This article is part of the Capital punishment series

Issues

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Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. The debate about Capital punishment, colloquially known as the death penalty, is highly controversial Most major world religions take an ambiguous position on the morality of Capital punishment. Wrongful execution is a Miscarriage of justice occurring when an innocent person is put to death by Capital punishment, the "death penalty Capital punishment was last used in Australia in 1967, when Ronald Ryan was hanged in Victoria, he was the last Capital punishment in Brazil was last used in 1861 and has not been officially used since the proclamation of the Republic in 1889. The only method used in Canada for Capital punishment was Hanging. The People's Republic of China currently uses Capital punishment for many crimes from Tax evasion and Political corruption to The death penalty has been totally abolished in almost all European countries (47 out of 50 Capital punishment in France existed officially from the Middle Ages and was abolished in 1981 Capital punishment in Germany has been abolished The current Constitution of Germany ("Grundgesetz" as adopted in 1949, does not allow Capital Capital punishment in India is legal but rareDuring the late 1900's, about 40 people were executed In Italy, the first pre-unitarian state to abolish the Death penalty was the Grand Duchy of Tuscany as of November 30, 1786, under the reign Capital punishment in Iraq was commonly used by the government of Saddam Hussein. Capital punishment is legal in Japan, with the only crimes for which this is the statutory punishment being Homicide and Treason. Capital punishment in Malaysia applies to Murder, Drug trafficking, Treason, and waging war against Yang di-Pertuan Agong Capital punishment in New Zealand first appeared in a codified form when New Zealand became a British territory in 1840 and was first employed in in 1842 Capital punishment was legal in Pakistan since its inception till 2008 Capital punishment in the Philippines has a varied history and on June 24 2006, was abolished Both the legal and moral status of Capital punishment in Russia are currently controversial Capital punishment is a legal form of Punishment in Singapore. Capital punishment is a legal form of Punishment in the Republic of China ( Taiwan) Capital punishment of a Felon in the United States, in modern times is employed and in practice only in cases involving murder Methods of capital punishment Methods of execution used to carry out Capital punishment have varied over time and include Burning, especially Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal Execution by electrocution (usually referred to after its method of implementation as the Electric Chair) is an execution method originating in the United States in which the Execution by firing squad is a method of Capital punishment, particularly common in times of war A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced Execution by shooting is a form of Capital punishment whereby an executed person is shot by one or more Firearms It is the most common method of execution Methods of capital punishment Methods of execution used to carry out Capital punishment have varied over time and include Burning, especially The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death by suspension by the neck," although it formerly also referred to crucifixion. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from

The preferred past tense and past participle in English is hanged. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States ^[1]

For lack of a better term, hanging has also been used to describe a method of suicide in which a person applies a ligature to the neck and brings about unconsciousness and then death, by means of partial suspension or partial weight-bearing on the ligature. This method has been most often used in prisons or other institutions, where full suspension support is difficult to devise. The earliest known use in this sense was in A.D. 1300. ^[2]

Contents 1 Methods of judicial hanging 1.1 Short drop 1.2 Suspension hanging 1.3 Standard drop 1.4 Long drop 2 As suicide 3 Medical effects 4 Notable references by country (political) 4.1 Australia 4.2 Brazil 4.3 Bulgaria 4.4 Canada 4.5 Germany 4.6 Hungary 4.7 India 4.8 Iran 4.9 Iraq 4.10 Israel 4.11 Japan 4.12 Jordan 4.13 Malaysia 4.14 Pakistan 4.15 Russia 4.16 Singapore 4.17 United Kingdom 4.17.1 Silken rope 4.18 United States 5 Popular culture 6 References 7 See also 8 External links

Methods of judicial hanging

See also: Official Table of Drops

There are four ways of performing a judicial hanging — the short drop, suspension hanging, the standard drop, and the long drop. The Official Table of Drops, published by the British Home Office, is a manual used to calculate the correct length of rope for the long drop Hangings A mechanised form of hanging, the upright jerker, was also experimented with in the 19th century. The upright jerker was an Execution method and device intermittently used in the United States during the 19th and early 20th century

Short drop

The short drop is done by placing the condemned prisoner on the back of a cart, horse, or other vehicle, with the noose around the neck. The vehicle is then moved away, leaving the person dangling from the rope. The condemned prisoner dies of strangulation. Prior to 1850, it was the main method used. A ladder was also commonly used with the condemned being forced to ascend, after which the noose was tied and the ladder pulled away or turned, leaving the condemned hanging. A stool, which the condemned is required to stand on and is then kicked away, has also been used.

Suspension hanging

Suspension hanging is similar to the short drop, except the gallows themselves are movable, so that the noose can be raised once the condemned is in place. A gallows is a frame typically wooden used for execution by Hanging. A noose is a loop at the end of a rope in which the Knot slides to make the loop collapsible This method is currently used in Iran, where tank gun barrels or mobile cranes are used to hoist the condemned into the air. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Similar methods involve running the rope through a pulley to allow the raising of the person.

