Hardcore punk
Stylistic origins	Punk rock
Cultural origins	Circa 1980, North America
Typical instruments	Vocals - Guitar - Bass - Drums
Mainstream popularity	Low to Mid depending on subgenre
Derivative forms	Alternative rock - Grunge - Post-hardcore
Subgenres
Christian hardcore - D-beat - Digital hardcore - Emo - Grindcore - Melodic hardcore - Powerviolence - Skate punk - Thrashcore - Youth crew
Fusion genres
Crossover thrash - Crust punk - Funkcore - Jazzcore - Horror punk - Metalcore - Rapcore - Skacore - Thrash metal
Regional scenes
Australia - Brazil - Japan - Canada Europe: Italy - South Wales - Scandinavia: Umeå USA: Boston - California - Chicago - Detroit - Minneapolis - New Jersey - New York - North Carolina - Indiana - Philadelphia - Phoenix - Richmond, VA - DC - San Diego, CA
Other topics
Hardcore dancing - Straight edge - DIY punk ethic - List of bands - List of genres

Hardcore punk is a subgenre of punk rock that originated in North America around 1980. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) An electric guitar is a type of Guitar that uses pickups to convert the vibration of its steel-cored strings into an electrical current which is made louder The electric bass guitar (also called electric bass, or simply bass; ˈbeɪs as in "base" is a Stringed instrument played primarily with the A drum kit (also drum set or trap set) is a collection of Drums Cymbals and sometimes other Percussion instruments such as cowbells Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of Post-hardcore evolved from Hardcore punk, itself an offshoot of the broader Punk rock movement Christian hardcore or Christcore refers to Hardcore punk and Metalcore bands that promote Christian beliefs D-beat (also known as Discore) is a style of Street punk developed in the early 1980s by imitators of Discharge, for whom the genre is named Digital hardcore is a Music genre fusing elements of Hardcore punk and Electronic music. Emo (ˈiːmoʊ is a genre of music that originated from Hardcore punk early on and adopted Pop-punk influences later on in the 2000s when For the fictional character with this name see Grindcore (Transformers. Melodic hardcore is a subgenre of Hardcore punk. It is more melodic than traditional hardcore punk Skate punk is a sub-genre of Punk rock which was named because of its popularity among skateboarders, and the fact that many members of skate punk bands Thrashcore (also known as fastcore) is a fast tempo subgenre of Hardcore punk that emerged in the early 1980s Youth crew is a subgenre of Hardcore punk that was pioneered by 7 Seconds in the early to mid-1980s and which thrived in the New York hardcore scene Thrash metal (sometimes referred to simply as thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal that is characterized by its fast tempo and aggression Crust punk (sometimes simply crust) is one of the evolutions of Anarcho-punk and Hardcore punk, mixed with distorted Extreme metal guitar Funk rock (also typed as funk-rock) is a music genre that fuses Funk and rock elements Punk jazz describes the amalgamation of elements of the jazz tradition (usually the Free jazz and Jazz fusion of the 1960s and '70s with the instrumentation Horror punk is a Music genre that was defined by the bands The Misfits, The Cramps and seminally influential group The Damned, blending Metalcore is an umbrella term used to describe fusion genres that incorporate elements of the Hardcore punk and heavy metal genres Rap rock is a fusion genre of rock and hip-hop. It blends vocal and instrumental parts of hip-hop and various forms of rock including punk and rock Ska punk is a fusion Music genre that combines Ska and Punk rock. Thrash metal (sometimes referred to simply as thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal that is characterized by its fast tempo and aggression Australian Hardcore punk bands tend to have local fan bases although a number have toured Australia and internationally The origin of Punk rock and Hardcore punk in Brazil was around the end of the 1970s by the influence of bands like Sex Pistols, The Clash Japanese Hardcore punk, also generally unfavorably known as Japcore, refers to the fast-paced Japanese punk / hardcore genre There was a dynamic Italian Hardcore punk scene in the 1980s. Umeå is a city in northern Sweden. During the last years of the 1980s the influence of bands such as Final Exit, Step Forward and Refused led Boston Hardcore is the influential Hardcore punk scene of Boston Massachusetts. The California punk scene is a regional Punk music scene that started in the late 1970s and still exists today Chicago developed a Hardcore punk scene in the early 1980's that was more experimental than its counterparts in Washington DC, L This article discusses the Music of Detroit Michigan. World renowned for its Detroit Symphony Orchestra and music celebrities the area has a long and rich heritage The Minneapolis area has been a fertile ground for the Hardcore punk scene for many years New Jersey Hardcore Punk (sometimes called NJHC, NJHXC or Jerseycore) refers to Hardcore punk and Metalcore music created in New York Hardcore ( NYHC) refers to Hardcore punk and Metalcore music created in New York City and to the Subculture associated with The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Philadelphia hardcore is Hardcore punk created in Philadelphia, the associated Subculture. Phoenix had a sizable Hardcore punk scene in the 1980's that focused mainly around three bands from the city's east side the Feederz, Meat Puppets and Washington DC had one of the first and most influential Hardcore punk scenes in the United States during the 1980s See also [[Hardcore punk]] and Mosh Hardcore dancing grew out of the Eastern United States hardcore scene especially the New Straight Edge refers to a lifestyle that started within the Hardcore punk subculture whose adherents make a commitment to refrain from using alcohol, Tobacco The DIY ethic ( Do it yourself ethic refers to the ethic of being self-reliant by completing tasks oneself as opposed to having others who are likely more experienced complete This is a list of bands considered to be Hardcore punk. This is a list of all hardcore musical Genres: Punk / Rock / Metal Christian hardcore Crossover thrash Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) The new sound was generally thicker, heavier and faster than earlier punk rock. ^[1] The songs are usually short, fast and loud, covering topics such as politics, personal freedom, violence, social alienation, Straight Edge, war, and the hardcore subculture itself. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Freedom, or the idea of being free is a broad concept that Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes In Sociology and Critical social theory, alienation refers to an individual's estrangement from traditional community and others in general Straight Edge refers to a lifestyle that started within the Hardcore punk subculture whose adherents make a commitment to refrain from using alcohol, Tobacco War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units The punk subculture is based around Punk rock. It emerged from the larger Rock music scene in the mid-to-late-1970s in the United Kingdom, the United ^[2][3][4]

Hardcore spawned several fusion genres and subgenres, some of which had mainstream success, such as melodic hardcore, metalcore, and thrash metal. Melodic hardcore is a subgenre of Hardcore punk. It is more melodic than traditional hardcore punk Metalcore is an umbrella term used to describe fusion genres that incorporate elements of the Hardcore punk and heavy metal genres Thrash metal (sometimes referred to simply as thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal that is characterized by its fast tempo and aggression

Contents 1 History 1.1 "Godfathers" of the genre 1.2 Other early notable bands 1.3 Early media support and criticism 1.4 Early history in Europe 1.5 Late 1980s 1.6 1990s 2 Hardcore & Politics 3 Influence on other genres 4 Hardcore dancing 5 Hardcore punk record labels 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

