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Location of Harrappa in the Indus Valley and extent of Indus Valley Civilization (green).
Location of Harrappa in the Indus Valley and extent of Indus Valley Civilization (green). The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin

Harappa (Urdu: ہڑپہ, Hindi: हड़प्पा) is a city in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35km (22 miles) southwest of Sahiwal. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Sahiwal ( Urdu: ساہیوال) is a growing city in the southeastern province of Punjab province of

The modern town is located near the former course of the Ravi River and also beside the ruins of an ancient fortifed city, which was part of the Cemetery H culture and the Indus Valley Civilization. The Ravi River (रवि ਰਾਵੀ راوی is a River in Pakistan and India. "Ancient" redirects here For other uses see Ancient_(disambiguation. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for The Cemetery H culture developed out of the northern part of the Indus Valley Civilization around 1900 BCE in and around the Punjab region which is located on the The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin

The ancient city existed from about 3300 BCE [1] until 1600 BCE and is believed to have had as many as 40,000 residents—considered large for its time. Events The Great God "Krishna" who is worshiped in all forms as a boy lover warrior brother king teacher son husband etc The following is a table of the largest cities by estimated population in history Although the Harappa Culture extended well beyond the bounds of present day Pakistan, its centres were in Sindh and the Punjab. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c [2]

In 2005 a controversial amusement park scheme at the site was abandoned when builders unearthed many archaeological artifacts during the early stages of construction work. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Theme park is the generic term for a collection of rides and other Entertainment attractions assembled for the purpose of entertaining a large group A plea from the prominent Pakistani archaeologist Ahmed Hasan Dani to the Ministry of Culture resulted in a restoration of the site. Ahmad Hassan Dani ( Urdu: احمد حسن دانی) FRAS, SI, HI (born 20 June 1920) is a Pakistani [3]

Contents

History

The Indus Valley civilization (also known as Harrappan culture) has its earliest roots in approximately 6000 BCE in Mehrgarh. The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600&ndash1900 BCE abbreviated IVC, was an ancient Civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin Mehrgarh, ( Urdu: م‍ﮩ‍رگڑھ) one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BC to 3200 BC sites in Archaeology, lies on what The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harrappa, emerged circa 2600 BCE along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. The civilization, with a writing system, urban centers, and diversified social and economic system, was rediscovered in the 1920s after excavations at Mohenjo-daro (which means "mound of the dead") in Sindh near Sukkur, and Harrappa, in west Punjab south of Lahore. A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. Social structure is a term frequently used in Sociology and Social theory — yet rarely defined or clearly conceptualised (Abercrombie et al An economic system is a System that involves the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services between Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization Sukkur ( Urdu:سکھر Sindhi:سکر formerly Aror ( Sanskrit: अरोड Urdu: اروڑ is the third largest The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. A number of other sites stretching from the Himalayan foothills in east Punjab, India in the north, to Gujarat in the south and east, and to Balochistan in the west have also been discovered and studied. Punjab (ਪੰਜਾਬ पंजाब pəɲdʒaːb is a state in northwest India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان Although the archaeological site at Harrappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used brick from the Harrappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts have nevertheless been found. ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. ( Urdu:, Punjabi ملتان، ਮੁਲਤਾਨ is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District A brick is a block of Ceramic material used in Masonry construction laid using mortar. Track ballast forms the trackbed upon which Railroad ties (US or railway sleepers (UK are laid [4]

Culture and economy

Indus Valley civilization was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Both Mohenjo-daro and Harrappa were built according to similar plans of well-laid-out streets, "differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers. Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization "[5] Weights and measures were standardized throughout the area and distinctive seals were used for identification of property and shipment of goods. Although copper and bronze were in use, iron was unknown. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus "Cotton was woven and dyed for clothing; wheat, rice, and a variety of vegetables and fruits were cultivated; and a number of animals, including the humped bull, were domesticated. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Domestication (from Latin domesticus) refers to the process whereby a Population of Animals " [5] Wheel-made pottery—some of it adorned with animal and geometric motifs—has been found in profusion at all the major Indus sites. A centralized administration has been inferred from the revealed cultural uniformity; however, it remains uncertain whether authority lay with a priestly or a commercial oligarchy. Oligarchy' ( Greek, Oligarkhía) is a Form of government where Political power effectively rests with a small elite segment

Archaeology

By far the most exquisite but most obscure artifacts unearthed to date are the small, square steatite seals engraved with human or animal motifs. Soapstone (also known as steatite or soaprock) is a Metamorphic rock, a talc- Schist. Large numbers of the seals have been found at Mohenjo-daro, many bearing pictographic inscriptions generally thought to be a kind of script. Despite the efforts of philologists from all parts of the world, however, and despite the use of computers, the script remains undeciphered, and it is unknown if it is proto-Dravidian or proto-Sanskrit. The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages (including the four literary languages of Tamil, Telugu, Kannada Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical

Notes

There were other highly developed cultures in adjacent regions of Baluchistan, Central Asia and peninsular India. Material culture and the skeletons from the Harrappa cemetery and other sites testify to a continual intermingling of communities from both the west and the east. Harrappa was settled before what we call the ancient Indus civilization flourished, and it remains a living town today.

References

  1. ^ 'Earliest writing' found BBC News, May 4, 1999.
  2. ^ Basham, A. L. 1968. Professor Arthur Llewellyn Basham (24 May 1914&mdash27 January 1986 was a noted historian and Indologist and author of a number of books Review of A Short History of Pakistan by A. H. Dani (with an introduction by I. H. Qureshi). Note: This article is about an academic publication For details on the actual history of Pakistan see History of Pakistan A Short History of Ahmad Hassan Dani ( Urdu: احمد حسن دانی) FRAS, SI, HI (born 20 June 1920) is a Pakistani Prof Dr Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi SP, HI ( اﺸﺘﻴﺎﻖ حسين قریشی) was a noted Litterateur, Historian, Educationist Karachi: University of Karachi Press. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million The University of Karachi ( Urdu: جامعہ كراچى) is located in the city of Karachi, Province of Sindh, Pakistan. 1967 Pacific Affairs 41(4) : 641-643. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar.
  3. ^ Tahir, Zulqernain. 26 May 2005. Probe body on Harappa park, Dawn. Dawn is Pakistan 's oldest best known and most widely-read English-language newspaper Retrieved 13 January 2006. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
  4. ^ Kenoyer, J.M., 1997, Trade and Technology of the Indus Valley: New insights from Harrappa Pakistan, World Archaeology, 29(2), pp. Dr Jonathan Mark Kenoyer (born May 28, 1952, in Shillong, India) is an American Archaeologist and Professor of Anthropology 260-280, High definition archaeology
  5. ^ a b Library of Congress: Country Studies. 1995. Harrappan Culture. Retrieved 13 January 2006.

See also

External links

Mehrgarh, ( Urdu: م‍ﮩ‍رگڑھ) one of the most important Neolithic (7000 BC to 3200 BC sites in Archaeology, lies on what Mohenjo-daro (موئن جودڑو موئن جو دڙو मोहन जोदड़ो Mound of the Dead was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization The coastal Harappan site at Sokhta Koh (also known as Sotka Koh) 'burnt hill' was first surveyed by an American archaeologist George F Dales in 1960 while exploring Dholavira, an ancient metropolitan city, and locally known as Kotada Timba Prachin Mahanagar Dholavira, is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites Lothal ( Gujarātī: લોથલ ˈloːtʰəl Eng Mound of the Dead was one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus valley civilization.
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