A subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency (more than 40%) from the Czech Republic across to the Altai Mountains in Siberia and south throughout Central Asia. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. This article concerns the World Heritage Site For other meanings see Caucasus (disambiguation and Caucasia (disambiguation. In Human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P, associated with the M207 mutation Sorbs (Serbja Serby also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic people settled in Lusatia The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens The Altay or Altai are an ethnic group of Turkic people living in the Siberian Altai Republic and Altai Krai and surrounding areas The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called Belarusians or Belorussians (Беларусы Biełarusy previously also spelled Belarussians, Byelorussians and Belorusians, also In Genetics, subclade is a term used to describe a subgroup of a Subgenus or Haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, a subgroup of haplogroup P, associated with the M207 mutation In Human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a Haplogroup defined by differences in the non- recombining portions of DNA from the The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Altai Mountains (Алтай Altay; Алтай 阿尔泰山脉 are a Mountain range in central Asia, where Russia, Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south ^[1]

R1a arose 15,000 years ago in the vicinity of Ukraine, expanding from either the Ukrainian LGM refuge following the end of the last ice age, or from the Pontic-Caspian steppe as a result of the Kurgan migrations. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The Ukrainian LGM refuge is one of the postulated LGM refuge areas, located 'around' the Black Sea, where groups of humans sought shelter from the glacial "Last glacial" redirects here For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time see Last Glacial Maximum The last glacial period The term Pontic-Caspian steppe summarizes the vast Steppelands stretching from north of the Black Sea as far as the east of the Caspian Sea, from central The Kurgan hypothesis (also theory or model) is a model of early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the Kurgan culture of the Pontic steppe ^[2][3][4]. But some studies question these earlier findings and claim that R1a lineages may have its origin in North India ^{[5][6] [7]}. Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula The expansion of R1a has been associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages. ^[2][3]

Origins

European LGM refuges, 20 kya.

The Ukrainian origin of R1a has been independently corroborated by multiple lines of inquiry, including principal component analysis, microsatellite variation, and frequency distribution.

The distribution of R1a resembles the third principal component of variation of classical gene frequencies, whose center of diffusion lies north of the Black and Caspian Seas, which has been attributed to the Kurgan expansion. The term Pontic-Caspian steppe summarizes the vast Steppelands stretching from north of the Black Sea as far as the east of the Caspian Sea, from central The Kurgan hypothesis (also theory or model) is a model of early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the Kurgan culture of the Pontic steppe ^[8]

The greater the microsatellite diversity of a haplotype at a particular geographic location, the closer that location is to that haplotype's likely geographic point of origin. Microsatellites, or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs are polymorphic loci present in nuclear and organellar DNA that consist of repeating In the case of R1a, Semino et al. (2000), Passarino et al. (2001) and Wells (2002) all agree that the highest level of microsatellite diversity is found in Ukraine. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits Microsatellites, or Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs are polymorphic loci present in nuclear and organellar DNA that consist of repeating

Historical distribution of the Slavic languages. The area shaded in light purple is the Prague-Penkov-Kolochin complex of cultures of the 6th to 7th c. AD, likely corresponding to the spread of Slavic tribes at the time. The area shaded in darker red indicates the core area of Slavic river names (after EIEC p. The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture is an Encyclopedia of Indo-European studies and the Proto-Indo-Europeans. 524ff. )

Spencer Wells, director of the Genographic Project at the National Geographic Society, identifies southern Russia/Ukraine as the likely origin of R1a (as identified by genetic marker M17) on the basis of both microsatellite diversity and frequency distribution. Spencer Wells (born April 6 1969 in Georgia United States) is a Geneticist and Anthropologist, and an Explorer-in-Residence at the The Genographic Project, launched in April 2005, is a five-year genetic anthropology study that aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural A genetic marker is a known DNA sequence. It can be described as a variation which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci that can be observed

Microsatellite diversity is greatest in southern Russia and Ukraine, suggesting that it arose there. ^[1]

