The term Harbin Russians or Russian Harbinites refers to several generations of Russians who lived in the city of Harbin, a major junction city on the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER), from approximately 1898 to the mid-1960s. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries ( Russian Kharbin) is a Sub-provincial city and the Capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. The Chinese Eastern Railway or CER (also known as the Chinese Far East Railway) was a Railway in northeastern China ( Manchuria) Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969
The people in the Soviet Union used the terms KVZhDist and Harbinets (Harbinite, "person from Harbin") to refer to a person with any type of ties to the China Eastern Railway. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 KVZhDist comes from the Russian initials for China Eastern Railway, КВЖД, transliterated as KVZhD.
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Timeline
Settlement
The first generation of Harbin Russians were mostly the builders and employees of the Chinese Eastern Railway. The Chinese Eastern Railway or CER (also known as the Chinese Far East Railway) was a Railway in northeastern China ( Manchuria) They moved to Harbin in order to work on the railroad. At the time Harbin was not an established city. The city was almost built from scratch by the builders and early settlers. Houses were constructed, furniture and personal items were brought in from Russia. After the Russo-Japanese War, while many Russians left Harbin, a lot of long-time residents decided to stay. The Russo-Japanese War (日露戦争 Romaji: Nichi-Ro Sensō Русско-японская война Russko-Yaponskaya Voyna;, 10 February 1904 – 5 September By 1913, Harbin had become an established Russian colony for the construction and maintenance work on the China Eastern Railway. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Chinese Eastern Railway or CER (also known as the Chinese Far East Railway) was a Railway in northeastern China ( Manchuria) A record shows Harbin had a total of 68,549 people, most of which are of Russian and Chinese descent. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending There were a total of 53 different nationalities. Along with Russian and Chinese, there are 45 spoken languages used in Harbin at the time. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Only 11. 5% of all residents were born in Harbin.
World War I and the October Revolution
In the decade from 1913 to 1923, Russia went through World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the Russian Civil War. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed In the 1920s Harbin was flooded with 100,000 to 200,000 Russian White émigrés fleeing from Russia. The 1920s is sometimes referred to as the " Jazz Age " or the " Roaring Twenties " when speaking about the United States and Canada They were mostly officers and soldiers involved in the White movement, members of the White governments in Siberia and Russian Far East. The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i There were both the intelligentsia and ordinary people. For the coffee shop company often called Intelligentsia for short see Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea. Harbin held the largest Russian population outside of the state of Russia.
On September 8, 1920, the Chinese Republic announced that it would no longer recognize the Russian consulates in China. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar This article discusses history of the state which currently governs Taiwan Area. On September 23 China ceased relations with representatives of Imperial Russia and deprived Russians of extraterritorial rights. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Overnight Russians in China found themselves stateless. Shortly afterward, the Chinese government took over control of the institutions in Harbin such as courts, police, prison, post office, and some research and educational institutions.
In 1924, an agreement was signed in Beijing regarding the control of the China Eastern Railway. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Chinese Eastern Railway or CER (also known as the Chinese Far East Railway) was a Railway in northeastern China ( Manchuria) The agreement stated that only Soviet and Chinese citizens could be employed by the CER. This meant the Harbin Russians had to choose not only their nationality, but also their political identity. Many Harbin Russians took Soviet citizenship for patriotic reasons. Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country However, there were also Harbin Russians who remained stateless and eventually was let go from CER. Gradually, the national and the political identity of the Harbin Russians split the group into opposing sides. This led to a strong Soviet Union presence in Harbin. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Japanese occupation
In the mid-1930s, the Japanese occupied Manchuria, and turned it into the puppet state of Manchukuo. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern In 1935, the Soviet Union sold its share of the China Eastern Railway to Japan via Manchukuo. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Chinese Eastern Railway or CER (also known as the Chinese Far East Railway) was a Railway in northeastern China ( Manchuria) For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Manchukuo (ja [[wikt満州国 満州国]] Manshūkoku lit "State of Manchuria " was a Puppet state in Manchuria and eastern In the spring and summer of 1935, thousands of Harbin Russians went on trains with their passports and belongings, and left for the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
From 1932 to 1945, Harbin Russians had a difficult time under the Manchukuo régime, then the Japanese occupation. Some Harbin Russians initially thought the occupation was good, in hoping the Japanese would help them in their anti-Soviet struggles, and provide protection from the Chinese, who were desperately trying restore the sovereignty of Harbin.
Many Harbin Russians returned to the Soviet Union after 1935. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Nearly all of them were arrested during the Great Purge (1936 - 1938), charged with espionage and counter-revolutionary activity according to the NKVD Order no. 00593 of September 20, 1937. Great Purge (Большая чистка transliterated Bolshaya chistka) was a series of campaigns of Political repression and Persecution NKVD Order № 00593, also known as NKVD Order about Harbinites (приказ НКВД о харбинцах ("Харбинский приказ" by September Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Some Harbin Russians moved to other cities such as Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, and eventually left China. Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million ( Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is the second largest city in northern coastal China. By the 1930s, Shanghai's Russian community had grown to 25,000. [1]
After World War II
In 1945, after the Soviet Army occupied Harbin, the Soviets sent all those Harbin Russians whom they identified as White Guardists and those who had collaborated with the Japanese authorities to labor camps. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard A labor camp is a simplified detention facility where inmates are engaged in Penal labor.
After 1952, the Soviet Union initiated a second wave of repatriation of Harbin Russians. By the mid-1960s virtually all Harbin Russians had left Harbin. There were several Russian connections in Australia resulting from refugees leaving Harbin.
See also
External links
References
- Mara Moustafine. The term Shanghai Russians refers to a sizable Russian diaspora that flourished in Shanghai, China between the World Wars. The Albazinians (Russian албазинцы Traditional Chinese: 阿爾巴津人 Simplified Chinese: 阿尔巴津人 are approximately 250 modern descendants of Capital Harbin Chronology * 27 August 1896: Russia and China sign contract for building Secrets and Spies: The Harbin Files. A Vintage Book series, Random House, Australia Pty Ltd, 468 pp. Random House Inc is the world's largest English-language general trade book publisher
- Wolff, David. To the Harbin Station: The Liberal Alternative in Russian Manchuria, 1898-1914. Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1999.
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