the new movements emerging in the Jewish community, were the forebears of the contemporary Haredim.

Effects of the Holocaust

During this time, the Haredi community was engaged in bitter debates with the emerging new philosophies, most notably those that denied the pre-eminence, or even relevance, of religion in Jewish life.

The Holocaust brought a pause to the infighting. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Until the rise of Nazism, Germany had been the major arena for the Enlightenment policies of acceptance and tolerance. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Haredi leaders warned that "if the Jews do not make 'kiddush', the gentiles will make 'havdalah'. Kiddush ( Hebrew: קידוש literally "sanctification" is a blessing recited over Wine or Grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat Havdalah is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Shabbat and holidays and ushers in the new week " 'Kiddush' refers to the beginning ceremony by which the Shabbat day is sanctified. Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath 'Havdalah' refers to the ending ceremony, which mourns the departing of the holy Sabbath as the darkness of the new week commences.

Although illegal, and sometimes socially suppressed, anti-Semitism began to spread in the 1930's in many countries of Europe, partly in response to the Great Depression, aided by a readily identifiable ethnic minority to blame. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Such anti-Semitism did not distinguish between Jews, regardless of their religious affiliation or lack thereof. At this time, faced with destruction, Jews were able to overlook the differences between them as they confronted a common enemy.

In the following years, however, the survivors were forced to come to grips with the theological implications of the catastrophe that had all but eradicated their communities. While they struggled to rebuild themselves, particularly in the United States and in Palestine (later Israel), they also attempted to understand why God had allowed such a disaster to befall them. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

This was coupled with the emergence of socialist Jewish nationalism, or Zionism, as a widely accepted, secular Jewish philosophy. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Until that time, the Zionists were a small but vocal minority among the Jewish population of Eastern Europe. Suddenly, they experienced a tremendous growth, since settlement of the Land of Israel seemed to offer a viable response to the anti-Semitism that was still prevalent in Europe. The Haredi traditionalists had long rejected Zionism, partly because it was a predominantly anti-religious movement. Now, suddenly, the secular Zionists were in the process of achieving their goal of a Jewish homeland. Meanwhile, unable to return to their old homes in Europe and with quotas on Jewish immigration in the United States, a Jewish homeland had necessarily become in some cases the only option for Haredi Jews. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In effect, they were suddenly at the mercy of their most bitter opponents. However, they were not without their own leverage, including the sensitive fact that the longest-standing Jewish settlements in Palestine were, in fact, Haredi.

It would have been easy for the Haredi community to explain the events of the 1930s-1950s as the direct result of most Jews abandoning their religious beliefs. In fact, some did; but the vast majority chose a less divisive approach, believing that allowing the Holocaust to occur was a Divine act beyond human understanding. This allowed them to focus on rebuilding their communities, rather than to obsess on the past.

Within a generation, two vibrant new centers of Haredi life emerged: one in the United States, and the other in Israel, with smaller, somewhat less influential communities in Britain, Canada, France, Belgium, and Australia. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. As these communities became viable, independent entities, some of the old animosities between them and members of other Jewish groups began to resurface. This time, however, they were sharpened by the charge that, as predicted, those groups' actions and prescriptions have often led to assimilation, thereby threatening the very idea of Jewish continuity. In the post-Holocaust era, that threat is perceived as being more real than ever.

Present day

Israel

Main article: Haredim and Zionism

Israel is home to the largest Haredi population, at least 600,000-800,000 (out of 5. The relationship between Haredim and Zionism has always been a difficult one Meah Shearim, ( מאה שערים) is one of the oldest neighborhoods in west Jerusalem, Israel, built by the original settlers of Yishuv haYashan Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. 4 million Israeli Jews). ^[5] The Haredi community there has adopted a policy of cultural dissociation, but at the same time, it has struggled to remain politically active, perceiving itself as the true protector of the country's Jewish nature.

The issues date to the late nineteenth-early twentieth century, with the rise of Zionism. History of Zionism|Timeline of Zionism|World Zionist Organization|Zionist political violence Zionism is an international political movement that originally supported the Until the Holocaust, the vast majority of Haredi Jews rejected Zionism for a number of reasons. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Chief among these was the claim that Jewish political independence could only be obtained through Divine intervention, with the coming of the Jewish Messiah. Messiah ( משיח; mashiah, moshiah, mashiach, or moshiach, ("anointed " is a term used in the Hebrew Bible Any attempt to force history was seen as an open rebellion against Judaism (see Neturei Karta for a more complete exposition of this ideology). Neturei Karta ( Aramaic In this the Haredi Jews mirrored the Reform community, which, with few exceptions, rejected Zionism, since it called into question the loyalty that Jews should feel toward their native countries.