The current distribution of the M17 haplotype is likely to represent traces of an ancient population migration originating in southern Russia/Ukraine, where M17 is found at high frequency(>50%). ^[3]

Pericic et al. (2005) have suggested three possible scenarios explaining the distribution of R1a:

At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3000 and 1000 B. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM refers to the time of maximum extent of the Ice sheets during the last Glaciation (the Würm or Wisconsin glaciation) approximately The Ukrainian LGM refuge is one of the postulated LGM refuge areas, located 'around' the Black Sea, where groups of humans sought shelter from the glacial The term Pontic-Caspian steppe summarizes the vast Steppelands stretching from north of the Black Sea as far as the east of the Caspian Sea, from central C. , as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A. D. 5th to 7th centuries.

Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC). Indo-Iranian peoples consist of the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Dardic and Nuristani peoples that is speakers of Indo-Iranian languages The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture is an Encyclopedia of Indo-European studies and the Proto-Indo-Europeans. The Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures are associated with early Indo-Iranian, expansion, the Swat, Copper Hoard and PGW cultures with Indo-Aryan expansion into the Indian subcontinent. The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or BMAC, also known as the Oxus civilization) is the modern archaeological designation for a Bronze Age The Yaz culture is an early Iron Age culture of Bactria and Margiana (ca The Gandhara grave (or Swāt) culture emerges from ca 1600 BC, and flourishes in Gandhara, Pakistan ca The Painted Grey Ware culture (PGW is an Iron Age culture of Gangetic plain, lasting from roughly 1100 BC to 350 BC. Models of the Indo-Aryan migration discuss scenarios of Prehistoric migrations of the early Indo-Aryans to their historically attested areas of settlement ( North

Passarino et al. (2002) support the first possibility, that R1a expanded from the area of the Dniepr-Don Valley in Ukraine between 13 000 and 7600 years ago, after the Last Glacial Maximum receded. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits The Ukrainian LGM refuge is one of the postulated LGM refuge areas, located 'around' the Black Sea, where groups of humans sought shelter from the glacial For the rocket see Dnepr rocket. For other uses see Dnieper (disambiguation. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM refers to the time of maximum extent of the Ice sheets during the last Glaciation (the Würm or Wisconsin glaciation) approximately

Wells et al. (2001) support the second, associating the spread of R1a with the expansion of the Kurgan people around 3,000 B. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits The Kurgan hypothesis (also theory or model) is a model of early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the Kurgan culture of the Pontic steppe The Kurgan hypothesis (also theory or model) is a model of early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the Kurgan culture of the Pontic steppe C. , which may have been driven by the domestication of the horse, which also took place in southern Russia/Ukraine at about the same time:

The current distribution of the M17 haplotype is likely to represent traces of an ancient population migration originating in southern Russia/Ukraine, where M17 is found at high frequency(>50%). There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. It is possible that the domestication of the horse in this region around 3,000 B. C. may have driven the migration. The distribution and age of M17 in Europe and Central/Southern Asia is consistent with the inferred movements of these people, who left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan culture, and are thought to have spoken an early Indo-European language. The decrease in frequency eastward across Siberia to the Altai-Sayan mountains (represented by the Tuvinian population) and Mongolia, and southward into India, overlaps exactly with the inferred migrations of the Indo-Iranians during the period 3,000 to 1,000 B. C.

Semino et al. (2000) propose a synthesis of these two explanations, suggesting that the spread of R1a from a point of origin in Ukraine following the Last Glacial Maximum was magnified by the subsequent expansion of the Kurgan people. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits The Ukrainian LGM refuge is one of the postulated LGM refuge areas, located 'around' the Black Sea, where groups of humans sought shelter from the glacial The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM refers to the time of maximum extent of the Ice sheets during the last Glaciation (the Würm or Wisconsin glaciation) approximately The Kurgan hypothesis (also theory or model) is a model of early Indo-European origins, which postulates that the Kurgan culture of the Pontic steppe

One important observation that has been made about the frequently occurring subgroup R1a1 is that it appears to be very recently introduced in both the western and eastern extremes of its distribution: all the Haplogroup R1a1 Y-chromosomes found among the Czechs of Central Europe and the Khoton people of Mongolia coalesce to a common patrilineal ancestor who should have lived well within the bounds of the Neolithic, and possibly even within the bounds of historical time. Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The R1a1 component of the Y-chromosome diversity among the Czechs suggests a rapid demographic expansion beginning about 60 to 80 generations ago, which would equate to about 1500 years ago (approx. 500 AD) to 2000 years ago (approx. 1 AD) with a generation time of 25 years.

