In human genetics, Haplogroup M is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in Human beings. In Human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a Haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA.
An enormous haplogroup spanning many continents, the macro-haplogroup M is a branch of the haplogroup L3. In Human genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup.
M is believed to have originated in Asia[1] some 60,000 to 75,000 years before present:
The deep roots of M phylogeny clearly establish the antiquity of Indian lineages, especially M2, as compared to Ethiopian M1 lineage and hence, support an Asian origin of M macrohaplogroup. [2]
Among the descendants of M are C, D, E, G, Q, and Z, with Z and G being observed in North Eurasian populations, C and D being shared between North Eurasian and Native American populations, E being observed in Southeast Asian populations, and Q being observed in Melanesian populations. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup D is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In human mitochondrial genetics Haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup which can be used to define genetic populations In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Q is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Z is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. The lineages M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M18 and M25 are exclusive to India, with M2 reported to be the oldest lineage on the Indian sub-continent. [3] M7 and M8 are widespread Eastern Eurasian lineages. Eastern Eurasia is a term sometimes used to refer to East Asia, South East Asia and the eastern parts of Siberia altogether
Due to its great age, haplogroup M is an mtDNA lineage which does not correspond well to present-day ethnic groups, as it spans Siberian, Native American, East Asian, Southeast Asian, Central Asian, South Asian, Melanesian as well as Ethiopian, Somali, European, and various Middle Eastern populations in lesser frequency. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Melanesia (from Greek: μέλας black, νῆσος island) means "islands of the black-skinned people" NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Somalis ( Soomaaliyeed, الصوماليون are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East.
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Descendants of haplogroup M
_subclades.gif/450px-Geography_of_haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)_subclades.gif)
Location of M subclades around the World
- Haplogroup M1 [1] - found in Western Eurasia and Northeast Africa[2][4]
- Haplogroup M1a
- Haplogroup M2 [2] - found in South Asia
- Haplogroup M3 [3] - found in South Asia
- Haplogroup M4 [4] - Found in South Asia
- Haplogroup M5 [5] - found in South Asia
- Haplogroup M6 [6] - found in South Asia
- Haplogroup M7 [7] - found in East Asia, especially in Japan
- Haplogroup M8 [8] - found in East Asia, especially in Japan
- Haplogroup M9 [9] - found in East and Southeast Asia
- Haplogroup E (mtDNA) - a subclade of M9 - found especially in SE Asia
- Haplogroup M10 [10] - small clade found in East Asia
- Haplogroup M11 [11] - small clade found especially among the Chinese
- Haplogroup M12 [12] - small clade found in Japan
- Haplogroup M21 [13] - small clade found in SE Asia
- Haplogroup M27 [14] - found in Melanesia
- Haplogroup M28 [15] - found in Melanesia
- Haplogroup M29 [16] - found in Melanesia
- Haplogroup M31 [17] - found in Andaman Islands
- Haplogroup M32 [18] - found in Andaman Islands
- Haplogroup M33 [19] - found in SE and South Asia
- Haplogroup M33a - found in Gujarat, India[5]
- Haplogroup M34 [20] - found in SE and South Asia
- Haplogroup M35 [21] - found in SE Asia
- Haplogroup M37
- Haplogroup M37a - found in Gujarat, India[5]
- Haplogroup M39 [22] - found in SE Asia
- Haplogroup M40 [23] - found in SE Asia
- Haplogroup M41 - found in South Asia
- Haplogroup M41b - found in Andhra Pradesh, India[5]
- Haplogroup M41c - found in Andrah Pradesh, India[5]
- Haplogroup M42 [24]
- Haplogroup M48 [25]
- Haplogroup CZ
- Haplogroup C [26] - found especially in Northeast Asia
- Haplogroup C1 [27] - found in Asia and America (Native Americans and Hispanics in particular)
- Haplogroup C4
- Haplogroup Z [28] - found among diverse Eurasian populations: Hazara, Finns, Japanese, Sami and some Russians. The Horn of Africa (alternatively Northeast Africa, and sometimes Somali Peninsula; shortened to HOA) is a Peninsula in East Africa Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Orissa (ଓଡ଼ିଶା is a state located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. In human mitochondrial genetics Haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup which can be used to define genetic populations Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Melanesia (from Greek: μέλας black, νῆσος island) means "islands of the black-skinned people" The Andaman Islands are a group of islands in the Bay of Bengal, and are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Union Territory of India. Karnataka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ pronounced) is a state in the southern part of India In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup CZ is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Z is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. The terms Finns and Finnish people ( Finnish: suomalaiset, Swedish: finländare) are used in English to The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan The Sami people are the Indigenous people of northern Europe inhabiting Sápmi, which today encompasses parts of northern Sweden, Norway The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
- Haplogroup C [26] - found especially in Northeast Asia
- Haplogroup D - found in Eastern Eurasia, Native Americans, Central Asia[6] and occasionally also in West Asia and Northern Europe. In Human genetics, Haplogroup D is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup.
- Haplogroup G [29] - found especially in Japan with some isolated instances in diverse places of Asia
- Haplogroup Q [30] - found in Melanesia and Australia (Aborigines)
| most recent common mt-ancestor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| L0 | L1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | L7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | A | I | R | S | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | pre-HV | pre-JT | P | UK | |||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | U | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | |||||||||||||||||||||||
References
- ^ Gonzalez et al. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Q is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a Haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial Eve ( mt-mrca) is the name given by researchers to the woman who is defined as the Matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA for all currently In Human genetics, Haplogroup L0 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup L2 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup L4 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup L5 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup L6 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup L7 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup N is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup CZ is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup D is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In human mitochondrial genetics Haplogroup E is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup which can be used to define genetic populations In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup G is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Q is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup I is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup R is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup S is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup W is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup X is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup which can be used to define genetic Populations. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Y is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup Z is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup B is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup F is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup pre-HV (also known as Haplogroup R0) is a Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA Haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup pre-JT is a Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA Haplogroup. In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup P is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup UK is a Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA Haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup HV is a Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA Haplogroup. Haplogroup JT is a Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA Haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup, a group of people who descend from a woman in the Haplogroup R (mtDNA Haplogroup K is a mitochondrial lineage that represents a sizeable fraction of the Western Eurasian genetic pool In Human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup H is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA haplogroup. In Human genetics, Haplogroup V is a Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA Haplogroup. Haplogroup J is a Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA Haplogroup. Haplogroup J derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to Haplogroup T is a Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA Haplogroup. Haplogroup T derives from the haplogroup JT, which also gave rise to Haplogroup , Mitochondrial lineage M1 traces an early human backflow to Africa, BMC Genomics 2007, 8:223 doi:10. 1186/1471-2164-8-223
- ^ a b Revathi Rajkumar et al. , Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages, BMC Evolutionary Biology 2005, 5:26 doi:10. 1186/1471-2148-5-26
- ^ Revathi Rajkumar et al.
- ^ A. D. Holden et al. , MtDNA variation in North, East, and Central African populations gives clues to a possible back-migration from the Middle East, Program of the Seventy-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (2005)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i K. Thangaraj et al, In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup 'M' in India. BMC Genomics, 2006
- ^ D. Comas et al., Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages. EJHG, 2004
See also
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
- Human mitochondrial genetics
- Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia
External links
- Spread of Haplogroup M, from National Geographic
- Tree of M haplogroup as for 2006
- The India Genealogical DNA Project
- Another tree emphasizing the Andamanese and Nicobarese populations in comparison with other peoples with high M presence
- K.Tharanghaj et al. In situ origin of deep rooting lineages of mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup M in India (PDF document)
| most recent common mt-ancestor | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| L0 | L1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | L7 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| M | N | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CZ | D | E | G | Q | A | I | R | S | W | X | Y | |||||||||||||||
| C | Z | B | F | pre-HV | pre-JT | P | UK | |||||||||||||||||||
| HV | JT | U | K | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| H | V | J | T | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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