More important was the dislike that the political and cultural Zionism of the time felt toward any manifestation of religion. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Spurred on by socialism, they taunted religion as an outdated relic, which should disappear (or, according to some extreme views, even be eradicated) in the face of Jewish nationalism. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The Haredi Jews point out that even such liberals as Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism, at one time contemplated the mass conversion of the Jews to Christianity as a means of eliminating anti-Semitism. Theodor Herzl (בנימין זאב הרצל ( Binyamin Ze'ev Herzl) (May 2 1860&ndashJuly 3 1904 was an Austrian Jewish journalist who founded modern As with the nineteenth century Reform Judaism movement in Germany, the result was mutual recriminations, rejection, and harsh verbal attacks. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. To Zionists, Haredi Jews were either "primitives" or "parasites"; to Haredi Jews, Zionists were tyrannizing heretics. This kulturkampf still plagues Israeli society today, where animosity between the two groups has even pervaded both their educational systems. The German term (literally "culture struggle" refers to German policies in relation to Secularity and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, enacted

Despite the animosity, it was necessary for the two groups to work out some modus vivendi in the face of a more dangerous enemy, the Nazis. Modus vivendi is a Latin phrase which means an agreement between those who agree to differ ( Agree to disagree) Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German This was achieved by a division of powers and authority, based on the division that existed during the British Mandate in the country. Known as the "status quo," it granted political authority (such as control over public institutions, the army, etc. ) to the Zionists and religious authority (such as control over marriage, divorce, conversions, etc. ) to the Orthodox. A compromise worked out by Labor Zionist leader Berl Katznelson even before statehood ensured that public institutions accommodate the Orthodox by observing the Sabbath and providing kosher food. Berl Katznelson (ברל כצנלסון born 25 January 1887, died 12 August 1944) was one the intellectual founders of Labor Zionism

Notwithstanding these compromises, many Haredi groups maintained their previous apolitical stance. The community had split into two parts: Agudat Israel, which cooperated with the state, and the Edah HaChareidis, which fiercely opposed it. Agudat Israel (אגודת ישראל "Union Israel" also Agudat Yisrael, Agudath Israel, or Agudas Yisroel) began as the original The Edah HaChareidis ( Hebrew: he העדה החרדית he-Latn HaEdah HaChareidis The Chareidi Community) also written he-Latn Edah Haredit, Both groups still exist today, with the same attitudes. The Edah HaChareidis includes numerous Hasidic groups, such as Satmar, Dushinsky and Toldos Aharon, as well as several non-Hasidic groups of Lithuanian and Hungarian background. Satmar (or Satmar Hasidism or Satmarer Hasidism) (חסידות סאטמאר is a Hasidic movement of mostly Hungarian Grand Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum Dushinsky is one of the few Hasidic dynasties not named after the place where it originated instead it is named after the surname of the Rebbe Shomer Emunim (meaning "Guardian of the Faith" is a devout insular Hasidic sect

A small minority of Jews, who claim to have been descended from communities who had lived peacefully with their Arab neighbors during the 18th and early 19th centuries, took a different stance. In 1935 they formed a new grouping called the Neturei Karta out of a coalition of several previous anti-Zionist Jewish groups in the Holy Land, and aligned themselves politically with the Arabs out of a dislike for Zionist policies. Neturei Karta ( Aramaic

As part of the Status Quo Agreement worked out between prime minister David Ben Gurion and the religious parties, Haredi leader Rabbi Avraham Yeshayah Karelitz (known as the Chazon Ish) was promised that the government would exempt a group of religious scholars (at that time, 400) from compulsory military service so that they could pursue their studies. Religion in Israel is a central feature of the country and plays a major role in shaping Israeli culture and lifestyle Rabbi Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz, (1878-1953 popularly known by the name of his Magnum opus Chazon Ish, was a Belarusian born Orthodox Rabbi Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority

Finally, the Agudat Israel party representing the Haredi population was invited to participate in the governing coalition. Agudat Israel (אגודת ישראל "Union Israel" also Agudat Yisrael, Agudath Israel, or Agudas Yisroel) began as the original It agreed, but did not appoint any ministers since that would have implied full acceptance of the legitimacy of non-religious actions taken by the government.

Haredim proved to be able politicians, gradually increasing their leverage and influence. In addition, the Haredi population grew exponentially, giving them a larger power base. From a small group of just four members in the 1977 Knesset, they gradually increased the number of seats they hold to 22 (out of 120) in 1999. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) In effect, they controlled the balance of power between the country's two major parties.