History

In North America, the music genre that became known as hardcore punk originated in different areas in late 1970s and early 1980s in California, Washington, DC, Chicago, New York City, Winnipeg, Vancouver, Toronto and Boston. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The City of New York Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population Vancouver (vænˈkuːvɚ is a coastal Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario The origin of the term hardcore punk is not documented. The Vancouver-based band D.O.A. may have helped to popularize the term with the title of their 1981 album, Hardcore '81. Hardcore '81 is an album by the Canadian Hardcore punk band D ^[5][6][7] However, until about 1983, the term hardcore was used fairly sparingly, and mainly as a descriptive term. (i. e. , a band would be called a "hardcore band" and a concert would be a "hardcore show"). American teenagers who were fans of hardcore punk simply considered themselves fans of punk – although they were not necessarily interested in the original punk rock sound of late 1970s (e. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the g. , the Ramones, the Sex Pistols, The Clash, the Damned, Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers, Richard Hell and the Voidoids, the Dead Boys). The Ramones were an American rock band often regarded as the first Punk rock group The Sex Pistols are an English Punk rock band that formed in London in 1975 For the debut album by The Clash see The Clash (album The Clash were This article is about the punk group For information on Tom Petty's backing band see The Heartbreakers. The Voidoids, also known as Richard Hell and The Voidoids, were a New York City Punk rock band of the late 1970s and early The Dead Boys were an American Punk rock band from Cleveland Ohio. In many circles, hardcore was an in-group term, meaning 'music by people like us,' and it included a wide range of sounds, from hyper-speed hardcore to sludgy dirge-rock, and sometimes including arty experimental bands, such as The Stickmen and Flipper. A musical ensemble is a group of two or more Musicians who perform instrumental or vocal Music. Flipper is an influential punk band formed in San Francisco, California in 1979 continuing in often erratic fashion until the mid-1990s then reuniting

Since most bands had little access to any means of production, hardcore lauded a do-it-yourself (DIY) approach. The DIY ethic ( Do it yourself ethic refers to the ethic of being self-reliant by completing tasks oneself as opposed to having others who are likely more experienced complete In most cities the hardcore scene relied on inexpensively-made DIY recordings done on four-track recorders and sold at shows or by mail. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Concerts were promoted by photocopied zines, community radio shows, and affixing posters to walls and telephone poles. A zine (an abbreviation of the word Fanzine, or magazine ziːn "zeen" is most commonly a small circulation non-commercial Publication Hardcore punk fans adopted a a dressed-down style of T-shirts, jeans, and crewcut style. A T-shirt (or tee shirt) is a Shirt which is pulled on over the head to cover most of a person's Torso. Jeans are Trousers made from Denim. Mainly designed for work, they became popular among Teenagers starting in the 1950s. A Crew cut is a type of Haircut in which the Hair on the top of the head is cut relatively short graduated in length from the longest hair at the front hairline While 1977-era punk had used DIY clothing as well, such as torn pants held together with safety pins, the "dressed down" style of 1980s hardcore scene contrasted with the more campy, elaborate and provocative fashion styles of late 1970s punk rockers such as Soo Catwoman, which featured make-up, elaborate hairdos and avant-garde clothing experiments. Soo Lucas, better known as Soo Catwoman (often written as Sue Catwoman) was an icon of the London Punk subculture that sprang up around the

At the same time, there was a parallel development in the UK of a British form of hardcore punk, which later became known as UK 82. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located ^[8]UK 82 bands such as Discharge and Charged GBH took the existing late 1970s punk sound and added the incessant, heavy drumbeats and "wall of sound" distortion guitar sound of New Wave of British Heavy Metal (NWOBHM) bands such as Motörhead. Discharge is a British Hardcore punk band formed in 1977 by Terry "Tez" Roberts and Roy "Rainy" Wainwright Charged GBH are an English Punk rock band formed by vocalist Collin Abrahall& guitarist Colin 'Jock' Blyth The New Wave of British Heavy Metal (frequently abbreviated as NWOBHM) is a heavy metal music movement that started in the late 1970s in Britain, and achieved While North American hardcore punk and UK 82 hardcore developed at the same time, it is not clear whether UK 82 was directly influenced by the American hardcore punk scene, or vice versa.

"Godfathers" of the genre

Michael Azerrad's book Our Band Could Be Your Life and Steven Blush' documentary film American Hardcore traces hardcore back to three bands: Black Flag, Bad Brains, and Minor Threat. Michael Azerrad is an American Author, Journalist and Musician. Our Band Could Be Your Life Scenes from the American Indie Underground 1981-1991 is a book by Michael Azerrad (ISBN 0-316-78753-1 Black Flag was a Hardcore punk band formed in 1977 in southern California, largely as the brainchild of Greg Ginn: the guitarist Bad Brains are an American Hardcore punk band formed in Washington D Minor Threat was an American Hardcore punk band that formed in Washington D Azerrad calls Black Flag, formed in Los Angeles in 1976, the music’s "godfathers. A godparent, in many denominations of Christianity, is someone who sponsors a child's Baptism. " Azerrad credits Bad Brains, formed in Washington, D.C. in 1977, with introducing "light speed" tempos. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D 2266-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl or TEMPO is the Chemical compound with the formula (CH23(CMe22NO He calls Minor Threat, formed in Washington, D. Minor Threat was an American Hardcore punk band that formed in Washington D C. in 1980, the "definitive" hardcore punk band.

Black Flag, led by guitarist and songwriter Greg Ginn, had a major impact on the Los Angeles scene – and later the wider North American scene – with their raw, confrontational sound and DIY ethical stance. Black Flag was a Hardcore punk band formed in 1977 in southern California, largely as the brainchild of Greg Ginn: the guitarist Gregory Regis Ginn (born June 8, 1954) is a Guitarist, Songwriter and singer Tours in 1980 and 1981 brought Black Flag in contact with developing hardcore scenes in many parts of North America, and blazed trails followed by other touring bands. ^[9][10][11]

Bad Brains formed in Washington, DC. Bad Brains are an American Hardcore punk band formed in Washington D Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The band members had a varied background in soul music, funk, and jazz, as well as taking influence from heavy metal (Black Sabbath) and punk rock (the Sex Pistols). Soul music is a Music genre that combines Rhythm and blues and Gospel music, originating in the United States. Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Black Sabbath are an The Sex Pistols are an English Punk rock band that formed in London in 1975 The single "Pay to Cum" b/w "Stay Close to Me" was released in 1980. Their self-titled debut album (originally a 1982 cassette-only release from Reachout International Records) included three reggae songs, in sharp contrast to the rest of their music, which mainly consisted of fast, loud, hardcore punk. ROIR (pronounced "roar" or Reach Out International Records, is a New York City -based Record label founded in 1979 by Neil Cooper Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s ^[12]

Minor Threat, also from Washington D. Minor Threat was an American Hardcore punk band that formed in Washington D C. , played an aggressive, fast, hardcore punk style influenced by Bad Brains. The band was responsible for inspiring the straight edge movement, especially with their song, "Straight Edge". Straight Edge refers to a lifestyle that started within the Hardcore punk subculture whose adherents make a commitment to refrain from using alcohol, Tobacco

