| Sixteen Kingdoms. The Sixteen Kingdoms ( or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China proper and its neighboring areas |
|---|
| 16 Kingdoms |
| Cheng Han |
| Han Zhao |
| Later Zhao |
| Former Liang |
| Later Liang |
| Western Liang |
| Northern Liang |
| Southern Liang |
| Former Qin |
| Later Qin |
| Western Qin |
| Former Yan |
| Later Yan |
| Northern Yan |
| Southern Yan |
| Xia |
| Not included in the 16 Kingdoms |
| Ran Wei |
| Western Shu |
| Western Yan |
| Duan |
| Yuwen |
| Chouchi |
| Wei (Dingling) |
| Dai |
| Huan Chu |
The Han Zhao (simplified Chinese: 汉赵; traditional Chinese: 漢趙; pinyin: Hànzhào; 304-329) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420). The Cheng Han ( 303 or 304 - 347) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420 in China The Later Zhao ( 319 - 351) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420 in China. The Former Liang ( 320 – 376) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin dynasty (265–420 in China. The Later Liang ( 386 - 403) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420 in China. This article refers to the Han-founded kingdom in what is now Gansu, whose sovereigns were ancestors of the eventual Tang Dynasty emperors The Northern Liang ( 397 - 439) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. The Southern Liang ( 397 - 414) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420 in China. The Former Qin ( 351 - 394) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. The Later Qin ( 384 - 417) was a State of Qiang ethnicity of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420 The Western Qin ( 385 - 400, 409 - 431) was a State of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms The Former Yan ( 337 - 370) was a State of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. The Later Yan ( 383 - 407 or 409) was a Murong - Xianbei state locate in north-east of current China during the era of Sixteen The Northern Yan ( 407 or 409 - 436) was a State of Han Chinese during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. The Southern Yan ( 398 - 410) was a State of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. Tiefu ( was a pre- State Xiongnu Tribe during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. Family background Ran Min's father Ran Liang (冉良 who later changed his name to Ran Zhan (冉瞻 was ethnically Han and from Wei Commandery (魏郡 roughly modern Qiao Zong ( d 413 was a Han Chinese military leader in present-day Sichuan province in China during the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Western Yan ( 384 - 394) was a State of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. The Duan ( was a pre-state Tribe of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. The Yuwen ( is a Chinese compound surname first originated from the a pre-state Clan of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms Chouchi ( Chinese: 仇池 Pinyin: Chóuchí) is a Chinese local regime of the Di ethnicity in modern-day Gansu Province during the Sixteen Wei ( was a state of Dingling ethnicity that existed during China 's Sixteen Kingdoms period -- specifically from 388 to 392. Dai ( was a state of the Xianbei clan of Tuoba, during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. Huan Xuan (桓玄 (369-404 Courtesy name Jingdao (敬道 nickname Lingbao (靈寶 formally Emperor Wudao of Chu (楚武悼帝 was Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Events By Place Roman Empire The Roman colony of Konstanz is founded Events By Place Asia The Han Zhao state ends By Topic Religion Roman restrictions A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. The Sixteen Kingdoms ( or less commonly the Sixteen States, were a collection of numerous short-lived sovereign states in China proper and its neighboring areas The Jìn Dynasty ( 265 – 420) one of the Six Dynasties, followed the Three Kingdoms period and preceded the Southern and Northern Dynasties It represented two state titles, the Han state (漢, pinyin Hàn) proclaimed in 304 by Liu Yuan and the Former Zhao state (前趙, pinyin Qiánzhào) in 319 by Liu Yao. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Events By Place Roman Empire The Roman colony of Konstanz is founded Family background Liu Yuan was a member of Xiongnu nobility as a descendant of Chanyus of the Luanti (欒提 royal clan who along with their people had long Events By Place Roman Empire Constantine prohibits the separation of the families of slaves during a change in ownership Early life Liu Yao's father Liu Lü (劉綠 died early and he was raised by Liu Lü's cousin Liu Yuan. (The reason it was referred to as Former Zhao was that when its powerful general Shi Le broke away and formed his own state in 319, he named it Zhao as well, and so Shi Le's state was referred to as Later Zhao. Early life Shi Le was born in 274 -- but was not named Shi Le and certainly not with the family name Shi as it appeared that the Jie did not use family names at the time Events By Place Roman Empire Constantine prohibits the separation of the families of slaves during a change in ownership The Later Zhao ( 319 - 351) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420 in China. ) Since they were both