This situation was exacerbated further by the rise of a strong Mizrahi (Jews of North African and Middle Eastern descent) population with political aspirations of its own. Shas (ש״ס is a political party in Israel, primarily representing Haredi Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, ( also referred to as Edot HaMizrach (Communities of the East are Jews descended The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Traditionally, the political elite in Israel consisted of European Jews, who founded the state. Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing They were joined in the 1950s by entire communities of North African and Middle Eastern Jews (especially from Morocco, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, etc. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Yemen ( Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman officially the Republic of Yemen ( Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhuuriyya ), who were kept marginalized and encouraged (in some cases, even forced) to forego their traditional cultures for the dominant European secular one. There were protests, including a small but vocal "Black Panther" movement among unemployed Sephardic youth in the early 1970s, but the most effective voice for empowerment came from a small Haredi party named Shas, which split off from Agudat Yisrael in the early 1980s. The Black Panthers (הפנתרים השחורים HaPanterim HaShhorim) are an Israeli protest movement of second-generation Jewish immigrants from Middle Eastern Shas (ש״ס is a political party in Israel, primarily representing Haredi Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. With Sephardic enfranchisement as its platform, it gained 17 of the 22 Haredi seats in the Knesset. For Beit Knesset a Jewish Place of worship, see Synagogue. The Knesset (כנסת lit Taking the attitude that restoring Sephardic pride and restoring Sephardic religious observance are one and the same, Shas has created devoted cadres of newly religious and semi-religious men and women with the zeal of neophytes and an animosity toward the country's secular European political establishment. Shas (ש״ס is a political party in Israel, primarily representing Haredi Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. Furthermore, the movement has gained unwavering and determined obedience in its supporters to the teachings of it spiritual leader, Rabbi Ovadiah Yosef. Rabbi (pronunciation, although in English usually) in Judaism, means a religious ‘teacher’ or more literally ‘my great one’ when addressing any master Rabbi Ovadia Yossef ( עובדיה יוסף) (born in 1920 in Basra, Iraq) is a Haredi Rabbi, Talmudic scholar a recognized

A chief antagonist of the Haredim (from the Haredi point of view) is the Israeli Supreme Court, which does not base its rulings on Haredi beliefs or policy. The Supreme Court has limited the power of the Haredi community by granting equal powers to competing bodies. A notable case of this trend is the "Who Is a Jew?" case, in which the Supreme Court ruled that the Ministry of the Interior (then controlled by Shas) must recognize Reform and Conservative converts to Judaism. " Who is a Jew? " (Mihu Yehudi? ?מיהו יהודי is a basic question about Jewish identity. Shas (ש״ס is a political party in Israel, primarily representing Haredi Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. More recently, even the Orthodox Zionist establishment has come under attack by the Court, since it often allies itself with the Haredim in matters of control of municipal and national religious councils. In many instances, the Haredim have responded to these and other threats angrily, verbally defending against those who would challenge their hegemony. At the same time, they recognize the animosity many secular Israelis feel toward them and have embarked on various public relations campaigns and other media projects to improve their image among the general public. In practice, the Israeli Haredim remain firmly entrenched in seats of political power, with both blocs doing everything they can to gain their support.

Following the 2003 elections, the Haredi parties lost their place in the government to the ultra-secular anti-religious Shinui party. Shinui (שינוי lit Change) is a Zionist, Secular and anti-clerical Free market liberal party in Israel In 2005 Shinui left the government and Ariel Sharon brought the Haredi United Torah Judaism back into his ruling coalition. (אריאל United Torah Judaism (יהדות התורה המאוחדת Yahadut HaTorah HaMeukhedet; UTJ) is an alliance of Degel HaTorah and Agudat Shinui runs under the flag of stopping extra funding to mostly Haredi schools and resistance to Tal Law which gives legal status to their exemption from military service. The Tal committee was an Israeli public committee appointed on August 22, 1999 by then prime minister and defense minister Ehud Barak, which was headed Nevertheless, in recent years as many as 1000 Haredi Jews have chosen to volunteer to serve in the IDF, in a Haredi Jewish unit, the Netzah Yehuda Battalion, also known as Nahal Haredi. The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit The Netzah Yehuda Battalion גדוד נצח יהודה (also known as Nahal Haredi he נחל החרדי is a Battalion in the Kfir Brigade of the (The vast majority of Haredi men, however, continue to receive deferments from military service. ^[6])

The Haredim are relatively poor, compared to other Israelis, but represent an important market sector. ^[7] Sixty percent of the men do not have regular jobs, preferring religious study, which is heavily subsidized by the government. ^[8] "More than 50 percent live below the poverty line and get state allowances, compared with 15 percent of the rest of the population…"^[5] Their families are also larger, usually having six or seven children. ^[9]