Standard drop

The standard drop, which arrived as calculated in English units, involves a drop of between four and six feet (1. 2 to 1. 8 m) and came into use in the mid-19th century, in English-speaking countries and those where judicial systems were under English influence. It was considered an advance on the short drop because it was intended to be sufficient to break the person's neck, causing immediate paralysis and immobilization (and probable immediate unconsciousness). This method was used to execute condemned Nazis after the Nuremberg Trials.

Long drop

This process, also known as the measured drop, was introduced in 1872 by William Marwood as a scientific advancement to the standard drop. Wfh_lincoln_castle_gravejpg|thumb|150px|The grave of William Frederick Horry the first person to be hanged by William Marwood Instead of everyone falling the same standard distance, the person's weight was used to determine how much slack would be provided in the rope so that the distance dropped would be enough to ensure that the neck was broken.

Prior to 1892, the drop was between four and ten feet (about one to three meters), depending on the weight of the body, and was calculated to deliver a force of 1,260 lbf (5,600 newtons or 572 kgf), which fractured the neck at either the 2nd and 3rd or 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae. This article deals with the unit of force For the unit of mass see Pound (mass. The newton (symbol N) is the SI derived unit of Force, named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on Classical The unit kilogram-force ( kgf, often incorrectly just kg) or kilopond ( kp) is defined as the Force exerted by Earth's gravity In Vertebrates cervical vertebrae (singular vertebra) are those vertebrae immediately behind (posterior to the Skull. However, this force resulted in some decapitations, such as the famous case of "Black Jack" Tom Ketchum in New Mexico in 1901. Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal Thomas Edward Ketchum ( October 31 1863 &ndash April 26 1901) also known as "Black Jack" was at first an ordinary Cowboy New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. Between 1892 and 1913, the length of the drop was shortened to avoid decapitation. After 1913, other factors were also taken into account, and the force delivered was reduced to about 1,000 lbf (4,400 N or 450 kgf). The decapitation of a female inmate during a botched hanging in 1930 led the state of Arizona to switch to the gas chamber as its primary execution method, on the grounds that it was believed more humane. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing consisting of a sealed chamber into which a Poisonous or Asphyxiant gas is introduced ^[3] One of the more recent decapitations as a result of the long drop occurred when Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti was hanged in Iraq in 2007. Barzan Ibrahim al-Hasan al-Tikriti ( February 17 1951 – January 15, 2007) (sometimes known as Barazan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Barasan Ibrahem

As suicide

Hanging is a common method of suicide. The materials necessary for suicide by hanging are easily available to the average person, compared with firearms or lethal poison. Full suspension is not required, and for this reason hanging is especially commonplace among suicidal prisoners. A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of A type of hanging comparable to full suspension hanging may be obtained by self-strangulation using a ligature of the neck and only partial weight of the body (partial suspension). This method is dependent on unconsciousness produced by arterial blood flow restriction while the breath is held.

In Canada, hanging is the most common method of suicide. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page ^[4], and in the U. S. , hanging is the second most common method after firearms. ^[5] In Great Britain, where firearms are less easily available, as of 2001 hanging was the most common method among men and the second-most commonplace among women (after poisoning). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. ^[6]

See also: List of people who died by hanging

Medical effects

A hanging may induce one or more of the following medical conditions:

• Close the carotid arteries causing cerebral ischemia
• Close the jugular veins
• Induce carotid reflex, which reduces heartbeat when the pressure in the carotid arteries is high, causing cardiac arrest
• Break the neck (cervical fracture) causing traumatic spinal cord injury
• Close the airway

The cause of death in hanging depends on the conditions related to the event. In Human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an Artery that supplies the head and neck with Oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the Brain ischemia (or cerebral ischemia) is an Ischemic condition where the Brain or parts of the brain do not receive enough Blood flow to maintain The jugular veins are Veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the Head back to the heart via the Superior vena cava. In Human anatomy, the carotid sinus is a localized dilation of the Internal carotid artery at its origin the Common carotid artery Bifurcation In Human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an Artery that supplies the head and neck with Oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the A cardiac arrest, also known as cardiorespiratory arrest, cardiopulmonary arrest or circulatory arrest, is the abrupt cessation of normal circulation of The neck is the part of the Body on many limbed Vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the Torso or trunk A cervical fracture is commonly called a broken neck. There are seven cervical vertebrae (neck bones in the human neck and the fracture of any can be catastrophic Spinal cord injury causes myelopathy or damage to white matter or myelinated fiber tracts that carry sensation and motor signals to and from the brain The airways are those parts of the Respiratory system through which air flows to get from the external environment to the Alveoli. When the body is released from a relatively high position, death is usually caused by severing the spinal cord between C1 and C2, which may be functional decapitation. High cervical fracture frequently occurs in judicial hangings, and in fact the C1-C2 fracture has been called the "hangman's fracture" in medicine, even when it occurs in other circumstances. A Hangman's fracture is the colloquial name given to a fracture of both pedicles or pars interarticularis of the axis vertebra ( C2) Usually, accidental C1-C2 fracture victims do not immediately become unconscious; instead death occurs after some minutes. Another process that has been suggested is carotid sinus reflex death. In Human anatomy, the carotid sinus is a localized dilation of the Internal carotid artery at its origin the Common carotid artery Bifurcation By this theory, the mechanical stimulation of the carotid sinus in the neck brings on terminal cardiac arrest.