Other early notable bands

According to Brendan Mullen, founder of the Los Angeles punk club The Masque, the first U. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The Masque was a small Punk rock club in central Hollywood California which existed intermittently from 1977 to 1979. S. tour of The Damned in 1977 found them favoring very fast tempos, causing a "sensation" among fans and musicians, and helping inspire the first wave of U. The Damned are an English band formed in London in 1976 notable for being the first Punk rock band from England to release a single (" New Rose " an S. west coast hardcore punk. ^[13]

Several 1970s bands from southern California released records featuring music that sounds very similar to what later became known as hardcore. One of those records is the Middle Class’ 1978 Out of Vogue EP. The Middle Class from Santa Ana California, were one of the first Hardcore punk bands in history ^[14]. A more influential record was The Germs’ 1979 LP (GI); essentially a hardcore record, not only for its quick tempos but also for its fast chord changes. The Germs is an influential Punk rock band from Los Angeles formed in the late 1970s Also from Orange County, T.S.O.L (formed in 1978) made a name for themselves in the hardcore punk scene with a melodic yet aggressive punk sound. In Long Beach, a band called Rhino 39 and their single with Xerox/No Compromise is one of the first hardcore-punk records. Rhino 39 was among the wave of punk bands originating in Los Angeles, California, in the late 1970s Also, The Bags from L. The Bags were one of the first generation of Punk rock bands to emerge out of Los Angeles, California. A. sped up the punk sound and can be considered as one of the proto-hc/punks.

San Francisco's Dead Kennedys formed in 1978 and released their first single "California Über Alles" in 1979. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Dead Kennedys was an American Hardcore punk band from San Francisco, California. " California Über Alles " was the first single by the Dead Kennedys. By the time they released the In God We Trust, Inc. EP in 1981, Dead Kennedys were playing very fast tempos. In God We Trust Inc is a Hardcore punk album by the Dead Kennedys; it is now reissued with the Plastic Surgery Disasters album Circle Jerks’ first album (recorded in late 1979, released 1980) features several songs with very fast chord changes and tempos. The Circle Jerks are a Hardcore punk band formed circa 1979 in Hermosa Beach California. The Misfits (of New Jersey) were a 1977-style punk band involved in New York’s Max's Kansas City scene. The Misfits are an American Max's Kansas City was a Nightclub (upstairs and Restaurant (downstairs at 213 Park Avenue South between 17th and 18th Streets in New York City. Their horror film aesthetic was popular among early hardcore fans. Horror films are Movies that strive to elicit Fear, Horror and terror responses from viewers In 1981, the Misfits integrated high-speed thrash songs into their set. Hüsker Dü was formed in Saint Paul, Minnesota in 1979 as a post-punk/New Wave band, but soon became a loud and fast hard punk band. For other uses see Husker Du. Hüsker Dü was an American Alternative rock band formed in Minneapolis-St Saint Paul ( abbreviated St Paul) is the capital and second most populous city in the U Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s New Wave is a Rock music genre that existed during the late 1970s and the 1980s Hüsker Dü released the 1982 live album Land Speed Record, which has been called a "breakneck force like no other. Land Speed Record was the first full-length record by Hüsker Dü, released in January 1982 . . Not for the faint of heart. "^[15] By 1985, the band morphed into one of the seminal alternative rock bands. Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of ^[16] In 1980 Bad Religion also released How Could Hell Be Any Worse? which is considered a benchmark hardcore album and ultimately secured them as one of the the most enduring outfits of the early 80's hardcore scene. Bad Religion is an American Punk rock band founded in Southern California in 1980 by Jay Bentley (bass Greg Graffin (vocals Brett How Could Hell Be Any Worse? is the first full-length album released by influential punk band Bad Religion.

By 1981, many more hardcore punk bands began to perform and release demos and records, including 7 Seconds of Reno, Nevada who formed as early as 1979; The Neos of Victoria, British Columbia; Negative Approach^[17] and Degenerates^[18] of Detroit; The Meatmen of Lansing, Michigan; The Necros of Maumee, Ohio; The Effigies of Chicago; SS Decontrol, DYS, Negative FX, Jerry's Kids, and Gang Green of Boston; Zeroption of Toronto; the Big Boys, MDC and The Dicks of Austin, Texas; Sadistic Exploits of Philadelphia and Adrenalin O.D. from New Jersey. You may also be looking for 7 Seconds of Love. 7 Seconds is a Hardcore punk band from Reno Nevada. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Neos SpA is an Airline based in Milan in Italy. It operates leisure flights to southern Europe, Russia, Africa, Victoria (vɪkˈtɔɹiə is the capital city of British Columbia. Negative Approach is an American Hardcore punk band formed in Detroit MI in 1981 Degenerates originated in Grosse Pointe Park Michigan in 1979, during the formative years of the Detroit hardcore scene The Meatmen were a Michigan, United States punk band headed by Tesco Vee from 1980 to 1997. for the James Bond character see List of James Bond henchmen in The Living Daylights Necros were an early Hardcore punk band from ‎ Maumee is a city in Lucas County, Ohio, United States. It is a Suburb of Toledo along the Maumee River. The Effigies are considered one of the most important early Punk rock groups in Chicago in the 1980s Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. SSD ( Society System Decontrol) were a Straight edge Hardcore punk (and later heavy metal) band from Boston. DYS was a Straight edge, Hardcore punk and heavy metal band from Boston Massachusetts, and part of the notorious " Boston Crew Negative FX was a hardcore band from Boston formed in 1982. Though the band lasted only a short time playing only a total of five shows (six flyers The term Jerry's Kids also refers to children supported by the disease advocacy group Muscular Dystrophy Association. Gang Green is a Hardcore punk band originally from Braintree Massachusetts. Toronto (təˈrɒntoʊ colloquially pronounced or) is the largest city in Canada and is the provincial capital of Ontario The Big Boys were a pioneering band who are credited with helping introduce the new style of Hardcore punk that became popular in the 1980s MDC is an American Hardcore punk band formed in Austin, Texas in 1979. The Dicks are an American Punk rock band considered influential in introducing the sound of Hardcore punk, particularly in their home Sadistic Exploits was an American hardcore punk band which existed in the early to mid-1980s Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Adrenalin OD was a popular Hardcore punk band from New Jersey that existed from 1981 to 1990. The Beastie Boys, more widely known for their later hip hop music, were one of the first published hardcore bands in New York City. Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Negative FX, perhaps the most popular hardcore band in Boston around early 1982, did not appear on record while they were together. They were largely unknown outside their own area until a posthumous album was released in 1984. Notable early hardcore punk records include The Angry Samoans’ first LP, the Big Boys/The Dicks Live at Raul's Club split LP, the Boston-area compilation This Is Boston, Not L.A., Minor Threat's 7" EPs, JFA's Blatant Localism EP, the New York-area compilations New York Thrash and The Big Apple Rotten To The Core, Negative Approach's eponymous EP and the DC-area compilation record Flex Your Head. Angry Samoans are an early Los Angeles punk rock band formed by rock critics "Metal" Mike Saunders and Gregg Turner along with guitarist The Big Boys were a pioneering band who are credited with helping introduce the new style of Hardcore punk that became popular in the 1980s The Dicks are an American Punk rock band considered influential in introducing the sound of Hardcore punk, particularly in their home Live At Raul's is an album by The Big Boys and The Dicks. In 1992 Selfless Records issued a double 7" called Live at Raul's Club This Is Boston Not LA is a Hardcore punk Compilation album released in 1982. JFA ( Jodie Foster 's Army) is a Punk rock band formed in 1981, with roots in Arizona and in Southern California Skateboard New York Thrash is a hardcore punk compilation album released by ROIR in 1982. The Big Apple Rotten to the Core is a Hardcore punk compilation album released in 1982. Negative Approach is an American Hardcore punk band formed in Detroit MI in 1981 Flex Your Head is a Punk rock Compilation album. It was originally released in January 1982 and was re-released on CD in August 1995 ^[19]

Early media support and criticism

An influential radio show in the Los Angeles area was Rodney on the ROQ, which started airing on the commercial station KROQ in 1976. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West KROQ-FM is a commercial Radio station located in Los Angeles California, broadcasting on 106 DJ Rodney Bingenheimer played many styles of music and helped popularize what was called Beach Punk, a rowdy suburban style played by mostly teenage bands in the Huntington Beach area and in heavily conservative Orange County. Rodney Bingenheimer (born Rodney Ray Bingenheimer on December 15, 1947) is a famed Hollywood radio DJ on the notable Los Angeles rock South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined Orange County is a county in Southern California, United States. Early radio support in New Jersey came from Pat Duncan, who hosted live punk and hardcore bands weekly on WFMU since 1979. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. WFMU is a listener-supported non-commercial Radio station based in Jersey City New Jersey, broadcasting at 91 ^[20]. In New York City, Tim Sommer hosted Noise The Show on WNYU. The City of New York WNYU is a non-commercial radio station owned and operated by New York University. ^[21] In 1982 and 1983, MTV put the hardcore punk band Kraut on mild rotation. MTV ( Music Television) is an American Cable television network based in New York City. ^[22]

College radio was the main media outlet for hardcore punk in most of North America. The Berkeley, California public radio station KPFA featured the Maximum RocknRoll radio show with DJs Tim Yohannon and Jeff Bale, who played the younger Northern California bands. Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in Northern California, in the United States. Public broadcasting refers to radio television and other electronic media outlets that receive some or all of their funding from the public KPFA (941 FM) is a listener-funded Progressive talk radio and music Radio station located in Berkeley California, broadcasting to the Tim Yohannan, born August 15, 1945, died April 3, 1998 in San Francisco, California of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Northern California is the northern portion of the US state of California. Several zines, such as Flipside and Maximum RocknRoll, also helped spread the new punk style. A zine (an abbreviation of the word Fanzine, or magazine ziːn "zeen" is most commonly a small circulation non-commercial Publication Flipside was a Punk rock Fanzine published in Los Angeles California from 1977 - 2001. A few college stations faced FCC action due to the broadcasting of indecent lyrics associated with hardcore songs.

Concerts in the early hardcore scene increasingly became sites of violent battles between police and concertgoers, especially in Los Angeles. Reputed violence at hardcore concerts was featured in episodes of the popular television shows CHiPs and Quincy, M.E., in which Los Angeles hardcore punks were depicted as being involved in murder and mayhem. CHiPs is an American Television Drama series produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios (licensee by Turner Entertainment) Quincy ME (or simply Quincy) is the name of a United States Television series from Universal Studios that aired from October ^[23]

Early history in Europe

The Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, and Germany have had notably active hardcore scenes. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. However, in the United Kingdom, UK82 (also known as UK Hardcore) bands such as The Exploited, Charged GBH, Picture Frame Seduction, Discharge, and The Anti-Nowhere League occupied the cultural space that American-style hardcore did elsewhere. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Exploited is a punk band from the second wave of UK punk, formed in 1979 Charged GBH are an English Punk rock band formed by vocalist Collin Abrahall& guitarist Colin 'Jock' Blyth Picture Frame Seduction (PFS is a Hardcore punk Punk rock band from Haverfordwest Wales, UK Discharge is a British Hardcore punk band formed in 1977 by Terry "Tez" Roberts and Roy "Rainy" Wainwright Anti-Nowhere League are an English punk band formed in 1980 by Lead singer Animal (Nick Culmer Rhythm guitarist Magoo (Chris Exall These UK bands at times showed a musical similarity to American hardcore, often including quick tempos and chord changes, and they generally had similar political and social sensibilities. However, they represented a case of parallel evolution, having been musically inspired by earlier London Oi! bands such as Sham 69, and the proto-speed metal band Motörhead. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Oi! is a Working class street-level subgenre of Punk rock that originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s Sham 69 are an English punk band that formed in Hersham in 1975. Speed metal is a sub-genre of Heavy metal music originating in the late 1970s and early 1980s that was the direct musical progenitor of Thrash metal.

Discharge played a huge role in influencing the early Swedish hardcore bands, such as Anti Cimex. Discharge is a British Hardcore punk band formed in 1977 by Terry "Tez" Roberts and Roy "Rainy" Wainwright Anti Cimex were a Swedish Hardcore punk band based in Skövde, Göteborg, Linköping, and Malmo, at different times that Many hardcore bands from that region still have a strong Discharge and Motörhead influence. The band Entombed is also cited as a strong influence on Swedish hardcore bands from the early 1990s onward. Entombed is a Swedish death metal band which formed in 1987 under the name of Nihilist. Discharge were a big influence on Metallica as well.

In much the same way, anarcho-punk bands such as Crass, Icons of Filth, Flux Of Pink Indians and Rudimentary Peni had little in common with American hardcore other than an uncompromising political philosophy and an abrasive aesthetic. Anarcho-punk is a faction of the Punk subculture that consists of bands groups and individuals promoting anarchist politics For information about the Anarchist writer see Chris Crass Crass were an English Anarcho-punk band formed Icons of Filth were an influential British Anarcho-punk band that disbanded in 2004 after the unexpected death of its lead singer Andrew Sewell or Stiggy Smeg Flux Of Pink Indians were an Anarcho-punk / Post punk band that originated from Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England. Rudimentary Peni is a British Anarcho-punk band Culling influence from many different musical genres as well as other aspects of culture they are known as Perhaps closer were bands like The Membranes whose 1984 releases were far noisier than anything the Americans were offering. Many American hardcore punks listened to British punk bands, but others upheld a strict regionalism, deriding the UK bands as rock stars, and their fans as poseurs—a loaded and derogatory term which implies that a person is not an "authentic punk". Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums.