In recent years, there has been a process of reconciliation and a merging of Haredi Jews with Israeli society, for example in relation to employment. ^[10] While not compromising on religious issues and their strict code of life, Haredi Jews have become more open to the secular Israeli culture. The culture of Israel was in development long before the foundation of the State of Israel in 1948 and is a combination of secular life and religious heritage Haredi Jews, such as satirist Kobi Arieli, publicist Sehara Blau and politician Israel Eichler write regularly to leading Israeli newspapers. Another important factor in the reconciliation process has been the activity of ZAKA - a voluntary rescue organization which provides emergency first response medical attention at suicide bombing scenes and rescues human remains found there to provide proper burial. ZAKA (זק"א an abbreviation for Zihuy Korbanot Ason, literally "Disaster Victim Identification" is a series of voluntary Community emergency response Rescue refers to operations that usually involve the saving of Life, or prevention of Injury. This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons Burial, also called interment and inhumation, is the act of placing a person or object into the ground Another important Haredi institution of charity is Yad Sara, established by Uri Lupolianski (mayor of Jerusalem since 2003) in 1977. The definition of charitable organization, and of charity varies according to the country and in some instances the region of the country in which the charitable organization operates Yad Sarah ( Hebrew: יד שרה is currently the largest Israeli national volunteer organization aiding disabled elderly and housebound people and aimed Uri Lupolianski was elected Mayor of Jerusalem on June 6, 2003, after serving on the Jerusalem City Council from 1989. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Yad Sara, the only Israeli institution of its kind, provides patients and the handicapped with medical equipment (such as wheelchairs) on loan at no charge, and it is open to all Israelis. A wheelchair is a wheeled Mobility device in which the user sits Religious Zionists, mainly from the National Religious Party and publicly-involved Haredi Jews are trying to bridge the gaps between secular Jews and Haredi Jews. Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (a branch of which is also called Mizrachi) is an ideology that combines Zionism and religious The National Religious Party (מפלגה דתית לאומית Miflaga Datit Leumit, commonly known in Israel by its Hebrew acronym Mafdal, (Hebrew מפד"ל

Between Haredi Judaism and National Religious or Religious Zionist Judaism, there is also a category of Orthodox Jews known as 'Hardalim', who combine Religious Zionism with a stricter adherence to Halacha. Religious Zionism, or the Religious Zionist Movement (a branch of which is also called Mizrachi) is an ideology that combines Zionism and religious Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized For the settlement in Bangladesh see Hardal Bangladesh. Hardal (also Chardal;) refers to those strictly Orthodox Jews who Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law

The number of Haredi Jews in Israel is rising steeply. In 1992, out of a total of 1,500,000 Orthodox Jews world wide, about 550,000 were Haredi (half of them in Israel). ^[11] The vast majority of Haredi Jews are Ashkenazi.

United States

United States is home to the second largest Haredi population. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The University of Manchester cited an estimate of 468,000 as of 2006. ^[12] While there has been a Haredi presence in the U. S. since the start of the 20th century, the various groups began to emerge as distinctive communities only in the 1950s, with the influx of refugees from the Holocaust in Eastern Europe, who quickly filled leadership positions. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Before then, the distinctions that are now commonly made between Haredi and Modern Orthodox Jews were moot at best; dividing lines between the two camps can now be drawn, though it is important to recognize that there is a substantial overlap between the two communities. Modern Orthodox Judaism (or Modern Orthodox or Modern Orthodoxy) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism that attempts to synthesize traditional observance

As the tides of Jewish immigrants to the United States in the late nineteenth-early twentieth centuries became more settled and affluent, they looked to Europe to provide rabbis and other spiritual leaders and teachers for their emerging communities. While some rabbis accepted the challenge, a number of them returned to Europe soon after, frustrated by what they found in the United States. Unlike Eastern Europe, where Jews constituted a distinct minority group, the United States offered Jews an opportunity to blend into the dominant culture. Many of the new immigrants dropped their traditional customs and laws, both out of choice (the U. S. offered them a chance to escape what they viewed as the constraints of religious identity) or not (Jews refusing to work on the Sabbath were almost always fired at the end of the week; the large majority of those who desisted from working on Saturday had to face the formidable challenge of finding new work each week).

The groups that arrived en masse after the Holocaust found a religious and social infrastructure already in place. While they also feared that their communities might assimilate into the mainstream of American society, they were also able to create more insular communities, devoid of all but the most necessary contacts with the surrounding society. As the communities became more affluent, they were able to assume more and more roles of the city and state for themselves. Today, there exist many autonomous communities in places such as Borough Park, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights in Brooklyn, as well as more recently the yeshiva centered community of Lakewood, New Jersey, with their own economies, educational systems (yeshivos) welfare institutions and gemachs (free-loan funds for everything from money to household items to tools, clothing, books and services), medical services (such as the Hatzolah ambulance corps), and security (the Shomrim neighborhood patrol). Borough Park (usually spelled by its residents Boro Park) is a neighborhood in the southwestern part of the borough of Brooklyn, in New Williamsburg is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, bordering Greenpoint, Bedford-Stuyvesant, and Bushwick Brooklyn (named after the Dutch town Breukelen) is one of the five boroughs of New York City. Lakewood Township is a township in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States. Gemach ( Hebrew: גמח plural גמחים gemachim, an abbreviation for גמילות חסדים gemilat chasadim, "acts of kindness" is a Shomrim organizations are volunteer civilian patrols which have been set up in many Jewish neighbourhoods to combat quality-of-life nuisance crimes Some smaller, more isolationist Hasidic groups actually founded their own small towns, such as New Square, New York and Kiryas Joel, New York patterned after the communities they left in Europe. See related article Skver (Hasidic dynasty New Square (Hebrew שיכון סקווירא) is an all-Hasidic village Kiryas Joel (also known as Kiryas Yo'el or KJ) ( Hebrew: קרית יואל " Town of Joel " is a Village There are still other, smaller, communities throughout the United States which at first did not have all the established institutions of the dominant community in New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Eventually, even they managed to put many of these institutions in place, thereby preserving their cultural separation.