Kivisild et al. (2003) "suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup":

Given the geographic spread and STR diversities of sister clades R1 and R2, the latter of which is restricted to India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern central Asia, it is possible that southern and western Asia were the source for R1 and R1a differentiation. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits

However, the highest levels of R1 are found in Europe, where frequencies of 70% or more found in populations from Ireland,^[8] Spain,^[2] and the Netherlands,^[2] and where, according to the Genographic Project conducted by the National Geographic Society,^[9] R1 originated on the Iberian Peninsula where, as in Ukraine, there was an LGM refuge from which R1 spread. The Genographic Project, launched in April 2005, is a five-year genetic anthropology study that aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra R1b is, if anything, even more concentrated in Europe than R1. ^[8]

Subclades

• R1a (SRY1532)
  • R1a1 (M17, M198) Typical of Eastern Europeans, Central Asians, and South Asians
    • R1a1a (M56) Found in a significant minority of people of Eastern Europe
    • R1a1b (M157) Found at low frequency in Scotland, Ireland and France
    • R1a1c (M64. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. 2, M87, M204) Found at low frequency in Scotland and Ireland
    • R1a1*
  • R1a*

Distribution

Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red), after McDonald (2005). Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world In Human genetics, mtDNA haplogroups and Y-DNA haplogroups are designated by letters of the alphabet In Human genetics, mtDNA haplogroups and Y-DNA haplogroups are designated by letters of the alphabet See also this map for distribution in Europe.

R1a is "present at high frequency (40 per cent plus) from the Czech Republic across to the Altai Mountains in Siberia and south throughout Central Asia. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Altai Mountains (Алтай Altay; Алтай 阿尔泰山脉 are a Mountain range in central Asia, where Russia, Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south "^[1] To the east, this gene found its way as far as Eastern Siberia, with considerable concentrations in Kamchatka and Chukotka, and it is possible that the gene even entered the Americas by this route. Chukotka may refer to Chukchi Peninsula, the northeastern extremity of Asia in the northern part of the Russian Far East Chukotka Autonomous Okrug ^[10]

The modern population of Ukraine has the highest level of diversity of the gene making it the likeliest location of its origin. ^[2][11][1] this map^[12] Even in South Eastern Europe (not a major concentration of R1a1) microsatellite networks of major Y chromosomal lineages show high diveristy of R1a1 (graph C)^[12]. The variance cluster in South Eastern Europe (SEE) is located in the Republic of Macedonia. The Republic of Macedonia (Република

Europe

In Europe, R1a is found primarily in the eastern part of the continent, with the highest frequencies among the Sorbs (63. Sorbs (Serbja Serby also known as Wends, Lusatian Sorbs or Lusatian Serbs, are a Slavic people settled in Lusatia 39%),^[13] Hungarians (60. 0%),^[2] Poles (56. 4%),^[2] , Russians (50. 0%)^[14] and Ukrainians (54. 0%). ^[2] The two main directional components of the spread are consistent with an East to West migration as well as a radial spread from the Balkans.

Pericic et al. (2005) suggest three possible explanations for the distribution of R1a variation:

At least three major episodes of gene flow might have enhanced R1a variance in the region: early post-LGM recolonizations expanding from the refugium in Ukraine, migrations from northern Pontic steppe between 3000 and 1000 B. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits C. , as well as possibly massive Slavic migration from A. D. 5th to 7th centuries.

The last possibility is less probable, the distribution of Paleolithic pattern depth is unexplained by massive people flow. Genetic data support autochtonic school of Slovian historiography.

R1a1 carrying Vikings settled in Britain and Ireland,^[4] which accounts for the presence of the haplogroup on those islands. Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history. ^[15][16]

Central Asia

Exceptionally high frequencies of M17 are found among the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Khojant (64%), and the Kyrgyz (63%), but are likely "due to drift, as these populations are less diverse, and are characterized by relatively small numbers of individuals living in isolated mountain valleys. The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. "^[3] (The frequency of the Tajik/Dushanbe population is, at 19%, far lower than the 64% frequency of the Tajik/Khojant population. )^[3]

The gene has proven to be a "diagnostic Indo-Iranian marker," and "is likely to represent traces of an ancient population migration originating in southern Russia/Ukraine," where it may have been driven by the domestication of the horse around 3,000 B. There are a number of hypotheses on many of the key issues regarding the domestication of the horse. C. ; its distribution and age are "consistent with the inferred movements of these people, who left a clear pattern of archaeological remains known as the Kurgan culture, and are thought to have spoken an early Indo-European language". Kurgan (курга́н is the Russian word (of Turkic origin for a Tumulus, a type of Burial mound or barrow heaped over a ^[3]

The frequency of R1a1 in western Iran, as in the Middle East, is only 5% to 10%, but in eastern Iran, the frequency of R1a1 is around 35%. ^[17] Wells et al. (2001) suggest that the deserts of central Iran acted as "significant barriers to gene flow," and propose two possibilities:

Intriguingly, the population of present-day Iran, speaking a major Indo-European language (Farsi), appears to have had little genetic influence from the M17-carrying Indo-Iranians. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits It is possible that the pre-Indo-European population of Iran— effectively an eastern extension of the great civilizations of Mesopotamia—may have reached sufficient population densities to have swamped any genetic contribution from a small number of immigrating Indo-Iranians. If so, this may have been a case of language replacement through the ‘‘elite-dominance’’ model. Alternatively, an Indo-Iranian language may have been the lingua franca of the steppe nomads and the surrounding settled populations, facilitating communication between the two. Over time, this language could have become the predominant language in Persia, reinforced and standardized by rulers such as Cyrus the Great and Darius in the mid-first millennium B. C. Whichever model is correct, the Iranians sampled here (from the western part of the country) appear to be more similar genetically to Afro-Asiatic-speaking Middle Eastern populations than they are to Central Asians or Indians.

Noteworthy is as such, result emanate from samples of a few hundred individuals of populations living in non-Iranian inhabited areas.

Haplogroup R1a is also common among Mongolic- and Turkic-speaking populations of Northwestern China, such as the Bonan, Dongxiang, Salar, and Uyghur peoples. The Mongolic languages are a group of languages spoken in Central Asia. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Northwestern China (西北 Xīběi includes the autonomous regions of Xinjiang and Ningxia and the provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu The Bonan (also Bao'an) people (保安族 Pinyin: bǎoān zú native) are an Ethnic group living in Gansu and Qinghai The Dongxiang people (autonym Sarta or Santa (撒尔塔) are one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of The Salar people ( Salar: Salar Chinese: 撒拉族 Pinyin: Sālāzú) are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. ^[18][19]

India

In an important book titled The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey out of Africa (New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, 2003), the prominent Oxford University scholar Stephen Oppenheimer concludes that South Asia is logically the ultimate origin of M17 and his ancestors. He observes: "and sure enough we find highest rates and greatest diversity of the M17 line in Pakistan, India, and eastern Iran,and low rates in the Caucasus. M17 is not only more diverse in South Asia than in Central Asia but diversity characterizes its presence in isolated tribal groups in the south, thus undermining any theory of M17 as a marker of a 'male Aryan Invasion of India. ' Study of the geographical distribution and the diversity of genetic branches and stems again suggests that Ruslan, along with his son M17,arose early in South Asia, somewhere near India. . . "

