In soil science, agriculture and gardening, hardpan is a general term for a dense layer of soil, residing usually below the uppermost topsoil layer. Soil science is the study of Soil as a Natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Gardening is the practice of growing Plants for their attractive flowers or foliage and Vegetables or Fruits for consumption Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel Topsoil is the upper outermost layer of soil usually the top 2 to 8 inches [1] There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristic of being a distinct soil layer that is largely impervious to water. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Some hardpans are formed by deposits in the soil that fuse and bind the soil particles. These deposits can range from dissolved silica to matrices formed from iron oxides and calcium carbonate. Altogether there are sixteen known Iron Oxides and oxyhydroxides Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3 Others are man-made, such as hardpan formed by compaction from repeated plowing particularly with moldboard plows and /or heavy traffic and pollution from man made sources. The plough ( American spelling plow; both plaʊ is a Tool used in Farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed The plough ( American spelling plow; both plaʊ is a Tool used in Farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed
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Formation
Soil structure strongly affects its tendency to form a hard pan. One such common soil condition related to hardpan is soil pH. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. Acid soils are most often affected due to the propensity of certain mineral salts, most notably iron and calcium, to form hard complexes with soil particles under acid conditions. In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are
Another major determinant is the soil particle size. Clay particles are some of the smallest particles commonly found in soils. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Due to their structure the spaces between individual clay particles is quite small and already restricts the passage of water, negatively impacting drainage. Soils with a high clay content are also easily compacted and affected by man-made discharges. Clay particles have a strong negative electrostatic charge and will readily bond to positively charged ions dissolved in the soil-water matrix. Common salts such as sodium molecules contained in wastewater can fulfil this role and lead to a localized hardpan in some soil types. Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 This is a common cause of septic system failure due to the prevention of proper drainage in field. Description A septic tank generally consists of tanks between the size of 1000 and 2000 gallons (4000 - 7500 litres which is connected to an inlet wastewater pipe at one end and
Problems and workarounds
Hardpan can be a problem in farming and gardening by impeding drainage of water and restricting the growth of plant roots. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. In these situations, the hardpan can be broken up by either mechanical means such as digging or plowing,[2] or through the use of soil amendments. The broadfork is a manual tool specifically designed for this task; a digging fork or a spade might also be used. In Farming and Gardening, the broadfork, or U-fork is a Tool used to manually break up densely packed soil like Hardpan, to improve A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other A garden fork, spading fork, digging fork or graip is a gardening implement with a handle and several (usually four short sturdy tines It A spade is a tool designed primarily for the purpose of digging or removing earth The chisel plow does a similar job with the help of a tractor. The plough ( American spelling plow; both plaʊ is a Tool used in Farming for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for sowing seed A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used
The use of soil amendments can also be employed to alter the soil structure and promote the dissolution of the hard pan. A soil conditioner, also called a soil amendment, is a material added to Soil to improve plant growth and health Soil structure is determined by how individual soil Granules clump or bind together and aggregate and therefore the arrangement of soil pores between them It has been observed that increasing the amount of soil organic matter through the working-in of manure, compost or peat can both improve local drainage and promote the proliferation of earth worms that can, over time, break relatively thin hardpan layers. Soil organic matter (SOM is the Organic matter component of Soil. Manure is Organic matter used as Organic fertilizer in Agriculture. Compost (ˈkɒmpɒst or US /ˈkɒmpoʊst/ also known as brown manure is the aerobically decomposed remnants of Organic matter. Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter. Earthworm is the usual name for the largest members of Oligochaeta (which is either a class or subclass depending on the author in the phylum Annelida In classical
More difficult hardpans may be further improved through the action of both adjusting the soil pH with lime if the soil is acidic, and with the addition of Gypsum. Soil pH is the PH of soil water It is based on the measurement of pH which depends on the activity of Hydrogen Ions (H+ in a solution Lime is a general term for various naturally occurring Minerals and materials derived from them in which Carbonates Oxides and Hydroxides of Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2 This combination can help loosen clay particles bound into a hardpan by the actions of hard salts such as iron, calcium carbonate and sodium, by promoting their mobility through a higher pH while proving a suitable source of exchanging minerals (the gypsum). Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3 Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 This works because gypsum salts, although not "soft" are still water permeable and have a larger, more open structure, the results of which do not promote as hard a matrix as was repaced. However, unlike when employing mechanical means, breaking a hardpan through the use of amendments may require action over the course of years, and even then one is by no means assured success. The results are primarily determined by how extensive and / or intractable the hardpan is.
See also
References
- ^ Resounding Soils (Web). In Geology, a claypan is a dense compact slowly permeable layer in the Subsoil having a much higher Clay content than the overlying material from which Auburn University. Retrieved on 2007-05-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Breaking Up the Hardpan" (Web). Grains Research & Development Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-07-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival
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