With these in place, the communities were able to grow and flourish, both because of an extremely high birthrate (eight or more children is normal), and due to outreach programs geared toward other Jews. Most notably the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic movement embraced outreach with a passion, conducting nationwide campaigns to introduce Chabad Judaism to unaffiliated Jews, as well as to Jews of other affiliations. Chabad-Lubavitch is one of the largest Hasidic movements in Orthodox Judaism, and is based in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ This helped ignite the Teshuvah Movement that now attracts thousands of new adherents to Haredi Judaism yearly. See also Repentance in Judaism Baal teshuva ( Hebrew: he בעל תשובה; for a woman he בעלת תשובה baalat/baalas teshuva;

On the other hand, despite all their efforts at cultural separation, the Haredi leadership could not ignore the appeal of American life to their own youth. While certain few concessions to American society were made (for example, some groups allowed some of their children to pursue some higher education under certain circumstances), for the most part the response was to adopt an even more extreme approach to insularity. In effect, anything that might be perceived as a threat to the cultural homogeneity of the community was disparaged, including secular newspapers, radio, and television. Instead, a program of total immersion in study was encouraged for the younger generation.

Some Haredi leaders realized that the communities could not be kept completely insular and established ways to connect to society without compromising on their intrinsic beliefs. In several instances, yeshivos such as Torah Vodaas, Chaim Berlin and Ner Israel started allowing the boys (or bochurim) to pursue a secular education while remaining in the yeshiva. Yeshiva Torah Vodaas (or Mesivta Torah Vodaas) is a Yeshiva located in the Kensington neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin (also known as Mesivta Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin, or Chaim Berlin, is a major Haredi Yeshiva located in Brooklyn Yeshivas Ner Yisroel ( Ner Israel Rabbinical College) (also known as NIRC) is a Yeshiva in Baltimore Maryland This was helped largely by the establishment of Touro College by Dr. Touro College is a Jewish sponsored independent institution of higher and professional education, in New York City, New York, United Bernard Lander, a college based in New York City geared towards Haredi students seeking college degrees. Rabbi Dr Bernard Lander, founder and president of Touro College, is a social scientist and educator a preeminent leader in the Jewish community and a pioneer in Jewish and The City of New York One of the most noticeable things in Touro is the fact that the classes are separate for men and women to keep in line with strict Haredi lifestyles.

Another, perhaps greater threat, was seen in those Jewish groups that attempted to bridge the gap between the religious and secular worlds, since this was perceived as possibly more alluring to the youths of the community, including those who could not conceive of a total break from their Jewish upbringing. Reform, Conservative, and even Modern Orthodox Judaism were seen as threatening to the very continuity of the community. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions Conservative Judaism (also known as Masorti Judaism in Israel and Europe) is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out Modern Orthodox Judaism (or Modern Orthodox or Modern Orthodoxy) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism that attempts to synthesize traditional observance

In the case of Reform, this animosity could be traced to the early nineteenth century in Germany, where Reform waged a battle to wrest control of the communities from Traditional Jews. At that time, both groups attacked each other incessantly in the struggle for hegemony over the Jewish community. Until most recently, the Reform movement felt secure and was not leveling the same attacks on the Orthodox. In many instances, they sought ways to cooperate on common issues, hoping to consume the smaller community. To the Haredim, however, they were seen as a steppingstone to assimilation, to be disparaged and discouraged within their own communities. The criticisms of two centuries earlier were also applied to the Conservative community. Their beliefs and practices were held to be incompatible with authentic Judaism and, as such, rejected.

The Haredim maintain a delicate balancing act: on an individual level, Conservative and Reform Jews are seen as "innocents led astray"(R' Moshe Feinstein). Moshe Feinstein ( March 3, 1895 – March 23, 1986) was a Lithuanian Orthodox Rabbi, scholar and Posek As such Haredim have created extensive outreach programs, conducted out of a deep love and concern for the spiritual well-being of other Jews; on a philosophical level, the generation and beliefs of these movements are condemned as stemming from the widespread denigration of religion of the 19th century. It is this viewpoint that defines the Haredi community's relationship to the larger Jewish community to this day.