In the absence of fracture and dislocation, occlusion of blood vessels becomes the major cause of death, rather than asphyxiation. Obstruction of venous drainage of the brain via occlusion of the internal jugular veins leads to cerebral edema and then cerebral ischemia. Cerebral edema (cerebral oedema in British English) is an excess accumulation of water in the intracellular and/or extracellular spaces of the Brain. Brain ischemia (or cerebral ischemia) is an Ischemic condition where the Brain or parts of the brain do not receive enough Blood flow to maintain The face will typically become engorged and cyanotic (turned blue through lack of oxygen). Cyanosis is a blue coloration of the Skin and mucous membranes due to the presence of deoxygenated Hemoglobin in Blood vessels near the skin surface There will be the classic sign of strangulation—petechiae—little blood marks on the face and in the eyes from burst blood capillaries. A petechia (pɨˈtiːkiə plural petechiae (pɨˈtiːkɪiː is a small (1-2mm red or purple spot on the body caused by a minor Hemorrhage (broken Capillary The tongue may protrude.

Compromise of the cerebral blood flow may occur by obstruction of the carotid arteries, even though their obstruction requires far more force than the obstruction of jugular veins, since they are seated deeper and they contain blood in much higher pressure compared to the jugular veins. Only 31 newtons (7 lbf or 3. 2 kgf) of force may be enough to constrict the carotid arteries to the point of rapid unconsciousness. Where death has occurred through carotid artery obstruction or cervical fracture, the face will typically be pale in color and not show petechiae. There exist many reports and pictures of actual short-drop hangings that seem to show that the person died quickly, while others indicate a slow and agonising death by strangulation. ^[7]

When cerebral circulation is severely compromised by any mechanism, arterial or venous, death occurs over four or more minutes from cerebral hypoxia, although the heart may continue to beat for some period after the brain can no longer be resuscitated. The time of death in such cases is a matter of convention. In judicial hangings, death is pronounced at cardiac arrest, which may occur at times from several minutes up to 15 minutes or longer after hanging. During suspension, once the prisoner has lapsed into unconsciousness, rippling movements of the body and limbs may occur for some time which are usually attributed to nervous and muscular reflexes. In Britain, it was normal to leave the body suspended for an hour to ensure death.

After death, the body typically shows marks of suspension: bruising and rope marks on the neck. Moreover, sphincters will relax spontaneously and urine and feces will be evacuated. Forensic experts may often be able to tell if hanging is suicide or homicide, as each leaves a distinctive ligature mark. One of the hints they use is the hyoid bone. The hyoid bone ( lingual bone) (Latin os hyoideum) is a Bone in the Neck, and is the only bone in the human skeleton not articulated to any If broken, it often means the person has been murdered by manual choking. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human person with Malice aforethought, as defined in Common Law countries Choking is the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the lungs Also, there have been cases of autoerotic asphyxiation leading to death. Erotic asphyxiation refers to intentionally cutting off oxygen to the brain for sexual arousal Children have accidentally died playing the choking game. The fainting game, also commonly known as the choking or the pass out game, is a loose term that covers dangerous activities designed to induce a partial or complete

Notable references by country (political)

Hanging has been a method of capital punishment in many countries. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment.

Australia

Main article: Capital punishment in Australia

Capital punishment was a part of the legal system of Australia from its early days as a penal colony for the British Empire, until 1985. Capital punishment was last used in Australia in 1967, when Ronald Ryan was hanged in Victoria, he was the last For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. During the 19th century, crimes that could carry a death sentence included burglary, sheep stealing, forgery, sexual assaults, murder and manslaughter. Forgery is the process of making adapting or imitating objects statistics or documents (see False document) with the intent to deceive. Sexual assault is any Assault of a sexual nature on another person Manslaughter is a legal term for the killing of a human being in a manner considered by law as less culpable than Murder. There is one reported case of someone being executed for "being illegally at large". During the 19th century, there were about 80 people hanged each year throughout Australia for these crimes.

Australia abolished the death penalty in all states by 1985. ^[8] The last man executed by hanging in Australia was Ronald Ryan on 3 February 1967, in Victoria. Ronald Joseph Ryan ( - 3 February 1967) was the last person to be legally executed in Australia. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. ^[9]

Brazil

Death by hanging was the customary method of capital punishment in Brazil throughout its history. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Some important national heroes like Tiradentes (1792) were killed by hanging. Joaquim José da Silva Xavier, known as Tiradentes ( August 16, 1746 &ndash- April 21, 1792) was a leading member of the Brazilian The last man executed in Brazil was the slave Francisco, in 1876. The death penalty was abolished for all crimes, except for those committed under extraordinary circumstances such as war or military law, in 1890. ^[10]

Bulgaria

Bulgaria's national hero, Vasil Levski, was executed by hanging by the Ottoman court in Sofia in 1873. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Vasil Levski (Васил Левски also transliterated as Vassil Levski) born Vasil Ivanov Kountchev (Васил Иванов Кунчев ( Karlovo The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality Every year since Bulgaria's liberation, thousands come with flowers on the date of his death, February 19, to his monument where the gallows stood. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum

The last execution was in 1989, and the death penalty was abolished for all crimes in 1998. ^[10]

Canada

Main article: Capital punishment in Canada

Historically, hanging was the only method of execution used in Canada and was in use as punishment for all murders until 1961, when murders were reclassified into capital and non-capital offenses. The only method used in Canada for Capital punishment was Hanging. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The death penalty was restricted to only apply for certain offenses to the National Defence Act in 1976 and was completely abolished in 1998. ^[11]

The last hangings in Canada took place on December 11, 1962. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[10]

Germany

Main article: Capital punishment in Germany

In the territories occupied by Nazi Germany from 1939 to 1945, strangulation hanging was a preferred means of public execution, although more criminal executions were performed by guillotine than hanging. Capital punishment in Germany has been abolished The current Constitution of Germany ("Grundgesetz" as adopted in 1949, does not allow Capital Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The most common sentenced were partisans and black marketeers, whose bodies were usually left hanging for long periods of time. A partisan is a member of an Irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation There are also numerous reports of concentration camp inmates being hanged. Hanging was continued in post-war Germany in the British and US Occupation Zones under their jurisdiction, and for Nazi war criminals, until well after (western) Germany itself had abolished the death penalty by the German constitution as adopted in 1949. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland is the Constitution of Germany. The German Democratic Republic did not abolish the death penalty until 1987. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state The last execution in West Germany was carried out by guillotine in Moabit prison 1949. The guillotine ( pronounced /ˈgijətin/ or /ˈgɪlətin/ in English in French was a device used for carrying out executions by Decapitation. The last known execution in East Germany was in 1982, but by a pistol shot to the neck. Date for the last known hanging is sought. ^[8]

Hungary

In a newspaper interview in 1957, Nikita Khrushchev commented regarding the failed late-1956 Hungarian revolution that "support by United States . Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 17 1894 – September 11 1971 served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964 following . . is rather in the nature of the support that the rope gives to a hanged man. ". ^[12] In keeping with the metaphor, the prime minister of Hungary during the 1956 revolution, Imre Nagy, was secretly tried, executed by hanging, and buried unceremoniously by the new Soviet-backed Hungarian government, in 1958. Imre Nagy ( June 7, 1896 – June 16 1958) was a Hungarian politician appointed Prime Minister of Hungary on two occasions A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. Nagy was later publicly rehabilitated by Hungary. ^[13].

Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1990. ^[8]

India

Main article: Capital punishment in India

Nathuram Godse, Mohandas Gandhi’s assassin, was executed by hanging in 1949. Capital punishment in India is legal but rareDuring the late 1900's, about 40 people were executed Nathuram Vinayak Godse (नथूराम विनायक गोडसे (May 19 1910 – November 15 1949 was the Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January

The modern Supreme Court of India has suggested that capital punishment should be given only in the "rarest of rare cases". The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of the land as established by Part V Chapter IV of the Constitution of India. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. ^[14]

A recent case of capital punishment by hanging is that of Dhananjoy Chatterjee, who was convicted of the 1990 murder and rape of a 14 year old girl in Kolkata in India. Dhananjoy Chatterjee ( August 14, 1965 in Kuludihi, West Bengal, India - August 14, 2004 at Alipore Central Jail India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The manner in which the crime was committed (the accused bludgeoned the victim with a blunt object and raped her as she was slowly dying) was considered brutal enough by the supreme court to warrant the death penalty. An appeal for clemency was made to the president of India but was turned down. Chatterjee was executed on August 14, 2004, in the first execution in India since 1995. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " ^[15]

Iran

Main article: Capital punishment in Iran

As one of several means of capital punishment in Iran, hangings are carried out by using an automotive telescoping crane to hoist the condemned aloft. Iran is home to the earliest known charter of Human rights — the Achaemenid dynasty established unprecedented principles of human rights in the 6th century Iran is home to the earliest known charter of Human rights — the Achaemenid dynasty established unprecedented principles of human rights in the 6th century A crane is a lifting machine equipped with a Winder, Wire ropes or Chains and sheaves that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to The death penalty is used for many offenses and is the only punishment for rape, murder and child molestation, with all hangings taking place in public.