ruled by the partially sinicized Xiongnu Liu family, scholars with Chinese backgrounds often combined them into a single Han Zhao state. Sinicization, Sinicisation or Sinification, (in Mandarin: 中国化 Zhōngguóhuà) is the linguistic assimilation or The Xiongnu ( Turkish: Doğu Hun were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes Liu is a common Chinese family name. The Transliteration Liu can represent several different surnames written in different Chinese characters Numerous western texts referred to the two states separately; others referred to the Han state as the Northern Han (北漢), a nomenclature in diminishing use as the term now referring to the Northern Han in the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. This article is about the Northern Han in the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ( 907-960 was an era of political upheaval in China, beginning in the Tang Dynasty and ending in the Song Dynasty. However, the reference to them as separate should be considered clearly erroneous, given that when Liu Yao changed the name of the state from Han to Zhao in 319, he treated the state as having been continuous from the time that Liu Yuan founded it in 304; instead, he was discontinuing the connection to Han Dynasty and reclaiming ancestry from the great Xiongnu chanyu Maodun. Early life Liu Yao's father Liu Lü (劉綠 died early and he was raised by Liu Lü's cousin Liu Yuan. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Shanyu ( Archaic Chinese: dar wa, transliterated Chanyu, the pronunciation in modern Mandarin it is also sometimes transliterated Shanyu supposedly because the Modun Shanyu (Chinese 冒頓單于 Baatur Bator Baghadur Bahadır(in modern Turkish Bahadır (born 234 BC) was the founder of the Asian Hun Empire (
All rulers of the Han Zhao declared themselves "emperors". Han Zhao rulers were all generally intelligent and articulate, but lacked self-control and showing excessive cruelty on the battle field. Particularly typical of this pattern of behavior was Liu Cong (Emperor Zhaowu), who was clearly able to discern good strategical plans from bad, but indulged himself in wine and women, and his patterns of erratic behavior often resulted in deaths of honest officials. See also Liu Cong (刘琮 son of Liu Biao Early career Liu Cong was Liu Yuan's fourth son by his concubine Consort Han Zhao was therefore a state that never fully realized its potential -- it had the right mix of talent among its officials, and its armies were powerful when properly used, but it would never complete the conquests that its emperors envisioned, and eventually fell to its formal general Shi Le.
Although chronologically the Han Zhao was not the first of the Sixteen kingdoms, its armies sacked the Jin dynastic capitals of Luoyang in 311 and Chang'an in 316. Luoyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in western Henan province, People's Republic of China. Events By Place Roman Empire May 5 — Galerius issues his Edict of Toleration ending Persecution of Christians Chang'an ( is an ancient Capital of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. Events By Place Roman Empire Constantine I issues an edict prohibiting the punishment of slaves by crucifixion and facial branding Emperor Huai and Emperor Min of the Jin were captured, humiliated and executed. As Prince of Yuzhang and crown prince Sima Chi was one of the youngest sons of Emperor Wu, the founding emperor of Jin by his Concubine Consort Wang Prior to becoming emperor Sima Ye was a son of Sima Yan (司馬晏 the Prince of Wu a son of Jin's founding emperor Emperor Wu. Remnants of the Jin court fled to Jiankang, located eastward of Luoyang and Chang'an, and founded the so-called Eastern Jin Dynasty, under the Sima Rui the Prince of Langye, who later became Emperor Yuan. Jiankang (建康城 in Pinyin: Jiànkāng chéng formerly known as Jianye (建業 Jiànyè until Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 – 420 was an ancient city in Early career Sima Rui was born in 276 in the then-Jin capital Luoyang, as the son of Sima Jin (司馬覲 the Prince of Langye and his wife Princess Xiahou Wenji (夏侯文姬 In 318, Liu Can and the ruling family resided at Pingyang were toppled and executed by the coup d'etat of Jin Zhun who was in turn eliminated by Shi Le and Liu Yao, who, as an imperial prince, claimed the throne and changed the name of the state to Zhao. Events By Place Asia The Former Zhao state is proclaimed China loses its territories to the north of Yang-tsé-kiang As Prince of He'nei and then Prince of Jin Liu Can was Liu Cong 's son by his first wife Empress Huyan, but was not created Crown prince when Liu Jin Zhun (靳準 (d 318 was an official of the Chinese / Xiongnu state Han Zhao, who in 318 staged a coup against the Han Zhao emperor and his son-in-law Early life Shi Le was born in 274 -- but was not named Shi Le and certainly not with the family name Shi as it appeared that the Jie did not use family names at the time Han Zhao lasted until 329 when Shi Le defeated Liu Yao at the river Luo. Events By Place Asia The Han Zhao state ends By Topic Religion Roman restrictions Liu Yao was captured and executed; his sons succumbed to the follow-up military advancement.
