Harassment refers to a wide spectrum of offensive behavior. When the term is used in a legal sense it refers to behaviors that are found threatening or disturbing, and beyond those that are sanctioned by society. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Sexual harassment refers to persistent and unwanted sexual advances, typically in the workplace, where the consequences of refusing are potentially very disadvantageous to the victim.
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History
United States
In 1964, the United States Congress passed Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, , prohibiting discrimination at work on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin and sex. Origins The bill was introduced by President John F Kennedy in his civil rights speech of June 11 1963, in which he asked for legislation "giving This later became the legal basis for early harassment law. The practice of developing workplace guidelines prohibiting harassment was pioneered in 1969, when the U. S. Department of Defense drafted a Human Goals Charter, establishing a policy of equal respect for both sexes. In Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, : the U. Meritor Savings Bank v Vinson, 477 US 57 ( 1986) marked the United States Supreme Court 's recognition of certain forms of Sexual harassment S. Supreme Court recognized harassment suits against employers for promoting a sexually hostile work environment. In 2006, U. S. A. President George W. Bush signed a law which prohibited the transmission of annoying messages over the Internet (aka spamming) without disclosing the sender's true identity. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Spamming is the abuse of electronic messaging systems to indiscriminately send unsolicited bulk messages [1]
Canada
In 1984, the Canadian Human Rights Act prohibited sexual harassment in workplaces under federal jurisdiction. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Canadian Human Rights Act is a Statute originally passed by the Government of Canada in 1977 with the express goal of extending the law to ensure
United Kingdom
In the UK there are a number of laws protecting people from harassment including the Protection from Harassment Act 1997, and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was an Act of Parliament brought into law by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. For a fuller description of the laws on harassment in the UK see this page. Harassment in the United Kingdom is a topic which in the past couple of decades has been taken increasingly seriously and has been the subject of a number of pieces of major legislation
Ambiguity
Both because the term is used in common English, and because where the term is defined by law, the law varies by jurisdiction, it is difficult to provide any exact definition that is accepted everywhere. In Law, jurisdiction (from the Latin ius iuris meaning "law" and dicere meaning "to speak" is the practical Authority
In some cultures, for instance, simply stating a political opinion can be seen as unwarranted and a deliberate attempt to intimidate — in a totalitarian society any such statement could be interpreted as an attempt to involve someone in rebel activity or implicate them in same, with the implication that if they refuse, they are putting their own life in danger. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Totalitarianism (or totalitarian rule) is a concept used to describe Political systems where a State regulates nearly every aspect of public and private More usually, some label such as "anti-social" or related to treason is used to label such behaviour — it being treated as an offense against the state not the person. Antisocial personality disorder ( APD) is a Mental disorder.It is defined by the American Psychiatric Association 's Diagnostic and Statistical In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. This resembles the use of psychiatry to imprison dissidents which is common in many countries. Psychiatry is a medical specialty which exists to study, prevent, and treat Mental disorders in Humans Psychiatric A dissident, broadly defined is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine policy or institution
Another example is that under some versions of Islamic Law merely insulting Islam is considered to be a harassment of all believers, and in Japan insulting any faith is usually considered taboo and has legal sanctions. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Because of these variations, there is no way even within one society to provide a truly neutral definition of harassment.
Categories
However, broad categories of harassment often recognized in law include:
- Legal harassment - Legal actions against an individual or a group, for example SLAPP suits. A Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (" SLAPP " is a Lawsuit or a threat of lawsuit that is intended to intimidate and silence critics by burdening
- Sexual harassment (with a much stricter definition in the workplace)
- Psychological harassment - repetitive unprovoked intrusions or interruptions
- Group psychological harassment
- Hate speech - comments proveably false or irrelevant which express or encourage hate towards a particular group - another legal
Types of harassments
There are a number of harassments that fall into this category. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Hate speech is a term for speech intended to degrade intimidate or incite violence or prejudicial action against a person or group of people based on their race, Gender
- Bullying
Harassment that can occur on the playground, school, in the workforce or any other place. Bullying is the act of intentionally causing harm to others through verbal Harassment, physical Assault, or other more subtle methods of Coercion Usually physical and psychological harassing behavior perpetrated against an individual, by one or more persons. - Psychological harassment
This is humiliating or abusive behavior that lowers a person’s self-esteem or causes them torment. This can take the form of verbal comments, actions or gestures. Falling into this category is workplace mobbing. Mobbing is a term referring to a type of animal behaviour A newer use refers to a group behavioural phenomenon in workplaces Community Based Harassment - stalking by a group against an individual using repeated distractions that the individual is sensitized to, such as clicking an ink pen. See the following website: http://www.c-a-t-c-h.ca/ - Racial harassment
The targeting of an individual because of their race or ethnicity, for example, Canadian. Incitement to racial or Ethnic hatred is a crime under the laws of a number of countries The harassment may include words, deeds, and actions that are specifically designed to make the target feel degraded due to their race or ethnicity. - Religious harassment
Verbal, psychological or physical harassment's used against targets because they choose to practice a specific religion. Religious harassment can also include forced and involuntary conversions. [1] - Sexual harassment
Harassment that can happen anywhere but is most common in the workplace, and schools. It involves unwanted and unwelcome, words, deeds, actions, gestures, symbols, or behaviors of a sexual nature that make the target feel uncomfortable. Gender and sexual orientation harassment fall into this family. - Stalking
The unauthorized following and surveillance of an individual, to the extent that the person's privacy is unacceptably intruded upon, and the victim fears for their safety. ---- Stalking is the obsessive following observing or contacting of another person or the obsessive attempt to engage in any of these activities - Mobbing
Violence committed directly or indirectly by a loosely affiliated and organized group of individuals to punish or even execute a person for some alleged offense without a lawful trial. Mobbing is a term referring to a type of animal behaviour A newer use refers to a group behavioural phenomenon in workplaces The 'offense' can range from a serious crime like murder or simple expression of ethnic, cultural, or religious attitudes. The issue of the victim's actual guilt or innocence is often irrelevant to the mob, since the mob relies on contentions that are unverifiable, unsubstantiated, or completely fabricated. - Hazing
To persecute, harass, or torture in a deliberate, calculated, planned, manner. Hazing is an often Ritualistic test and a task which may constitute Harassment, Abuse or Humiliation with requirements to perform random often Typically the targeted individual is a subordinate, for example, a fraternity pledge, a first-year military cadet, or somebody who is considered 'inferior' or an 'outsider'. Hazing is illegal in many instances. - Police Harassment
Unfair treatment conducted by law officials including but not limited to excessive force,profiling, threats, coercion, and racial, ethnic, religious, gender/sexual, age, or other forms of discrimination. Police misconduct refers to objectionable actions taken by Police officers in connection with their official duties which can lead to a Miscarriage of justice. Police brutality is the world wide use of excessive force usually physical but potentially also in the form verbal attacks and psychological intimidation, by Intimidation (also called cowing) is intentional behavior "which would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities" fear of Injury or Harm. Coercion (co-er-shion is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction by use of threats Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is
Colloquial speech
In some contexts of colloquial speech, the word "harassment" and its derivatives can mean in a playful manner "bothering". In computer gaming contexts, "harassment" might constitute provocative or annoying actions in the game. Harassment in strategy games may also mean early attacks aimed to stunt an opponent's growth of either economy or technology. In these contexts, the severity of the terminology is much less intense, and does not carry the same connotations as the legal definitions.
References
- ^ Declan McCullagh. Declan McCullagh is an American Journalist and columnist for CNET 's news Create an e-annoyance, go to jail. CNET news. January 9, 2006
See also
External links
- Workplace Bulling and Mobbing Resources
- Various forms of harassment
- Stop Hazing
- Harassment Backlash, Retaliation, and Victim-blaming
- Prevention of violence and harassment at work, EU-OSHA
- [http://www.legalferret.net Trade union policy on harassment and protecting a member's job
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