However, the issue is more complicated when considering their position vis à vis the Modern Orthodox community. Modern Orthodox Judaism (or Modern Orthodox or Modern Orthodoxy) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism that attempts to synthesize traditional observance There is a mutual dependency between the two communities: the Modern Orthodox generally respect and adhere to the religious rulings of the Haredi leadership, while the Haredi often depend on university trained Modern Orthodox professionals to provide for needs that members of their own community cannot. For example, since there are so few Haredi doctors, the community will prefer to go to a Modern Orthodox doctor, since he or she will have a better understanding of the implications of the treatment in Jewish law (halakha). Halakha ( הלכה; alternative transliterations include Halocho and Halacha) is the collective body of Jewish Religious law Furthermore, Haredi rabbis will consult with Modern Orthodox doctors before issuing rulings on medical procedures (an example of this is on issues relating to the precise moment of death). Nevertheless, the leadership is unwilling to accept the liberalism of their Modern Orthodox colleagues. In some cases, Modern Orthodoxy is perceived as balancing precariously on a very narrow wire between the Jewish and secular worlds: a tenable but, to the Haredi, unnecessary position. In other cases, Modern Orthodox leaders are considered to have passed the bounds of religious propriety and condemned for this in severe terms, since those leaders, unlike Reform and Conservative rabbis, are believed to have the requisite learning and should know better.

No matter how sharp the discourse, it does not have the same intensity as earlier arguments that led to or threatened real schisms among the Jewish people. For instance, with the rise of Hasidism, Rabbi Elijah of Vilna declared that his followers must not marry Hasidic Jews (the ruling was never put into practice). Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman, known as the Vilna Gaon or Elijah of Vilna and simply by his Hebrew Acronym Gra (" G aon While there are tensions between Haredi and other Jews, the leadership of all the factions involved have taken care to prevent a complete break, while respecting the desire of the Haredi for autonomy and separatism. And there is common ground too, especially in the field of learning. It is not uncommon for Haredi scholars to take advantage of the vast library holdings, including rare manuscripts, in the libraries of Yeshiva University (Modern Orthodox), the Jewish Theological Seminary (Conservative), and Hebrew Union College (Reform).

In 1988, it was estimated that there are between 40,000 and 57,000 Haredim in Williamsburg. The Jewish population in Boro Park (70,000 in 1983) was also mostly Haredi. ^[11] One must keep in mind that the numbers provided are inconclusive, however given the tremendous birthrate of Haredi Jews in Wiliamsburg and Boro Park, some estimate their population has doubled or tripled in the last 20 years.

United Kingdom

In the UK, the largest Haredi communities are located in London (Stamford Hill, Golders Green, Hendon, Edgware), Salford/Bury (Broughton Park and Prestwich) and Gateshead. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Stamford Hill is a place in the north of the London Borough of Hackney, England near the border with Haringey. Golders Green is an area in the London Borough of Barnet in London, England. Hendon is a London suburban development situated 7 miles (113 km north west of Charing Cross. Edgware is a suburb of North London situated north-west of Charing Cross. Salford lies at the heart of the City of Salford, a Metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, in North West England. Bury is a town in Greater Manchester, England. It lies on the River Irwell, north-northwest of the city of Manchester, west-southwest of Broughton is an Inner city area of Salford, in Greater Manchester, England. Prestwich is a town and residential suburb of Manchester within the Metropolitan Borough of Bury, in Greater Manchester, England. Gateshead is a town in Tyne and Wear, England. It lies on the southern bank of the River Tyne, opposite Newcastle upon Tyne. The majority of UK Haredim descend from Eastern-European immigrants. The Haredi community in London is organized into a group known as the Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC). The Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations of England was founded in 1926 to protect traditional Judaism

The UK Haredi community is vibrant and growing, maintaining hundreds of synagogues, although many are smaller scale shtiebels. A shtiebel ( Yiddish: שטיבל shtibl, pl shtibelekh or shtiebels meaning "little house" or "little room" is a place used for communal It also maintains numerous schools, yeshivas, kolels and mikvas. Yeshiva or yeshivah (jəʃi'və ( Hebrew: ישיבה "sitting (n A kollel (כולל "a gathering/collection scholars" (plural kollelim is an institute for advanced studies of the Talmud and of Rabbinic literature for Mikvah (or mikveh) ( plural mikva'ot or mikves) is a ritual bath designed for the purpose of ritual immersion in Judaism. The community also supports dozens of kosher food shops, bakeries and to a lesser extent, restaurants.

The Haredi population in the UK is estimated at 27,000 in 1998, out of 200,000 UK observant Jews. ^[11] However, a 2007 study published by the University of Manchester cited three out of every four British Jewish births are Haredi, who now account for 45,500 out of around 275,000 Jews in the UK, or 17%. ^[12]

France

About 25,000 Haredim live in France (mostly Mizrachim). Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, ( also referred to as Edot HaMizrach (Communities of the East are Jews descended ^[11]