American hardcore bands that visited the UK (such as Black Flag and U.S. Chaos in 1981-1982) encountered equally ambivalent attitudes. Black Flag was a Hardcore punk band formed in 1977 in southern California, largely as the brainchild of Greg Ginn: the guitarist US Chaos are an American Hardcore punk band from New Jersey, formed in early 1981 European hardcore bands suffered no such prejudice in the U. S. ; Italian bands Raw Power and Negazione, and the Dutch BGK, enjoyed widespread popularity. Raw Power is an Italian Hardcore punk band from Reggio Emilia. Negazione was a Hardcore punk band based in Turin, Italy during the 80's and early 90's

In the more underground part of the UK punk scene, a new hardcore sound and scene developed, inspired by continental European, Scandinavian, Japanese and American bands. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well It was started by bands like Asylum and Plasmid, and their sound – only heard at live concerts and on demo tapes and compilations in the mid 1980s – evolved into bands such as Heresy, Ripcord, Napalm Death, and Extreme Noise Terror. Heresy were a Hardcore punk band from Nottingham, England, formed in 1985 and active until late 1988 Ripcord is a part of a Skydiving harness-container system a handle attached to a steel cable ending in a closing pin Napalm Death are Extreme Noise Terror (often abbreviated to ENT) are a Crust punk and Grindcore band originally from Ipswich, England.

Some of the most important influences among late-1980s UK bands included the Japanese band GISM; Boston band Siege, Idaho band Septic Death, Los Angeles band Cryptic Slaughter and Swedish band Anti Cimex; as well as more metallic bands such as Celtic Frost and Metallica. GISM (aka GISM) were a Japanese Hardcore punk band (with Heavy metal influence formed in Tokyo, Japan in 1981 Siege was an influential American Hardcore punk group from Weymouth Massachusetts. Septic Death (Boise Idaho was a Hardcore punk band fronted by artist Brian " Pushead " Schroeder on vocals Cryptic Slaughter was a Santa Monica California -based crossover thrash / Hardcore punk band Anti Cimex were a Swedish Hardcore punk band based in Skövde, Göteborg, Linköping, and Malmo, at different times that Celtic Frost were an influential heavy metal band from Zürich, Switzerland. Metallica is an American heavy metal band that formed in 1981 in. However, by the late 1980s, UK bands were becoming far more influenced by American bands such as the Dead Kennedys (who were always very popular in the UK), Black Flag and many of the early Washington, D.C., New York, Boston and West Coast hardcore bands such as Minor Threat, DYS, Slapshot and 7 Seconds. Dead Kennedys was an American Hardcore punk band from San Francisco, California. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The City of New York The " West Coast " " Western Seaboard " or " Pacific Seaboard " are terms for the westernmost coastal states of the Western United States Minor Threat was an American Hardcore punk band that formed in Washington D DYS Dys is a Village in the administrative district of Gmina Niemce, within Lublin County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Slapshot is a Straight edge hardcore band from Boston Massachusetts. You may also be looking for 7 Seconds of Love. 7 Seconds is a Hardcore punk band from Reno Nevada. Straight edge began to make its presence felt in the UK, with the emergence of small straight edge communities in most major cities in the UK, and straight edge bands forming in Durham and London. Straight Edge refers to a lifestyle that started within the Hardcore punk subculture whose adherents make a commitment to refrain from using alcohol, Tobacco Durham (ˈdʌrəm in RP, locally ˈdʏrəm is a small city and main settlement of the City of Durham district of County Durham, England London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

There were many 1980s bands that could be described as sounding like something in between the styles of the dominating UK and US bands. While the bands that had the most significant influence were parallel-evolved bands such as Discharge and Charged GBH, others, such as The Stupids (a UK band influenced by US hardcore) gained brief but widespread college-radio airplay in the US. For the skatepunk band see The Stupids (band For the 1996 film see The Stupids (film The Stupids

Some notable bands from that era in Europe were Crise Total (Portugal), Negazione, Wretched, Raw Power, Italy), H. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Negazione was a Hardcore punk band based in Turin, Italy during the 80's and early 90's Wretched was a hardcore punk band from Milan, Italy Along with other bands such as Indigesti, they formed the basis of the hardcore scene in Italy during Raw Power is a 1973 album by American Protopunk group The Stooges. H. H. , MG-15, Subterranean Kids, L'Odi Social, Ultimo Gobierno (Spain), Vorkriegsjugend, (Germany), U. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Vorkriegsjugend were a very influential cult Hardcore punk band from Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. B. R. (Former Yugoslavia), Heimat-Los (France), Lärm, BGK, Funeral Oration (Netherlands), Dezerter, (Poland), Kaaos, Lama, Riistetyt, Terveet Kädet, (Finland), Headcleaners, Homy Hogs, Mob 47, and Anti-Cimex (Sweden). See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Heimat-los (also spelled Heimatlos) was an influential Hardcore punk band from France (1983-1988 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Lärm ( German for noise) were a Dutch Straight edge and Vegan Thrashcore / Grindcore band formed in 1981 first Funeral Oration was a melodic hardcore punk band from Amsterdam the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Dezerter founded as SS-20 in 1981 in Warsaw is one of the most popular Punk bands from Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Kaaos is a Hardcore punk band from Tampere Finland. Formed in March 1980 they were the first Hardcore punk-band in Finland to release a record and though Lama ( is a title for a Tibetan teacher Terveet Kädet are a legendary Finnish Hardcore punk band the first in Finland. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Mob 47 is a Hardcore punk band which formed in Stockholm, Sweden in 1982 originally under the name of "Censur" Anti Cimex were a Swedish Hardcore punk band based in Skövde, Göteborg, Linköping, and Malmo, at different times that "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.

Examples of bands that continued to play that style of hardcore in the 1990s include: Slapshot, Voorhees, Totalitär, Disfear, Meanwhile, Flesh Revels, Los Crudos, and Sin Dios. Slapshot is a Straight edge hardcore band from Boston Massachusetts. Voorhees were a Hardcore punk band formed in Durham City (north-east England Totalitär is a Swedish D-beat band formed 1985 in Hudiksvall. Disfear is a Swedish D-beat band that formed in the early 1990s Los Crudos was an influential They paved the way for later Spanish-speaking punk bands Kennedy describes them as "very popular in both the ' crusty ' and Emo / Sin Dios (English Godless) is a hardcore / Anarcho-punk band from Spain that formed in 1988 in Madrid. After fall of the Iron Curtain in eastern Europe, many harcore bands were created or became more publicly known (after hiding in garages and being known by small circles of underground fans). The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Examples of such bands include Sarcastic Front from Czech Republic, or AMD and Leukemia from Hungary. Sarcastic Front was Hardcore punk band from Karviná in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic

Hardcore also become popular in Asia in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with bands such as Tame The Tikbalang, N.S.A., Agony of Destruction, Death from Above, Mutual Assured Destruction and Biofeedback from the Philippines. Mutual assured destruction ( MAD; sometimes written as mutually assured destruction) is a Doctrine of military Strategy in which a full-scale Biofeedback is a form of Alternative medicine that involves measuring a subject's quantifiable bodily functions such as Blood pressure, Heart rate, The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Also with the help of Take Four Collectives a number of bands are striving to showcase their stuff with Sauna, Bystorm, just to name a few; and Disclose from Japan. A sauna (ˈsɔːnə or as Finnish) is a small room or house designed as a place to experience dry or wet heat sessions or an establishment with one or more of these and auxiliary Disclose were a Japanese d-beat band from Kōchi City, heavily influenced by Discharge.