On July 19, 2005, two boys, Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni, ages 15 and 17 respectively, who had been convicted of the rape of a 13-year-old boy, were publicly hanged at Edalat (Justice) Square in Mashhad, on charges of homosexuality and rape. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Mahmoud Asgari (16 year old ( and Ayaz Marhoni (18 year old ( were Iranian teenagers from the province of Khuzestan who were publicly Mashhad ( literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Iran and one of the holiest cities in the Shia Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. Rape, also referred to as Sexual assault, is an Assault by a person involving Sexual intercourse with or Sexual penetration of another person ^[16][17] On August 15, 2004, a 16-year-old girl, Atefeh Sahaaleh (a. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Atefah Rajabi Sahaaleh (عاطفه رجبی سهاله 1988&ndash August 15, 2004) was a 16-year-old schoolgirl from the town of k. a. Ateqeh Rajabi), was executed for having committed "acts incompatible with chastity". Chastity is Sexual behavior of a man or woman acceptable to the ethical norms and guidelines of a culture civilization or Religion. ^[18]

Iraq

Main article: Capital punishment in Iraq

See also: Execution of Saddam Hussein

Hanging was used under the regime of Saddam Hussein,^[19] but was suspended along with capital punishment in 2003 when the United States-led coalition invaded and overthrew the previous regime. Capital punishment in Iraq was commonly used by the government of Saddam Hussein. The execution of Saddam Hussein ' s death sentence occurred on December 30 2006. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The death penalty was reinstated in May 2005.

In September 2005, three murderers were the first people to be executed since the restoration. Then on March 9, 2006, an official of Iraq's Supreme Judicial Council confirmed that Iraqi authorities had executed the first insurgents by hanging. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution ^[20]

Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death by hanging for crimes against humanity^[21] on November 5, 2006, and was executed on December 30, 2006 at approximately 6:00 a. In Public international law, a crime against humanity is an act of Persecution or any large scale atrocities against a body of people and is the highest level of Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. m. local time. During the drop, there was an audible crack indicating that his neck was broken, a successful example of a long drop hanging. ^[22]

By contrast, Barzan Ibrahim, the head of the Mukhabarat, Saddam's security agency, and Awad Hamed al-Bandar, former chief judge, were executed on January 15, 2007, also by the long drop method, but Barzan was decapitated by the rope at the end of his fall indicating that the drop was too long. Barzan Ibrahim al-Hasan al-Tikriti ( February 17 1951 – January 15, 2007) (sometimes known as Barazan Ibrahim al-Tikriti and Barasan Ibrahem Awad Hamad al-Bandar (عواد حمد بندر السعدون aka Awad Hamad Bandar Alsa'doon ( January 2, 1945 - January 15, 2007) was an Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[23]

Also, former vice-president Taha Yassin Ramadan had been sentenced to life in prison on November 5, 2006, but the sentence was changed to death by hanging on February 12, 2007. Taha Yasin Ramadan al-Jizrawi ( February 22, 1938 – March 20, 2007) ( طه ياسين رمضان الجزراوي) was the Vice Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[24] He was the fourth and final man to be executed for the 1982 crimes against humanity on March 20, 2007. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. This time, the execution went smoothly and without obvious mistake or problem. ^[25]

At the Anfal genocide trial, Saddam's cousin Ali Hassan al-Majid (aka Chemical Ali), former defense minister Sultan Hashim Ahmed al-Tay, and former deputy Hussein Rashid Mohammed were sentenced to hang for their role in the Al-Anfal Campaign against the Kurds on June 24, 2007. Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti (علي حسن عبد المجيد التكريتي, born 1941 is a former Ba'athist Iraqi Defense Minister, sultan hashim ahmadjpg|thumb|240px|Sultan Hashim Ahmad Al-Jabburi Al-Tai]] Sultan Hashim Ahmad Al-Jabburi Al-Tai (سلطان هاشم was Minister of Defense under Saddam The al-Anfal Campaign (حملة الأنفال also known as Operation Anfal, was a genocidal campaign against Kurds led by the Iraqi regime Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[26]

Israel

Main article: Capital punishment in Israel

Although Israel has provisions in its criminal law to use the death penalty for extraordinary crimes, it has only been used twice, and only once by hanging. In Israel, Capital punishment is illegal in almost all circumstances For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. On June 1, 1962, Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was executed by hanging. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[10] (Before that, in 1948 Major Meir Tobianski was wrongfully charged with treason, court-martialed and shot. Meir Tobianski (מאיר טוביאנסקי also Tubianski ( May 20, 1904 - June 30, 1948) Major in the British army during the second Later he was exonerated). Exoneration occurs when a person who has been convicted of a Crime is later proved to have been innocent of that crime [1]