The Condition of the Xiongnu in Northern China and their uprising
By the 280s, a huge number (approximately 400,000) of Xiongnu herdsmen resided in the Ordos Desert and the Bing province, a political division including modern-day areas of the whole Shanxi province, southwestern part of Inner Mongolia and eastern part of Shaanxi province, after Cao Cao moved them there and split them into "five departments" (五部, pinyin Wǔbù) These Xiongnu seemed to substantially change from the nomadic lifestyles of the steppes to stockbreeding and to some extent, agriculture. Events and Trends Around 285 Saint Anthony retired to a hermits life in the Egyptian desert The Xiongnu ( Turkish: Doğu Hun were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes The Ordos Desert ( is a Desert and Steppe region lying on a Plateau in the south of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of the People's ( Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol ( Postal map spelling: Shensi) is a north-central province of the People's Republic of China, and includes portions of the Loess Cáo Cāo ( 曹[[wikt 操|操]] 155 &ndash March 15, 220) was a regional Warlord and the penultimate Chancellor of the
Sinicization was evident, especially among the elite; Liu Yuan, the hereditary chieftain of the "Left Department" (左部, pinyin Zuǒbù) was educated at Luoyang, capital of the Jin Dynasty, and proficient in Chinese literature, history, military strategies and tactics - expertise of a perfect person in the classical sense. Sinicization, Sinicisation or Sinification, (in Mandarin: 中国化 Zhōngguóhuà) is the linguistic assimilation or Family background Liu Yuan was a member of Xiongnu nobility as a descendant of Chanyus of the Luanti (欒提 royal clan who along with their people had long Luoyang ( is a Prefecture-level city in western Henan province, People's Republic of China. Speculations had recounted that Liu Yuan was once considered the commander of the Jin forces in the conquest of the Kingdom of Wu; consideration was later dropped due to his Xiongnu ethnicity. Eastern Wu ( Chinese: 東吳 Pinyin: Dōng Wú also known as Sun Wu ( Traditional Chinese: 孫吳 pinyin Sūn Wú refers to a
Nonetheless, among the Xiongnu elite and herdsmen, including Liu Yuan himself, a keen sense of separate identity from the Chinese was retained. Most herdsmen still kept their horseback raiding and combat skills. Discontent against the Jin dynastic rule and of their subordinate position prompted them to seek an independent or self-governing Xiongnu entity. As one of the elite adequately put it, "since the fall of Han [Dynasty], [Kingdom of] Wei and Jin [Dynasty] have risen one after the other. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Cao Wei ( was one of the empires that competed for control of China during the Three Kingdoms period Although our [Xiongnu] king (Shanyu) had been given a nominal hereditary title, he no longer has a single foothold of sovereign territory. Shanyu ( Archaic Chinese: dar wa, transliterated Chanyu, the pronunciation in modern Mandarin it is also sometimes transliterated Shanyu supposedly because the "
Developments in the War of the Eight Princes (also known as the Rebellion of the Eight Kings) finally favored the Xiongnu. The War of the Eight Princes or Rebellion of the Eight Kings or Rebellion of the Eight Princes ( was a civil war for power among princes or kings ( The War of the Eight Princes or Rebellion of the Eight Kings or Rebellion of the Eight Princes ( was a civil war for power among princes or kings ( Liu Yuan took advantage of a commission from the desperate Prince of Chengdu (Sima Ying), who was just being driven out of his base at Ye (near modern-day Linzhang County ch. Sima Ying (司馬穎 (279-306 Courtesy name Zhangdu (章度 was a Jin Dynasty (265-420 imperial prince who served briefly as his brother 临漳县, Hebei province) to gather 50,000 Xiongnu warriors. ( Postal map spelling: Hopeh) is a northern province of the People's Republic of China. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Liu Yuan then proceeded to proclaim himself the "King of Han," the same title used centuries ago by Liu Bang (later Emperor Gao of Han and the founder of Han Dynasty) - a deliberate adoption of the long fallen Han Dynasty based on the earlier intermarriages of Xiongnu shanyu and Han princesses to render the Jin and Wei usurpers. Early life Liú Bāng was born into a lower class farming family in Pei (present Pei County in Jiangsu Province) The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Liu fully wished that such legitimist stance would earn him substantial support from the Chinese elite. His motives also explained the extent of his adoption of the ideology and political practices from the same elite.