Late 1980s

In the late 1980s, bands such as NoMeansNo and Victim's Family created a new style of music by blending aggressive elements from hardcore with influences from genres such as psychedelic rock, progressive rock, noise, jazz, or math rock (a development sometimes termed jazzcore). Nomeansno is a punk rock music group originally from Victoria British Columbia, Canada and now located in Vancouver, British Columbia. Victims Family was a punk band formed in 1984 in Santa Rosa California by bassist Larry Boothroyd and guitarist and vocalist Ralph Spight. Psychedelic rock is a style of Rock music that attempts to replicate the mind-altering experiences of hallucinogenic drugs. Progressive rock (often shortened to " progressive " " prog " or " prog rock " is a form of Rock music that evolved Jazz is an American Musical art form which originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States Math rock is a rhythmically complex guitar-based style of experimental rock music that emerged in the late 1980s Punk jazz describes the amalgamation of elements of the jazz tradition (usually the Free jazz and Jazz fusion of the 1960s and '70s with the instrumentation This path was followed in the early 1990s by Omega Minus, Mr Bungle, Candiria, Deep Turtle and Ruins. Mr Bungle was an Experimental rock / Avant-garde metal group from Northern California. Candiria is a band from Brooklyn New York. They blend various styles of music including hardcore/metal (often in a technical manner Jazz (often Deep Turtle was a Finnish band active during years 1990 – 1996, 2002 – 2003. Ruins is a Japanese Experimental rock duo of Drum set and electric bass guitar. The noisecore played by Melt-Banana may have been a separate evolution. Melt-Banana is a Japanese Noise rock band that is known for playing extremely fast andnoisy music mixed with experimental Electronica that might be described Other notable hardcore-influenced bands in this genre include the avant-garde Naked City (formed by saxophonist John Zorn) and Neurosis, which started as a hardcore band before exploring slower tempos and dark ambiance. Naked City was an Avant-garde music group led by saxophonist and composer John Zorn. John Zorn (born September 2 1953 in Queens, New York City) is an American Avant-garde Composer, arranger, Record Neurosis is an experimental metal band based out of Oakland, California. Many bands started to incorporate emotional and personal aspects into their music; influenced by the sounds coming out of Washington, D. C. and Dischord Records, which by the late 1990s had evolved into emo. Dischord Records is a Washington DC -based Independent record label specializing in the independent punk music Emo (ˈiːmoʊ is a genre of music that originated from Hardcore punk early on and adopted Pop-punk influences later on in the 2000s when Nation of Ulysses was one of the most influential bands to come out of D. Nation of Ulysses was a Post-hardcore band from Washington DC C. ; combining dissonant guitars similar to those of Black Flag, elements of jazz, and a seemingly absurdist (or Situationist) political ideology. The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the Their sound and fashion sense influenced the San Diego (or 'Chula Vista') hardcore scene.

1990s

Further information: Metalcore

By the end of the 1980s, hardcore became more diverse, branching off into two sounds: one traditionally punk-based and the other more metal-influenced. Metalcore is an umbrella term used to describe fusion genres that incorporate elements of the Hardcore punk and heavy metal genres The punk-focused sound retains much of the style and feel of the original hardcore punk bands, while the more metallic sound, sometimes called metalcore, tends to be heavier and often more technical. Metalcore is an umbrella term used to describe fusion genres that incorporate elements of the Hardcore punk and heavy metal genres

Biohazard, Judge,Integrity, and Hogan's Heroes were some of the earliest bands to mix heavy metal and hardcore. Biohazard is a band originally based out of Brooklyn, New York. Judge was a New York-based Straight edge band formed in 1987 by Youth of Today guitarist John "Porcell" Porcelly Integrity, formed in 1989 is a Cleveland Ohio -based band They are credited as one of the first bands to successfully incorporate Heavy metal elements into The metalcore sound is an amalgamation of deep, hoarse vocals (though rarely as deep or guttural as death metal); downtuned guitars and thrashy drum rhythms inspired by earlier hardcore bands; and slow, staccato low-end musical breaks, known as breakdowns. Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal. It typically employs fast tempos heavily distorted guitars deep growling vocals morbid lyrics In Musical notation, the Italian word staccato (literally detached, plural staccatos or staccati) indicates that notes Thrash metal and melodic death metal elements are also common in metalcore. Thrash metal (sometimes referred to simply as thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal that is characterized by its fast tempo and aggression Melodic death metal (also referred to as melodeath) is a Subgenre of Death metal which combines the melody of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal Some metalcore, such as Biohazard and Candiria, are also influenced by hip hop music, and their music is sometimes described as rapcore. Biohazard is a band originally based out of Brooklyn, New York. Candiria is a band from Brooklyn New York. They blend various styles of music including hardcore/metal (often in a technical manner Jazz (often Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Rap rock is a fusion genre of rock and hip-hop. It blends vocal and instrumental parts of hip-hop and various forms of rock including punk and rock Other important groups of the era, such as Inside Out from California and Burn from New York, retained elements of classic hardcore along with more progressive rhythms, chord progressions, and lyrics. A burn is a type of Injury that may be caused by Heat, cold, Electricity, Chemicals, Light, Radiation, or In 1998 thrash metal band Sepultura released their first hardcore punk album Against. Thrash metal (sometimes referred to simply as thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal that is characterized by its fast tempo and aggression Sepultura ( Portuguese: Grave) are a Brazilian heavy metal band from Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, formed in 1984 Against is the seventh studio album by Brazilian Thrash metal band Sepultura, released in 1998 through Roadrunner Records.

Ebullition Records, founded in 1990 by Kent McClard in Santa Barbara, California, often released albums by bands that criticized the American political and economic system; giving far less attention to personal issues. Kent McClard is a record label owner and zine publisher from Goleta California. Santa Barbara is a city in Santa Barbara County California, United States. Anarchist ethics seeped their way into the work of many hardcore punk bands, most notably Aus-Rotten, who were also popular in the crust punk genre. Aus-Rotten was an American Anarchist Crust punk group from 1992 to 2001 On the east coast of the United States, bands such as Rorschach and Born Against also played a similar left-wing, almost Marxist form of metallic hardcore. Rorschach were a New Jersey -based band that existed from 1989 to 1993 Born Against was a critically acclaimed Left wing, Hardcore punk band from New York. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Refused gained international recognition after touring for several years with their three first Albums. Refused was a hardcore band originating from Umeå, Sweden. They formed in early 1991 with Dennis Lyxzén, David Sandström, Pär They released their final album The Shape of Punk to Come and later broke up on a tour in USA. The Shape of Punk to Come A Chimerical Bombination in 12 Bursts was the final album released by Swedish Hardcore punk band Refused before

Hardcore & Politics

The aforementioned "Godfathers" of the hardcore genre took strong political stances, most notably against President Ronald Reagan who served in office from 1981-89. Reagan's policies, which included cutting taxes and slowing the increase of federal social spending, while increasing military spending, gave these bands plenty to write about. ^[24][25]

Influence on other genres

The San Francisco-based thrash metal bands Metallica and Slayer incorporated the compositional structure and technical proficiency of heavy metal with the speed and aggression of hardcore. The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city Thrash metal (sometimes referred to simply as thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal that is characterized by its fast tempo and aggression Metallica is an American heavy metal band that formed in 1981 in. Slayer is an American Thrash metal band founded by Guitarists Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King in The new fusion genre became known as speed metal, and later thrash metal. A Fusion genre is a music genre that fuses two or more other musical genres Speed metal is a sub-genre of Heavy metal music originating in the late 1970s and early 1980s that was the direct musical progenitor of Thrash metal. Thrash metal (sometimes referred to simply as thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal that is characterized by its fast tempo and aggression Other early bands in this genre include Megadeth and Anthrax. Megadeth is an American heavy metal band led by founder front man guitarist and songwriter Dave Mustaine. Anthrax is a New York City -based heavy metal band that released its first full-length album in 1984 Slayer are also known for their hardcore punk roots, and have released an album of hardcore covers called Undisputed Attitude. Slayer is an American Thrash metal band founded by Guitarists Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King in Undisputed Attitude is an album of punk covers and three original songs by Thrash metal band Slayer. Many longtime punks, who remembered fighting with hostile metalheads only a fews years earlier, felt that those long-haired heavy metal fans were attempting to co-opt hardcore, and were merely mimicking the hardcore punk style. Metalhead (or headbanger) is a popular term for a devoted fan of Heavy metal music and is often used interchangeably with the term "hesher"

In 1985, New York's Stormtroopers of Death, an Anthrax side project, released the album Speak English or Die. Speak English or Die is the first Album by the thrash / hardcore band Stormtroopers of Death (S Although it bore similarities to thrash metal – with a bass-heavy guitar, fast tempos and quick chord changes – the album was distinguished from thrash metal by its lack of guitar solos and heavy use of crunchy chord breakdowns (a New York hardcore technique) known as mosh parts. New York Hardcore ( NYHC) refers to Hardcore punk and Metalcore music created in New York City and to the Subculture associated with Moshing or slamming refers to the activity in which audience members at live music performances aggressively push or slam into each other Other bands, such as Suicidal Tendencies and DRI, switched from hardcore to a similar metallic style, which came to be known as crossover. Suicidal Tendencies (also known as ST or Suicidal) is an American Hardcore punk and heavy metal band Dirty Rotten Imbeciles (also known as DRI) are a Crossover thrash band that formed in 1982 Thrash metal (sometimes referred to simply as thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal that is characterized by its fast tempo and aggression

Some hardcore bands began experimenting with other styles as their careers progressed in the 1980s, becoming known as alternative rock. Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of ^[26] Bands such as Minutemen, Meat Puppets, Hüsker Dü, and The Replacements drew from hardcore but broke away from its loud and fast formula. The Minutemen were an American Punk rock band formed in San Pedro, California in 1980 "Meat Puppet" redirects here For other uses see Meat puppet. For other uses see Husker Du. Hüsker Dü was an American Alternative rock band formed in Minneapolis-St The Replacements were an American Alternative rock band formed in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1979 Critic Joe S. Harrington suggested that the latter two "paraded as Hardcore until it was deemed permissible to do otherwise". ^[27] In the mid-1980s, Washington State bands such as The Melvins and Green River developed a sludgy, "aggressive sound that melded the slower tempos of heavy metal with the intensity of hardcore", creating what became known as grunge music. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The Melvins is an American Sludge metal band that usually perform as a Power trio. Green River was an American rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1984 Sludge metal (or sludgecore) is a form of Heavy metal music that fuses Doom metal and Hardcore punk. ^[28] The early grunge sound was largely influenced by Black Sabbath and Black Flag (especially their My War album). Black Sabbath are an Black Flag was a Hardcore punk band formed in 1977 in southern California, largely as the brainchild of Greg Ginn: the guitarist My War is the second full length album by American Hardcore punk band Black Flag. Kurt Cobain once described Nirvana's sound as "The Knack and The Bay City Rollers being molested by Black Flag and Black Sabbath. Kurt Donald Cobain (February 20 1967 – c April 5 1994 was an American musician who served as lead singer, Guitarist, and songwriter for the Seattle Nirvana was an American rock band that was formed by singer/guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen Washington. The Knack are a Los Angeles -based rock band that rose to fame with their first single " My Sharona " an international hit in 1979 (see The Bay City Rollers were a Scottish Pop/rock band of the 1970s " The popularity of grunge resulted in renewed interest in American hardcore in the 1990s.

The later 1980s and early 1990s also saw the development of Post-hardcore, which took the genre and its contingency in a more artistic and complex direction, much as the groups of the post-punk era did for classic punk rock. Post-hardcore evolved from Hardcore punk, itself an offshoot of the broader Punk rock movement Post-punk was a popular musical movement in the mid to late 1970s following on the heels of the initial Punk rock explosion of the early 1970s Washington DC, in particular the community surrounding Dischord records, became a hotbed for post-hardcore, producing bands such as Hoover, The Nation of Ulysses, Jawbox, and Fugazi, who helped define the post-hardcore scene and included Dischord founder and former Minor Threat frontman Ian MacKaye. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Dischord Records is a Washington DC -based Independent record label specializing in the independent punk music Hoover was an American Punk rock (or Post-hardcore) band from Washington DC. Nation of Ulysses was a Post-hardcore band from Washington DC Jawbox was a post hardcore/indie rock band from Washington DC Fugazi are an American alternative / post-hardcore band that formed in Washington D Ian Thomas Garner MacKaye (məˈkaɪ born April 16, 1962) is an American singer and guitarist Other important post-hardcore bands from around the country include Chicago's Big Black, New York's Quicksand and Orange 9mm, Seattle's Pretty Girls Make Graves, Atlanta's Light Pupil Dilate and El Paso, Texas' At The Drive-In. Big Black was a Noise rock band founded in Chicago Illinois, United States that was active between 1982 and 1987. Quicksand was a Post-hardcore band from New York City and retrospectively one of the most influential rock acts of that era and was led by former Gorilla Biscuits Orange 9mm was a Post-hardcore band from New York City formed in 1994 by Chaka Malik and Chris Traynor after the breakup Pretty Girls Make Graves (often abbreviated PGMG) was an Art punk band formed in Seattle in 2001 named after The Smiths song of the same Light Pupil Dilate is a progressive noisy post-punk band from Atlanta Georgia that often goes by the acronym LPD At the Drive-In was an influential American Post-hardcore band from El Paso, Texas, that was active from 1993 to 2001

Post-hardcore included and influenced other styles, such as emo music and math rock. Emo (ˈiːmoʊ is a genre of music that originated from Hardcore punk early on and adopted Pop-punk influences later on in the 2000s when Math rock is a rhythmically complex guitar-based style of experimental rock music that emerged in the late 1980s Early emo bands were influenced by hardcore bands like Rites of Spring, Minor Threat, and Black Flag. Rites of Spring was an early American Hardcore punk band from Washington D Minor Threat was an American Hardcore punk band that formed in Washington D Emo bands are heavily influenced by hardcore punk's powerful lyrics, song structure and emotion. Sunny Day Real Estate are sometimes called the "first true emo band. Sunny Day Real Estate was an Indie rock band formed in Seattle Washington. "^[29]

The hardcore punk scene had an influence that spread beyond music. The straight edge philosophy was rooted in a faction of hardcore particularly popular on the east coast of the United States. Straight Edge refers to a lifestyle that started within the Hardcore punk subculture whose adherents make a commitment to refrain from using alcohol, Tobacco Hardcore also put a great emphasis on the DIY punk ethic, with many bands making their own records, flyers, and other items, and booking their own tours through an informal network of like-minded people. The DIY ethic ( Do it yourself ethic refers to the ethic of being self-reliant by completing tasks oneself as opposed to having others who are likely more experienced complete Radical environmentalism and veganism found popular expressions in the hardcore scene. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment.