Japan

Main article: Capital punishment in Japan

On February 27, 2004, the mastermind of the Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, Shoko Asahara, was found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging. Capital punishment is legal in Japan, with the only crimes for which this is the statutory punishment being Homicide and Treason. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, usually referred to in the Japanese media as the, was an act of Domestic terrorism perpetrated by members of Aum is a founder of Japan 's controversial Buddhist religious group Aum Shinrikyo (now known as Aleph) and identified himself as and his children as in his On December 25, 2006, serial killer Hiroaki Hidaka and three others were hanged in Japan. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. was a Japanese Serial killer. Early life Hidaka was born in the Miyazaki Prefecture. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Hanging is the common method of execution in capital punishment cases in Japan, as in the cases of Kiyoshi Okubo, Norio Nagayama and Mamoru Takuma. was a Japanese Serial killer. Between March 31, 1971 and May 10, 1971, he Raped and Murdered eight women ages was a Japanese Serial killer and Novelist. Biography Nagayama was born in Abashiri, Hokkaidō and grew up in a broken home was a Japanese janitor who committed mass murder of 8 people and wounded 15 others in the 2001 Osaka school massacre.

Jordan

Death by hanging is the traditional method of capital punishment in Jordan. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern

Malaysia

Main article: Capital punishment in Malaysia

Hanging is the traditional way of capital punishment in Malaysia. Capital punishment in Malaysia applies to Murder, Drug trafficking, Treason, and waging war against Yang di-Pertuan Agong For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and

Pakistan

Main article: Capital punishment in Pakistan

More than 3,000 people are on the Pakistan's death row, where hanging is the most common form of execution. Capital punishment was legal in Pakistan since its inception till 2008 Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

Russia

Main article: Capital punishment in Russia

Similar to many other countries, the Russian Empire used the death penalty for a wide range of crimes. Both the legal and moral status of Capital punishment in Russia are currently controversial The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya

The death penalty was officially outlawed shortly after the revolution of 1917, but the government later permitted the use of the penalty for soldiers on the front. In the next several decades, the death penalty was alternatively permitted and prohibited, but during Stalin's reign, the death penalty was used in many cases. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The last persons to be sentenced to death by hanging were Andrey Vlasov and 11 other officers of his army on August 1, 1946. General Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov or Wlassow (Андрéй Андрéевич Влáсов &mdash August 2 1946 was a Russian former Soviet Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Numerous executions from that date forward were carried out by gunshot, which became the standard method of capital punishment in the Soviet Union.

In the Russian Federation the death penalty is still technically allowed but is currently under a moratorium. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Singapore

Main article: Capital punishment in Singapore

In Singapore, mandatory hanging using the long-drop method is currently used as punishment for various crimes, such as drug trafficking, kidnapping and unauthorized possession of firearms. Capital punishment is a legal form of Punishment in Singapore. Singapore The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs In Criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or Asportation of a person against the person's will usually to hold the person in False imprisonment ^[27]

A 25-year old Vietnamese-Australian, Nguyen Tuong Van, was hanged on December 2, 2005, after being convicted of drug trafficking in 2002. Van Tuong Nguyen ( Vietnamese: Nguyễn Tường Vân, baptised Caleb) ( 17 August 1980 – 2 December Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Numerous efforts from both the Australian government, Queen's Counsels and petitions from organizations such as Amnesty International failed to persuade Singapore to rescind its decision. Queen's Counsel ( postnominal QC) &ndash known as King's Counsel ( KC) during the reign of a male sovereign  &ndash are Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to

A 24-year old Malaysian, Took Leng How, was hanged on November 2, 2006, after being convicted of the murder of Huang Na in 2004. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Took Leng How ( December 16, 1981 - November 3, 2006) ( Chinese: 卓良豪 or 杜龍豪 Pinyin: Dù Lóngháo Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Huang Na ( 25 September 1996 &ndash 10 October 2004) was a Chinese national who was

Iwuchukwu Amara Tochi, a Nigerian national was sentenced to death in Singapore for drug trafficking. Iwuchukwu Amara Tochi ( 1985 or 1986 – January 26, 2007) was a Nigerian national convicted of drug trafficking in Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs He was hanged on January 26, 2007. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.

United Kingdom

Main article: Capital punishment in the United Kingdom

As a form of judicial execution in England, hanging is thought to date from the Saxon period, approximately around 400. Pisanello (c 1395 &ndash probably 1455 known professionally as Antonio di Puccio Pisano or Antonio di Puccio da Cereto, also erroneously called Vittore In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Records of the names of British hangmen begin with Thomas de Warblynton in the 1360s; complete records extend from the 1500s to the last hangmen, Robert Leslie Stewart and Harry Allen, who conducted the last British executions in 1964. For other meanings of the term see Executioner (disambiguation. Robert Leslie Stewart (April 1918 - November 1989 from Edinburgh, Scotland, was one of the last Executioners in the United Kingdom, officiating Harry Bernard Allen ( 5 November 1911 - 14 August 1992) was one of Britain's last executioners officiating between 1941 and 1964

In 1965, Parliament passed the "Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act" abolishing capital punishment for murder. And with the passage of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 the death penalty was officially abolished for all crimes in both civilian and military cases. The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament. Following its complete abolition, the gallows were removed from Wandsworth prison, where they remained in full working order until that year.

The last woman to be hanged was Ruth Ellis on July 13, 1955 by Albert Pierrepoint who was a prominent hangman in the 20th century in England. Ruth Ellis ( October 9 1927 — July 13 1955) was a British Murderess who was the last woman to receive the Death penalty Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Albert Pierrepoint (30 March 1905 &ndash 10 July 1992 is the most famous member of a family from Yorkshire who provided three of the United Kingdom 's official The last hanging in Great Britain happened in 1964, when Peter Anthony Allen, at Walton Prison in Liverpool, and Gwynne Owen Evans, at Strangeways Prison in Manchester were executed for the murder of John Alan West. Peter Anthony Allen ( 4 April 1943 &ndash 13 August 1964) was one of the two last people in the United Kingdom to be executed Liverpool ( is a City and Metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary Gwynne Owen Evans ( 1 April 1940 &ndash 13 August 1964) (real name John Robson Walby or Welaby was 24 years old when he and his accomplice HM Prison Manchester is a Prison located in the city of Manchester, England, also known (now unofficially since it was renamed in the 1990s John Alan West (born 1911 died 7 April 1964) was a 53 year-old laundry van driver of Workington, Cumberland, England, murdered by

Silken rope

In the UK, some felons have traditionally been executed by hanging with a silken rope:

• poachers who killed the "King's royal deer," as in the Child ballad Geordie (ballad). Poaching is the illegal Hunting, Fishing or Harvesting of wild plants or animals The Child Ballads are a collection of 305 Ballads from England and Scotland, and their American variants collected by Francis James Child "Geordie" is Child ballad 209 existing in many variants
• hereditary peers who committed capital offences^[28], as anticipated by the fictional Duke of Denver, brother of Lord Peter Wimsey. Hereditary peers form part of the Peerage in the United Kingdom. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. The fictitious title of Duke of Denver was created by Dorothy Sayers for the elder brother of Lord Peter Wimsey. Lord Peter Death Bredon Wimsey, a Fictional character, is a bon vivant sleuth in a series of detective novels and short stories by Dorothy The Duke was accused of murder in the novel Clouds of Witness, and if convicted, this execution would have been his fate, after conviction by his peers in a trial in the House of Lords. Clouds of Witness is a 1926 novel by Dorothy L Sayers, the second in her series featuring Lord Peter Wimsey. The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" However, it has been claimed that the execution of Earl Ferrers in 1760 - the only time a peer was hanged after trial by the House of Lords - was carried out with the normal hempen rope instead of a silk one. Laurence Shirley 4th Earl Ferrers ( August 18, 1720 &ndash May 5, 1760) was the last member of the House of Lords Hanged The House of Lords is the second house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is also commonly referred to as "the Lords" The writ of execution does not specify a silk rope be used,^[29] and the Newgate Calendar makes no mention of the use of such an item^[30] - an unusual omission given its highly sensationalist nature. The Newgate Calendar, subtitled The Malefactors' Bloody Register, was a popular work of Improving literature in the 18th and 19th centuries
• Those who have Freedom of the City of London^[31]

United States

Main article: Capital punishment in the United States

The two largest mass executions in the U. Freedom of the City is an honour bestowed by some municipalities in Australia, Canada, Ireland, France, Italy, New Zealand Capital punishment of a Felon in the United States, in modern times is employed and in practice only in cases involving murder S. , of 38 and 13 men at the same time, respectively, were carried out by hanging.

At present, capital punishment varies from state to state; it is outlawed in some states but commonly used in others. However, the death penalty under federal law is applicable in every state. Other forms of capital punishment have largely been replaced by lethal injection in the U. S. , where the condemned may choose this as an option. Only lethal injection is used at the federal level and only the states of Washington and New Hampshire still retain hanging as an option. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America.

Laws in Delaware were changed in 1996 to specify lethal injection, except for those convicted prior to 1996, who were allowed to choose hanging. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. If a choice was not made, or the convict refused to choose injection, then hanging was the default method. This was the case in the 1996 execution of Billy Bailey, the most recent hanging in American history. Billy Bailey (1947? - January 25, 1996) was a convicted Murderer Hanged in Delaware in 1996 Since the hanging of Bailey, no Delaware prisoner has fit into this category, thus the practice has ended there de facto, and the gallows have been dismantled.

In New Hampshire, if it is found to be 'impractical' to carry out the execution by lethal injection, then the condemned will be hanged, and in Washington the condemned still have an outright choice between hanging and lethal injection. Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. ^[32]

Clinton Duffy, who served as Warden of San Quentin Prison in California, presided over ninety executions. He began to oppose the death penalty and after his retirement he wrote a memoir entitled Eighty-eight Men and Two Women in support of the crusade to abolish the death penalty. The book documents several hangings gone wrong and describes how they led his predecessor, Warden James B. Holohan, to persuade the California Legislature to replace hanging with the gas chamber. ^[33]

Popular culture

• The word game hangman uses a stick-figure drawing of a hanged person as a method of keeping score; when the figure is complete, the player has lost. Hangman is a paper and pencil Guessing game for two or more players
• In some films (for example, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Shanghai Noon and Back to the Future Part III), victims are often saved by their accomplices who shoot the rope with a gun just in time. The Good the Bad and the Ugly ( Il Buono il Brutto il Cattivo) is a 1966 Italian epic Spaghetti western film directed Shanghai Noon is a 2000 action - adventure - comedy - Western film starring Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson Back to the Future Part III is the third installment of the ''Back to the Future'' trilogy. The television show MythBusters asserted that this was not possible, and that it took several well-placed shots to break the rope. MythBusters is a Popular science Television program produced by Australian firm Beyond Television Productions originally for the In the first Pirates of the Caribbean movie, The Curse of the Black Pearl, Will Turner, a blacksmith apprentice, saves Captain Jack Sparrow by throwing a sword in a spear-like manner, just in time to provide Jack a "platform" to stand on, just after the trap is released.
• The mandrake plant often has bifurcated roots, which (as in the case of ginseng), has historically caused it to be identified with the human body and figure. Ginseng refers to species within Panax, a genus of 11 species of slow-growing Perennial plants with fleshy roots in the family Araliaceae. It was a common belief in some countries that a mandrake plant would grow in the shadow of a gallows, where the semen of a hanged man dripped on to the earth; this would appear to be the reason for the methods employed by the alchemists who "projected human seed into animal earth". In Germany, the plant is known as the Alraune: the novel (later adapted as a film) Alraune by Hanns Heinz Ewers is based around a soulless woman conceived from a hanged man's semen, the title referring to this myth of the Mandrake's origins. Alraune (German for Mandrake) is a novel by German novelist Hanns Heinz Ewers published in 1911 Hanns Heinz Ewers ( November 3, 1871, Düsseldorf - June 12, 1943, Berlin) was a German Actor,

References

See also

• Autoerotic asphyxiation
• Capital punishment
• Death erection
• Executioner
• Gallows
• Hangman (game)
• Hand of Glory
• Hanging Judge
• Hangman's knot
• Jack Ketch
• List of notable people who died by hanging
• List of suicides
• Lynching
• Official Table of Drops
• Dule Tree

External links

• Hanging injuries and strangulation
• A Case Of Strangulation Fabricated As Hanging
• Obliquity vs. Discontinuity of ligature mark in diagnosis of hanging - a comparative study
• Homicidal Hanging - Case Report (Bias In Premise Of Hanging)
• Post-mortem Lividity on Soles: A Case of Partial Hanging
• Suicide among teenagers and young adults in the Transkei. Case reports

Erotic asphyxiation refers to intentionally cutting off oxygen to the brain for sexual arousal Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. A death erection or terminal erection is a post-mortem Erection, technically a Priapism, observed in the corpses of human males who have been executed For other meanings of the term see Executioner (disambiguation. A gallows is a frame typically wooden used for execution by Hanging. Hangman is a paper and pencil Guessing game for two or more players The Hand of Glory is the dried and pickled hand of a man who has been hanged, often specified as being the left (Latin sinister hand or else if the man were hanged " Hanging judge " is an unofficial term for a Judge who has gained renown for handing out sentences of death by Hanging or perhaps other harsh sentences Hangman's Knot is a 1952 western movie written and directed by Roy Huggins. John (Jack Ketch (died 1686 was an English Executioner employed by King Charles II. This is a list of people who died as a result of Hanging. Death as a result of Suicide Stuart Adamson, former lead See also List of famous deaths by accidental drug overdose, Lists of people by cause of death, The following are lists of notable people who intentionally terminated Lynching is an Extrajudicial punishment meted out by a mob Lynching an enumerated Felony in some states in the United States, is defined by some The Official Table of Drops, published by the British Home Office, is a manual used to calculate the correct length of rope for the long drop Hangings Dule or Dool trees in Britain were used as Gallows for public hangings

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