In the "Peopling of South Asia: investigating the caste-tribe continuum in India", Chaubey G, Metspalu M, Kivisild T. et al arrive at the conclusion that both caste and tribal populations are autochthonous to India:"Molecular studies and archaeological record are both largely consistent with autochthonous differentiation of the genetic structure of the caste and tribal populations in South Asia. High level of endogamy created by numerous social boundaries within and between castes and tribes, along with the influence of several evolutionary forces such as genetic drift, fragmentation and long-term isolation, has kept the Indian populations diverse and distant from each other as well as from other continental populations. "(Bioessays Jan 2007)

Recent studies suggest that R1a*, ancestral clade to Hg R1a1 arose in India. A study by S. Sharma et al published in the ASHG Abstracts 2007 screened 621 Y-chromosomes (of Brahmins, occupying upper most caste position and Dalits and Tribals with the lower most positions in the Indian caste hierarchical system) with fifty-five Y-chromosomal binary markers and Y-microsatellite markers and compiled a data set of 2809 Y-chromosomes (681 Brahmins, 2128 Tribals and Dalits) for conclusions. Overall, no consistent difference was observed in Y-haplogroups distribution between Brahmins, Dalits and Tribals, except for some differences confined to a given geographical region. A peculiar observation of highest frequency (up to 72. 22%) of Yhaplogroups R1a1* in Brahmins, hinted at its presence as a founder lineage for this caste group. The widespread distribution and high frequency across Eurasia and Central Asia of R1a1* as well as scanty representation of its ancestral (R*, R1* and R1a*) and derived lineages across the region has kept the origin of this haplogroup unresolved. The analyses of a pooled dataset of 530 Indians, 224 Pakistanis and 276 Central Asians and Eurasians,bearing R1a1* haplogroup resolved the controversy of origin of R1a1*. The conclusion was drawn on the basis of: i) presence of this haplogroup in many of the tribal populations such as, Saharia (present study) and Chenchu tribe in high frequency, ii) the highest ever reported presence of R1a* (ancestral haplogroup of R1a1*) in Kashmiri Pandits (Brahmins) and Saharia tribe, and iii) associated averaged phylogenetic ages of R1a* (~18,478 years) and R1a1* (~13,768 years) in India. The study supported the autochthonous origin of R1a1 lineage and a tribal link to Indian Brahmins.

Haplotypes

Modal

The Eastern European Y-DNA-R1a Modal Haplotype can be found in Poland, Lithuania, Belorussia and Ukraine. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. It has spread westwards into Germany, Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Hungary. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Ysearch: ANJNY

The English Y-DNA-R1a Modal Haplotype could have spread to the British Isles via the Anglo-Saxons, Vikings or Normans. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Ysearch: AXEZU

Famous

Main articles: Somerled and Famous haplogroup members

In 2003 Oxford University researchers traced the Y-chromosome signature of Somerled of Argyll, one of Scotland's greatest warriors who is credited with driving out the Vikings. Somerled ( Old Norse Sumarliði, Scottish Gaelic Somhairle, commonly Anglicized from Gaelic as Sorley) was a military and political He was also the founder of Clan Donald and it is through the clan genealogies of the clan that the genetic relation was mapped out. Clan Donald is one of the largest Scottish clans The MacDonald clan has many separate branches These are ^[20] Somerled belongs to haplogroup R1a1. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits

In 2005 a study by Professor of Human Genetics Bryan Sykes of Oxford University led to the conclusion that Somerled has possibly 500,000 living descendants - making him the second most common historical ancestor after Genghis Khan^[21]

The Y-DNA sequence is as follows (12 markers):^[22]

Ysearch: YS495

• Tõnu Trubetsky the descendant of Nikita Trubetskoy

Ysearch: WUZG2

• Anderson Cooper also belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup Haplogroup R1a. Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in Human beings. Bryan Sykes is Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Wolfson College. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder Tõnu Trubetsky (born 24 April 1963 also known as Tony Blackplait, is an Estonian Punk rock / Glam punk Musician, Film Prince Nikita Yurievich Trubetskoy ( Никита Юрьевич Трубецкой in Russian) ( May 26, 1699 - October 16 Anderson Hays Cooper (born June 3 1967 is an American Emmy Award -winning Journalist, author and television personality ^[23]

Frequency

Main article: Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups

R1a frequency is expressed as percentage of population samples. Listed here are notable Ethnic groups by Y-DNA Haplogroups based on relevant studies

Europe

	N	R1(xR1a1)	R1a1	source
Sorbs	112	-	63. 39	Behar et al. (2003)
Hungarian	45	13. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 3	60. 0	Semino et al. (2000)
Hungarian	113		20. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 4	Pericic et al. (2005)
Poles	55	16. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 4	56. 4	Semino et al. (2000), Pericic et al. (2005)
Ukrainian	50	2. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 0	54. 0	Semino et al. (2000), Pericic et al. (2005)
Belarusian	306		50. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 98	Behar et al. (2003)  ?- Pericic et al. (2005)
Russian	122	7. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 0	47. 0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Belarusian	-		46	4
Belarusian	41	10. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 0	39. 0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Ukrainian	-		44	3  ?
Ukrainians, Rashkovo	53		41. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 5	10  ?
Russian, North	49	0	43	5
Latvian	34	15. 0	41. 0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Udmurt	43	11. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 6	37. 2	Semino et al. (2000)
Pomor	28	0	36	5
Macedonian	20	10. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 0	35. 0	Semino et al. (2000)
Moldavians, Karahasan	72		34. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 7	10
Lithuanian	38	6	34	Pericic et al. (2005)
Croatian	58	10. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 3	29. 3	Semino et al. (2000)
UK Orkney	26	65	27	5
Gagauzes, Etulia	41		26. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 8	10
Czech + Slovakian	45	35. 6	26. 7	Semino et al. (2000),14
Norwegian	83		26. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 5	13
Icelander	181	41. 4	23. 8	Pericic et al. (2005)
Norwegian	87		21. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 69	Behar et al. (2003)
Moldavians, Sofia	54		20. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 4	10
Orcandin	71	66. 0	19. 7	Pericic et al. (2005)
Swedish (Northern)	48	23. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 0	19. 0	Pericic et al. (2005)
Swedish	110	20. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 0	17. 3	Pericic et al. (2005)
Danish	12	41. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 7	16. 7	Pericic et al. (2005)
Mari	46	0	13. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 0	Semino et al. (2000)
German	88		12. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 50	Behar et al. (2003)
German	48	47. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 9	8. 1	Pericic et al. (2005)
Greek	76	27. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 6	11. 8	Semino et al. (2000)
Albanian	51	17. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 6	9. 8	Semino et al. (2000)
Saami	24	8. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 3	8. 3	Semino et al. (2000)
UK Isle of Man	62	15	8	Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Orkney	121	23	7	Capelli et al. (2003)  ?? 7% <> 23% *5
UK	309		~7	13 see references
Georgian	63	14. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 3	7. 9	Semino et al. (2000)
Turkish	523	16. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 3	6. 9	Cinnioğlu et al. (2004)
UK Shetland	63	17	6	Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Chippenham	51	16	6	Capelli et al. (2003)
UK Cornwall	52	25	6	Capelli et al. (2003)
Dutch	27	70. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 4	3. 7	Semino et al. (2000)
German	16	50. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 0	6. 2	Semino et al. (2000)
Italian central/north	50	62. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 0	4. 0	Semino et al. (2000)
British	~1000		~4	Capelli et al. (2003)
Irish	222	81. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 5	0. 5	Pericic et al. (2005)
Calabrian	37	32. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 4	0	Semino et al. (2000)
Sardinian	77	22. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 1		Semino et al. (2000)
British	25	72	0	5
Poles	913			9
Germans	1215			9
Dniester-Carpathian	-		50. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 06	10
Gagauzes, Kongaz	48		12. 5	10

empty or - = no data in sample. ?          = datasets differences, [?-x]:= ^x=# source

• 1 Semino et al. (2000)
• 2 http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Levite%20paper.pdf
• 3 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r60m403330h204l0/
• 4 http://www.springerlink.com/content/n2883j06628r5515/
• 9 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w75j6048545350g5/
• 9 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w75j6048545350g5/
• 10 http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/archive/00005868/01/Varzari_Alexander.pdf
• 11 Capelli et al. 2003, table 1, more data % < 6
• 13 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/7/1008.pdf
• 14 Pericic et al. (2005) + (15'th primary sources?)

Asia

                             N      R1*    R1a1(%)  Sr. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits  Published                            Ishkashimi                   25      4     68        5 Wells et al. (2001)Tajiks/Khojant               22            64        5 Wells et al. (2001)Tajiks/Dushanbe              16            19        5 Wells et al. (2001)Tajiks (Non-Pamiri)          16            19        5 Tajiks/Samarkand             40            25        5 Wells et al. (2001)Kyrgyz                       52      2     63        5 Wells et al. (2001)Southern Altays              96      1     53          V. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits Tajik ( - Tādjīk; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: Тоҷик is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking people of  A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits Tajik ( - Tādjīk; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: Тоҷик is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking people of  A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits Tajik ( - Tādjīk; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: Тоҷик is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking people of  Tajik ( - Tādjīk; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: Тоҷик is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking people of  A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits The Altay or Altai are an ethnic group of Turkic people living in the Siberian Altai Republic and Altai Krai and surrounding areas  N.  Kharkov et al.  (2007)Tashkent IE                  69      7     47        ?India Upper Caste            86      -     45. 35     8Sourasthran                  46      0     39        5 Wells et al. (2001)Abkhazians                   12      8     33        7 Nasidze,2004Chenchus (India-Drav. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits )        -      -     26       12  Kazan Tatar                  38      3     24        5 Wells et al. (2001)Saami                        23      9     22        5 Wells et al. (2001)Uyghur                       49     ≤8. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 2   28. 6        Ruixia Zhou et al.  (2007)Dongxiang                    49     <10    28          Wei Wang et al. The Dongxiang people (autonym Sarta or Santa (撒尔塔) are one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of ,2003Bonan                        47      0     26          Wei Wang et al. The Bonan (also Bao'an) people (保安族 Pinyin: bǎoān zú native) are an Ethnic group living in Gansu and Qinghai  ,2003Salar                        52     <10    17          Wei Wang et al. The Salar people ( Salar: Salar Chinese: 撒拉族 Pinyin: Sālāzú) are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the ,2003Iran (Tehran)                24      4      4        5 Wells et al. (2001)Iran (Tehran)                80      8     20        7 Nasidze,2004 Iran (Isfahan)               50      0     18        7 Nasidze,2004Pashtuns                     96      4. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 2   44. 8        Firasat et al.  (2007)Kalash                       44      2. 3   18. 2        Firasat et al.  (2007)Burusho                      97      1. 0   27. 8        Firasat et al.  (2007)Pakistan                    638      5. 6   37. 1        Firasat et al.  (2007)Pakistan  ??                 85      1. 10  16. 47     8 ?Pakistan                    175      0. 57  24. 43     8 ?Pakistan south               91      0     31. 87     8 ?India                       728      0     15. 8      8 ?India                       325      0. 3   27       12 ? Tuvian                       42      2     14        5 Wells et al. (2001)Abazinians                   14      0     14        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Georgians                    77     10     10        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Kurd                         17     29     12        5 Wells et al. (2001)Nenets                       54      4     11        5 Wells et al. (2001)Syrian                       20     15     10        1Lebanese                     31     33     20  Turkmen                      37     36      9          ?Turkmen                      30     37      7        5 Wells et al. (2001)Lezgi(S. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits Caucasus)            12     17      8        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Svans                        25      0      8        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Azerbaijanians               72     11      7        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Armenians                   100     19      6        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Armenians                    47     36      9        5 Wells et al. (2001)S. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits Ossetians                  17     12      6        5 Wells et al. (2001)Kazaks                       54      6      4        5 Wells et al. (2001)Chechenians                  19      0      5        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Kallar Dravidian             84      0      4        5 Wells et al. (2001)Mongolian                    24      0      4        5 Wells et al. (2001)Ossetians (Ardon)            28      0      4        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Kazbegi                      25      8      4        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)India Dravidian (Tribal)    180      -      2. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits 78     8 Kabardinians                 59      2      2        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Lezgi(Dagestan)              25      4      0        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Ossetians (Digora)           31      0      0        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Rutulians                    24      0      0        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Darginians                   26      4      0        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Ingushians                   22      0      0        7 Nasidze,2004(*7)Cambodia                      6      0      0        8 ?China                       127      0      0        8    Japan                        23      0      0        8Siberia                      18      0      0        8 ?

Publications:

• (*5) Wells et al. (2001)
• (*6) http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v71n3/023927/023927.web.pdf
• (*7) http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Caucasus_big_paper.pdf^[24]
• (*8) Sengupta et al. (2005) table 5, 6 & 7
• (*12) Kivisild et al. (2003) Fig3 more detailed data for regions, but no caste

Popular culture

Bryan Sykes in his book Blood of the Isles gives (from his fantasy) the populations associated with R1a in Europe the name of Sigurd for a clan patriarch, much as he did for mitochondrial haplogroups in his work The Seven Daughters of Eve. A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits A Subclade of R1, R1a is a Y-chromosome haplogroup found at high frequency in the extreme north of India among the Kashmiri Pandits Bryan Sykes is Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Wolfson College. Sigurd ( Old Norse: Sigurðr) is a legendary hero of Norse mythology, as well as the central character in the Völsunga saga. The Seven Daughters of Eve (2001 ISBN 0-393-02018-5 is a book by Bryan Sykes that presents the theory of Human mitochondrial genetics to a general audience

See also

• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
• Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia
• Pole, Hungarian, two good friends
• Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups
• Nordic R1a Y-DNA Project

Notes

References

• Bamshad et al. (2001), “Genetic evidence on the origins of Indian caste populations”, Genome Research 11 (6): 994–1004, PMID 11381027, <http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/11/6/994> .
• Behar et al. (2003), “Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries”, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73: 768–779, PMID 13680527, <http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v73n4/40097/40097.html> .
• Kivisild et al. (2003), “The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations”, AJHG, <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12536373> .
• Mukherjee et al. (2001), “High-resolution analysis of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals signatures of population movements from central Asia and West Asia into India”, Journal of Genetics 80 (3): 125-135, December, 2001 .
• Passarino et al. (2001), “The 49a,f haplotype 11 is a new marker of the EU19 lineage that traces migrations from northern regions of the black sea”, Hum. Immunol. 62 (9): 922-932, DOI 10. 1016/S0198-8859(01)00291-9 .
• Passarino et al. (2002), “Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms”, Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 10 (9): 521–9, PMID 12173029, <http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v10/n9/full/5200834a.html> .
• Pericic et al. (2005), “High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations”, Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (10): 1964–75, PMID 15944443, doi:10.1093/molbev/msi185, <http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/10/1964> . A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
• Saha et al. (2005), “Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow”, J. Hum. Genet. 50 (1): 49–51, PMID 15611834 .
• Semino et al. (2000), “The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective”, Science 290: 1155–59, PMID 11073453, <http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf> .
• Sengupta et al. (2005), “Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists”, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21, PMID 16400607, <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1380230> .
• Wells et al. (2001), “The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity”, Proc. Spencer Wells (born April 6 1969 in Georgia United States) is a Geneticist and Anthropologist, and an Explorer-in-Residence at the Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (18): 10244–9, PMID 11526236, <http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/98/18/10244> .
• Wells, Spencer (2002), The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press . Spencer Wells (born April 6 1969 in Georgia United States) is a Geneticist and Anthropologist, and an Explorer-in-Residence at the
• Oleg Balanovsky Two Sources of the Russian Patrilineal Heritage in Their Eurasian Context

External links

• Map of R1a
• Spread of R1a1, from the Genographic Project, National Geographic

Projects

• FTDNA R1a Y-chromosome Haplogroup Project
• R1a International Y-DNA Project
• Danish Demes Regional DNA Project: Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a