In the 2000s, some pop punk bands, often containing former members of metalcore or hardcore punk bands (such as New Found Glory's Chad Gilbert, a one-time member of Shai Hulud, and Fall Out Boy's Andrew Hurley, formerly of Racetraitor and Vegan Reich) have created a new style by mixing hardcore and pop punk. Pop punk (also known as punk pop and other names is a Fusion genre that combines elements of Punk rock with Pop music, to varying New Found Glory (often abbreviated NFG is an American Pop-punk band based out of South Florida Chad Everett Gilbert (born March 9, 1981) is the lead guitarist for the band New Found Glory. Shai Hulud is a American five-piece technical Hardcore punk band with Progressive metal influences originally formed in Pompano Beach Fall Out Boy is an American Pop punk band from Wilmette, Illinois (a suburb of Chicago) that formed in 2001 Andrew John Hurley (born May 31 1980 is an American musician and is the drummer of the Chicago-based band Fall Out Boy. Racetraitor (1995-1999 was a political Straight edge Metalcore band from Chicago Illinois who managed to get on the covers of both Maximum Rock N' Roll The pop punk breakdown, in which bands play hardcore -or metalcore- style breakdowns with more melodic chords, has become common.

There are still many bands today that follow the lines of original hardcore. It has evolved somewhat since the 80's but still follows many of the ideals like straight edge and hasn't been fused too much with metal. One of the most prominent record label of hardcore music currently is Bridge 9 Records. They represent a current trend in hardcore, putting out records by bands such as Champion, Sick Of It All, Stand And Fight, American Nightmare.

Another common, heavier sound is represented by bands such as From Ashes Rise and Tragedy who play a brand of melodic sound influenced by crustcore.

There are also many contemporary bands who play hardcore in an original, purist sense while attempting to add even more intensity to the music. Some of these fall under the power violence category, while others who play a brand of hardcore much like their forefathers of the early 80s. Some of these bands include Career Suicide, Spitting blood, Deadfall, and the now defunct Tear it Up. Many bands like this can be found on the 625 thrashcore record label. These bands are often true to a specific local flavor of hardcore. Another common trend is to try to capture the sound of influential bands from an earlier era. One example of this would be D-beat bands who emulate the early music of Discharge. The bands whose names comes closest to original, is Deathcharge and Dischange; while the most popular band among fans, is the Japanese band Disclose (at least during the first years of the new millennium).

Some people though, consider the hardcore and punk scenes today to be elitist, as well as divided among those whose views vary on issues ranging from politics to DIY ethics.

Additionally, the name "Hardcore" has been applied with increasing frequency to what most would consider "metal" music. Groups like Bleeding Through and Poison the Well have fused the aggression of traditional hardcore with the intensity of metal. Typical of this "metalcore" genre are heavy breakdown parts and harshly delivered vocals, sometimes verging on death metal growl. As this new kind of music has evolved, so has the sub-culture associated with it; for example, fashioncore (such as the music of Bleeding Through). In the 1990s the name "hardcore" even came to be applied to a genre of electronica having nothing in common with hardcore punk.

Although the term "Hardcore" has come to be attached to this kind of music, some fans of traditional Hardcore deride its use. Today, people who still refer to "Hardcore" as the style that began in the Early 1980's, sometimes use the term "Street Punk" rather than use the denigrated "Hardcore". A good example is the Californian hardcore punk band Final Conflict.

The "-core" suffix has also been applied to musical genres which have little in common with "traditional" hardcore, such as Sadcore, Slowcore, and Emocore.

Hardcore dancing

Main articles: Mosh and Hardcore dancing

The early-1980s hardcore punk scene developed slam dancing and stage diving. Moshing or slamming refers to the activity in which audience members at live music performances aggressively push or slam into each other See also [[Hardcore punk]] and Mosh Hardcore dancing grew out of the Eastern United States hardcore scene especially the New Moshing or slamming refers to the activity in which audience members at live music performances aggressively push or slam into each other Stage diving is the act of leaping from a Concert stage onto the crowd below a stage antic whose origin is variously credited to Iggy Pop or Peter Gabriel In the later half of the 1980s, the thrash metal scene imitated this form of dancing, with bands such as Anthrax popularizing the term mosh with the metal scene. Thrash metal (sometimes referred to simply as thrash) is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal that is characterized by its fast tempo and aggression Anthrax is a New York City -based heavy metal band that released its first full-length album in 1984 The term, hardcore dancing, describes a type of dancing that is now a staple of hardcore shows. Hardcore dancers often start off dancing their own unique two-step. Then, dancers move on to other moves such as the floor punch, the windmill (dancer swings arms around like a windmill), the axehandle (dancer swings arms as if chopping with an axe) and cartwheels. Hardcore dancing is also filled with moves descended from break dancing and various martial arts styles. ^[30]

Hardcore punk record labels

• 625 Thrashcore
• Alternative Tentacles
• Alveran Records
• Amphetamine Reptile Records
• Bad Taste Records
• Blackout! Records
• Bridge 9 Records
• Burning Heart Records
• BYO Records
• Dischord Records
• Deathwish Records
• Ebullition Records
• Epitaph Records
• Equal Vision Records
• Eulogy Recordings
• Facedown Records
• Finn Records
• Frontier Records
• Gravity Records
• Havoc Records
• Hellcat Records
• Hydrahead Records
• Indecision Records
• Level Plane Records
• Lifeforce Records
• Mystic Records
• New Red Archives
• Posh Boy Records
• Revelation Records
• Roadrunner Records
• SideOneDummy Records
• Slap-a-Ham Records
• Solid State Records
• Spook City Records
• SST Records
• Striving For Togetherness Records
• Taang! Records
• Touch and Go Records
• Uprising Records
• Vermiform Records
• Victory Records

Notes

References

• Going Underground: American Punk 1979-1992 (George Hurchalla, Zuo Press, 2005)
• Smash the State: A Discography of Canadian Punk, 1977-92 (Frank Manley, No Exit, 1993), ISBN 0-9696631-0-2

External links

• KFTH Online hardcore discography
• The Punk Vault History of punk and hardcore
• Scanner zine 2006 interview with Going Underground author George Hurchalla
• HCPD Hardcore Punk Directory

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