Nevertheless such proclamation was to remain titular - his war effort would eventually outdo his legitimist plan. His Han state attracted the support of some chieftains of other non-Chinese Xianbei and Di and certain bandit forces including those of an ex-slave Shi Le of the Jie ethnicity. The Xianbei ( were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan. The Di (氐 were an Ethnic group in China. They lived in areas of present-day provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and Shaanxi As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Early life Shi Le was born in 274 -- but was not named Shi Le and certainly not with the family name Shi as it appeared that the Jie did not use family names at the time The Jie ( were members of a small tribe in the Xiongnu Confederation in the 4th and 5th centuries CE. However the neighboring Tuoba tribe, the powerful Xianbei nomads in modern-day Inner Mongolia and northern parts of Shanxi province, intruded into the Xiongnu residence of the Han State under their chieftain Tuoba Yilu (拓拔猗盧, pinyin Tuòbá Yīlú). Tuoba (拓拔 Pinyin Tuòbá or T'o-pa in Wade-Giles was a Clan of the Xianbei people in the early centuries of the 1st millennium Tuoba Yilu (拓跋猗盧 Pinyin: Tuòbá Yīlú (?-316 was the chieftain of the western Tuoba territory from 295-307 supreme chieftain of the Tuoba from 307-316 A powerful Xiongnu state would dash Tuoba's hope of migrating into the region.
On one hand the Tuoba would hence assist the Jin governor of the Bing region to launch counteroffensive against the Han state. The article is about the geographic sense of the term For other uses including Regions and Regional, see Region (disambiguation. On the other hand Xiongnu cavalry, successful in plundering the countryside, failed to capture the fortified Jinyang (modern-day Taiyuan city, the provincial capital of the Shanxi province), the provincial capital of the Bing region even though the former governor Sima Teng had fled to the North China Plain and left a mess. Taiyuan ( lit "Great Plains" is a Prefecture-level city and the capital of Shanxi province China. ( Postal map spelling: Shansi) is a province in the northern part of the People's Republic of China. The North China Plain ( is based on the deposits of the Huang He (Yellow River and is the largest Alluvial plain of eastern Asia. Liu Kun, the new governor, reorganized the defense and exploited the feud between the Han and the Tuoba to his advantage. His biography is in Jinshu 62. The Book of Jin ( is one of the official Chinese historical works Allegiance between the Jin court and the Tuoba was sealed - five prefectures were rewarded in 310 to Tuoba Yilu, who was also made the Prince of Dai. For subsequent types of praefectura, see Prefect. Prefecture (from the Latin Praefectura) indicates the office Events By Place Roman Empire While Constantine is campaigning against the Bructeri, Maximian attempts to make himself Dai ( was a state of the Xianbei clan of Tuoba, during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. The areas around Jinyang would remain in Jin hands until the death of Tuoba Yilu in 316 when Jinyang was captured after a disastrous counteroffensive. Events By Place Roman Empire Constantine I issues an edict prohibiting the punishment of slaves by crucifixion and facial branding Liu Kun fled but was later murdered by a Xianbei chieftain Duan Pidi.