Organizations

Haredi Jewish groups

• Agudath Israel, worldwide and local (such as Agudath Israel of America)
• Hasidic Jewish groups such as: Belz, Bobov, Boston, Boyan, Breslov, Chabad Lubavitch, Ger, Karlin, Munkacz, Puppa, Satmar, and Vizhnitz. Agudath Israel of America (or Agudas Yisroel of America or Agudat Yisrael of America or simply the Agudah is [[Hebrew language|Hebrew] for "gathering" Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Belz is a Hasidic dynasty named for the town of Belz, a small town in Western Ukraine. Bobov, (or Bobover Hasidism) (חסידות באבוב is a Hasidic group within Haredi Judaism originating in Bobowa, Galicia in Boston is a Hasidic sect named after Boston Massachusetts. The senior of the Bostoner Rebbes is currently Rabbi Levi Yitzchok Horowitz Boyan is the name of a Hasidic dynasty, whose founder was a scion of the Ruzhiner dynasty Breslov (also Bratslav) is a branch of Hasidic Judaism founded by Rebbe Nachman of Breslov (1772-1810 a great-grandson of the Baal Shem Chabad-Lubavitch is one of the largest Hasidic movements in Orthodox Judaism, and is based in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn Ger, or Gur (or Gerrer when used as an adjective is a Hasidic dynasty originating from Ger the Yiddish name of Góra Kalwaria Karlin-Stolin is the name of a Hasidic Dynasty originating with Rebbe Aaron the Great of Karlin in present-day Belarus. Mukachevo or Mukacheve (Мукачево Мукачеве See name section) is a City located in the valley of the Liatorytsia river in Puppa is the name of a Hasidic dynasty within Judaism. The dynasty is named after the town of its origin (according to the Yiddish name also known in Hungarian as Satmar (or Satmar Hasidism or Satmarer Hasidism) (חסידות סאטמאר is a Hasidic movement of mostly Hungarian Grand Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum Vizhnitz is the name of a Hasidic dynasty founded by Rebbe Menachem Mendil Hager
• Shas - Mizrahi Sefardi Haredi party in Israel
• United Torah Judaism - Ashkenazi Haredi political grouping in Israel
• Edah HaChareidis - rabbinical council of anti-Zionist Haredi groups in and around Jerusalem, including Satmar, Dushinsky, Toldos Aharon, Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok, Mishkenos Horoim, Spinka, Brisk and a section of other Litvish Haredim. Shas (ש״ס is a political party in Israel, primarily representing Haredi Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism. Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, ( also referred to as Edot HaMizrach (Communities of the East are Jews descended Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural United Torah Judaism (יהדות התורה המאוחדת Yahadut HaTorah HaMeukhedet; UTJ) is an alliance of Degel HaTorah and Agudat Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim ( Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, ˌaʃkəˈnazim sing The Edah HaChareidis ( Hebrew: he העדה החרדית he-Latn HaEdah HaChareidis The Chareidi Community) also written he-Latn Edah Haredit, Satmar (or Satmar Hasidism or Satmarer Hasidism) (חסידות סאטמאר is a Hasidic movement of mostly Hungarian Grand Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum Dushinsky is one of the few Hasidic dynasties not named after the place where it originated instead it is named after the surname of the Rebbe Shomer Emunim (meaning "Guardian of the Faith" is a devout insular Hasidic sect Shomer Emunim (meaning "Guardian of the Faith" is a devout insular Hasidic sect Lithuanian Jews (known in Yiddish and Yeshivish as Litvish (adjective or Litvaks (noun are Ashkenazi Jews with roots in the
• Toldos Yeshurun - Organization of Haredi Russian Jews

Rabbinical leaders

• The Baal Shem Tov (18th century founder of Hasidism)
• The Vilna Gaon (of Lithuania)
• Rabbi Chaim of Volozhin (19th century founder of the Lithuanian yeshivoth)
• Rabbi Moses Sofer (18th-19th century leader of Eastern European ultra-Orthodox)
• Rabbi Yisrael Meir HaCohen Kagan, the Chafetz Chaim
• Rabbi Avrohom Mordechai Alter, driving force behind Agudas Yisroel in Poland
• Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, one of the highest halachic authorities for much of the twentieth century
• Rabbi Avraham Yeshayahu Karelitz (leader of Haredim in Israel)
• Rabbi Aharon Kotler (founder of the Lakewood yeshivas in America)
• Rabbi Ovadya Yosef (leader of Israeli Sephardi Haredim)
• Rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv (present-day leader of Israel's non-Hasidic Ashkenazi Haredim)

Rabbinical organizations and dynasties

• Rabbis of the Edah HaChareidis rabbinical council of Jerusalem
• Rebbes of the Satmar Hasidim (originally Hungary, now New York)
• Rebbes of the Gerrer Hasidim (originally Poland, now Israel)
• Rebbes of Lubavitch

See also

• Agudath Israel of America
• Bnei Brak
• Chabad Lubavitch
• Degel HaTorah
• Divine Providence in Contemporary Jewish thought
• Hardal
• Hasidic Judaism
• Hasidic and Haredi Jewish population growth
• Hasidim and Mitnagdim
• Mashgiach Ruchani
• Orthodox Judaism
• Posek
• Rebbe
• Relationships between Jewish religious movements
• Rosh yeshiva
• United Torah Judaism
• ZAKA
• World Agudath Israel

External Links

ABC radio documentary about Haredi Judaism - includes details of the introduction of new "traditions" such as the wearing of the burqa by women. Toldos Yeshurun is a Non-Profit organization for Jews from the former USSR. Rabbi Yisroel (Israel ben Eliezer (רבי ישראל בן אליעזר August 27, 1698 (18 Elul &ndash May 22, 1760) often called Eliyahu ben Shlomo Zalman, known as the Vilna Gaon or Elijah of Vilna and simply by his Hebrew Acronym Gra (" G aon Rabbi Chaim Ben Yitzchok (Chaim Ickovits or Chaim Volozhin (חיים מוולוז'ין also Chaim Volozhiner or Chaim of Volozhin) ( January Rabbi Moshe Sofer, (Moses Schreiber also known by his main work Chasam Sofer, ( trans Rabbi Yisrael Meir (HaCohen Kagan ( Dzyatlava, February 6, 1838 - Raduń, September 15, 1933) also known popularly Avraham Mordechai Alter, ( December 25 1866 &ndash June 3 1948) also known as the Imrei Emes after the works he authored Moshe Feinstein ( March 3, 1895 – March 23, 1986) was a Lithuanian Orthodox Rabbi, scholar and Posek Rabbi Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz, (1878-1953 popularly known by the name of his Magnum opus Chazon Ish, was a Belarusian born Orthodox Rabbi Rabbi Aharon (or Ahroyn Aaron Aron Kotler (1891 - 1962 was a prominent leader of Orthodox Judaism in Lithuania, and later the Rabbi Ovadia Yossef ( עובדיה יוסף) (born in 1920 in Basra, Iraq) is a Haredi Rabbi, Talmudic scholar a recognized Rabbi Yosef Sholom Elyashiv (יוסף שלום אלישיב (born April 19 1910 is a Haredi Rabbi and Posek (arbiter of Jewish law The Edah HaChareidis ( Hebrew: he העדה החרדית he-Latn HaEdah HaChareidis The Chareidi Community) also written he-Latn Edah Haredit, Satmar (or Satmar Hasidism or Satmarer Hasidism) (חסידות סאטמאר is a Hasidic movement of mostly Hungarian Grand Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum Ger, or Gur (or Gerrer when used as an adjective is a Hasidic dynasty originating from Ger the Yiddish name of Góra Kalwaria Chabad-Lubavitch is one of the largest Hasidic movements in Orthodox Judaism, and is based in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn Agudath Israel of America (or Agudas Yisroel of America or Agudat Yisrael of America or simply the Agudah is [[Hebrew language|Hebrew] for "gathering" Bnei Brak (or Bene Beraq) (בְּנֵי בְּרַק Bəne Bəraq) is a city located on Israel 's central Mediterranean coastal plain Chabad-Lubavitch is one of the largest Hasidic movements in Orthodox Judaism, and is based in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn Degel HaTorah (דגל התורה lit Banner of the Torah) is an Ashkenazi ultra-orthodox political party in Israel. In Theology, Divine Providence, or simply Providence, is the sovereignty superintendence or agency of God over events in people's lives and throughout For the settlement in Bangladesh see Hardal Bangladesh. Hardal (also Chardal;) refers to those strictly Orthodox Jews who Hasidic Judaism (also Chasidic, etc from the Hebrew: he '''''חסידות''''', Chassidus, meaning "piety" from the Hebrew Schisms among the Jews are cultural as well as religious They have happened as a product of historical accident geography and Theology. Mashgiach Ruchani ( Hebrew משגיח רוחני) or mashgiach for short means a spiritual supervisor or guide Orthodox Judaism is the formulation of Judaism that adheres to a relatively strict interpretation and application of the laws and ethics first canonized Posek ( Hebrew פוסק po·ˈseq pl Poskim, פוסקים is the term in Jewish law for "decider"—a legal scholar who decides the Rebbe (רבי (pronounced in English which means master teacher or mentor is a Yiddish word derived from the identical Hebrew word Rabbi The relationships between the various denominations of American Judaism can be conciliatory welcoming or even antagonistic Rosh yeshiva, ( pl. Heb. Roshei yeshiva; Yeshivish Rosh yeshivas) (ראש ישיבה is the title given to the dean of United Torah Judaism (יהדות התורה המאוחדת Yahadut HaTorah HaMeukhedet; UTJ) is an alliance of Degel HaTorah and Agudat ZAKA (זק"א an abbreviation for Zihuy Korbanot Ason, literally "Disaster Victim Identification" is a series of voluntary Community emergency response World Agudath Israel (The World Jewish Union usually known as the Aguda, was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism A burqa (also Transliterated burkha, burka or burqua) is an enveloping outer garment worn by women in some Islamic traditions for the

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