By 309, The Xiongnu armies defeated the Jin armies on the field and pushed all the way up to the gates of Luoyang. For the car known as the 309 see Peugeot 309. Events By Place Roman Empire The Spanish provinces revolt from the
Rulers of the Han Zhao
| Temple names | Posthumous names | Family names and given name | Duration of reigns | Era names and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese convention: use family and given names | ||||
| Han 304-319 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gaō zǔ) | Guangwen, ch. 光文, pinyin guāng wén | Liu Yuan, ch. 劉淵, pinyin liú yuān | 304-310 | Yuanxi (元熙 yuán xī) 304-308 |
| None | None | Liu He, ch. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death Chinese family name is one of the hundreds or thousands of Family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Events By Place Roman Empire The Roman colony of Konstanz is founded Events By Place Roman Empire Constantine prohibits the separation of the families of slaves during a change in ownership A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Family background Liu Yuan was a member of Xiongnu nobility as a descendant of Chanyus of the Luanti (欒提 royal clan who along with their people had long A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Events By Place Roman Empire The Roman colony of Konstanz is founded Events By Place Roman Empire While Constantine is campaigning against the Bructeri, Maximian attempts to make himself Events By Place Roman Empire The Roman colony of Konstanz is founded Events By Place Roman Empire November 11 — The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire the Events By Place Roman Empire November 11 — The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire the For the car known as the 309 see Peugeot 309. Events By Place Roman Empire The Spanish provinces revolt from the For the car known as the 309 see Peugeot 309. Events By Place Roman Empire The Spanish provinces revolt from the Events By Place Roman Empire While Constantine is campaigning against the Bructeri, Maximian attempts to make himself Biography Liu He was the founding emperor Liu Yuan (Emperor Guangwen's son likely oldest son by his first wife Empress Huyan. 劉和 py. liú hé | 7 days in 310 | None |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 liè zōng) | Zhaowu, ch. Events By Place Roman Empire While Constantine is campaigning against the Bructeri, Maximian attempts to make himself 昭武, py. zhāo wǔ | Liu Cong, ch. See also Liu Cong (刘琮 son of Liu Biao Early career Liu Cong was Liu Yuan's fourth son by his concubine Consort 劉聰 py. liú cōng | 310-318 | Guangxing (光興 guāng xīng) 310-311 |
| None | Yin, ch. Events By Place Roman Empire While Constantine is campaigning against the Bructeri, Maximian attempts to make himself Events By Place Asia The Former Zhao state is proclaimed China loses its territories to the north of Yang-tsé-kiang Events By Place Roman Empire While Constantine is campaigning against the Bructeri, Maximian attempts to make himself Events By Place Roman Empire May 5 — Galerius issues his Edict of Toleration ending Persecution of Christians Events By Place Roman Empire May 5 — Galerius issues his Edict of Toleration ending Persecution of Christians Events By Place Roman Empire Constantine and Licinius battle the Sarmates, the Goths and the Carpians Events By Place Roman Empire Constantine and Licinius battle the Sarmates, the Goths and the Carpians Events By Place Roman Empire Constantine I issues an edict prohibiting the punishment of slaves by crucifixion and facial branding Events By Place Roman Empire Constantine I issues an edict prohibiting the punishment of slaves by crucifixion and facial branding Events By Place Asia The Former Zhao state is proclaimed China loses its territories to the north of Yang-tsé-kiang 隱 py. yǐn | Liu Can, ch. As Prince of He'nei and then Prince of Jin Liu Can was Liu Cong 's son by his first wife Empress Huyan, but was not created Crown prince when Liu 劉粲 py. liú càn | a month and days in 318 | Hanchang (漢昌 hàn chāng) 318 |
| Former Zhao 319-329 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hòu zhǔ) | Liu Yao ch. Events By Place Asia The Former Zhao state is proclaimed China loses its territories to the north of Yang-tsé-kiang Events By Place Asia The Former Zhao state is proclaimed China loses its territories to the north of Yang-tsé-kiang Events By Place Roman Empire Constantine prohibits the separation of the families of slaves during a change in ownership Events By Place Asia The Han Zhao state ends By Topic Religion Roman restrictions Early life Liu Yao's father Liu Lü (劉綠 died early and he was raised by Liu Lü's cousin Liu Yuan. Liu Yao 劉曜 py. liú yaò | 318-329 | Guangchu (光初 guāng chū) 318-329 |
| None | None | Liu Xi ch. Events By Place Asia The Former Zhao state is proclaimed China loses its territories to the north of Yang-tsé-kiang Events By Place Asia The Han Zhao state ends By Topic Religion Roman restrictions Events By Place Asia The Former Zhao state is proclaimed China loses its territories to the north of Yang-tsé-kiang Events By Place Asia The Han Zhao state ends By Topic Religion Roman restrictions Liu Xi (劉熙 (d 329 Courtesy name Yiguang (義光 was the Crown prince and a son of Liu Yao, the final emperor of the Chinese Liu Xi 劉熙; py. liú xī; | 329 | None |
Note: Liu Xi was Liu Yao's crown prince who was thrusted into the leadership role when Liu Yao was captured by Later Zhao's emperor Shi Le, but he never took the imperial title. Events By Place Asia The Han Zhao state ends By Topic Religion Roman restrictions Crown Princess redirects here for the ship see Crown Princess (ship. The Later Zhao ( 319 - 351) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty (265-420 in China. Early life Shi Le was born in 274 -- but was not named Shi Le and certainly not with the family name Shi as it appeared that the Jie did not use family names at the time
See also
The Xiongnu ( Turkish: Doğu Hun were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes Sinicization, Sinicisation or Sinification, (in Mandarin: 中国化 Zhōngguóhuà) is the linguistic assimilation orDapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic