| Hamstring | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Back of left lower extremity. | |
| Interior muscular view of the three muscles that make up the hamstring | |
| Gray's | subject #128 478 |
| Origin | tuberosity of the ischium, linea aspera |
| Insertion | tibia, fibula |
| Artery: | inferior gluteal artery, profunda femoris artery |
| Nerve: | sciatic nerve, tibial nerve[1] |
| Action: | flexion of knee |
| Antagonist: | Rectus femoris muscle |
| Dorlands /Elsevier |
h_02/12407578 |
In human anatomy, a hamstring refers to one of the tendons that makes up the borders of the space behind the knee. A typical Adult Human skeleton commonly consists of 206 208 or more bones depending on the method used in counting Posteriorly the superior ramus of the Ischium forms a large swelling the tuberosity of the ischium (or ischial tuberosity) The linea aspera is a ridge of roughened surface on the posterior aspect of the Femur, to which are attached Muscles and intermuscular Septa. A typical Adult Human skeleton commonly consists of 206 208 or more bones depending on the method used in counting The tibia, shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two Bones in the Leg below the Knee in vertebrates and connects For other uses see Fibula (disambiguation The fibula or calf bone is a Bone located on the lateral side of the Tibia Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. The inferior gluteal artery ( sciatic artery) the larger of the two terminal branches of the anterior trunk of the Internal iliac artery, is distributed chiefly to The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the Femoral artery that as its name Accessory nerve Accessory obturator nerve Alderman's nerve Anococcygeal nerve Ansa The sciatic nerve (also known as the ischiatic nerve) is a large Nerve that starts in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the Lower limb The tibial nerve is a branch of the Sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the Popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus Kinesiology, also known as Human Kinetics, is the science of human movement In Anatomy, flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing The knee is the lower extremity Joint connecting the Femur, Patella, and the Tibia. An antagonist is a classification used to describe a Muscle that acts in opposition to the specific movement generated by the agonist and is responsible for The Rectus femoris muscle is one of the four Quadriceps muscles of the Human body. Elsevier, the world's largest Publisher of Medical and Scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group Human anatomy, which with physiology and biochemistry is a complementary basic medical science is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult Human body A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of Fibrous connective tissue that usually connects Muscle to Bone and is capable of withstanding tension In modern anatomical contexts, however, they usually refer to the tendons of the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus, and the biceps femoris. The semitendinosus is a Muscle in the back of the Thigh; it is one of the Hamstrings Structure The semitendinosus remarkable for the great The semimembranosus is a Muscle in the back of the Thigh. It is the most medial of the three Hamstring muscles The biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior (the back Thigh. In quadrupeds, it refers to the single large tendon found behind the knee or comparable area.
As shown in the diagram, the human hamstring occupies the posterior of the body of the femur. The femur is the thigh bone In Humans, it is the longest, most voluminous and strongest Bone.
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Etymology
The word ham originally referred to the fat and muscle behind the knee. The knee is the lower extremity Joint connecting the Femur, Patella, and the Tibia. String refers to tendons, and thus, the hamstrings are the string-like tendons felt on either side of the back of the knee, the long muscle.
The three muscles of the posterior thigh (semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris) flex (bend) the knee, while three of the four extend (straighten) the hip. In humans the thigh is the area between the Pelvis and the Knee. In Anatomy, flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing Extension is a movement of a joint that results in increased angle between two bones or body surfaces at a joint The short head of the biceps femoris, with its divergent origin and innervation, is not involved in hip extension, and thus is sometimes excluded from the 'hamstring' characterization. [2]
| Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Nerve |
| semitendinosus | ischial tuberosity | medial surface of tibia | tibial |
| semimembranosus | ischial tuberosity | medial tibial condyle | tibial |
| biceps femoris - long head | ischial tuberosity | lateral side of the head of the fibula | tibial |
| biceps femoris - short head | linea aspera near the head of the femur | lateral side of the head of the fibula (common tendon with the long head) | common fibular |
A portion of the adductor magnus is sometimes considered a part of the hamstrings. The semitendinosus is a Muscle in the back of the Thigh; it is one of the Hamstrings Structure The semitendinosus remarkable for the great Posteriorly the superior ramus of the Ischium forms a large swelling the tuberosity of the ischium (or ischial tuberosity) The tibia, shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two Bones in the Leg below the Knee in vertebrates and connects The tibial nerve is a branch of the Sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the Popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus The semimembranosus is a Muscle in the back of the Thigh. It is the most medial of the three Hamstring muscles The medial condyle is the medial portion of the Upper extremity of tibia. The tibial nerve is a branch of the Sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the Popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus The biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior (the back Thigh. The upper extremity or head of the Fibula is of an irregular quadrate form presenting above a flattened articular surface directed upward forward and medialward for articulation The tibial nerve is a branch of the Sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve passes through the Popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus The biceps femoris is a muscle of the posterior (the back Thigh. The linea aspera is a ridge of roughened surface on the posterior aspect of the Femur, to which are attached Muscles and intermuscular Septa. The upper extremity or head of the Fibula is of an irregular quadrate form presenting above a flattened articular surface directed upward forward and medialward for articulation The common peroneal nerve ( common fibular nerve; external popliteal nerve; peroneal nerve) about one-half the size of the Tibial nerve, is derived The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle situated on the Medial side of the Thigh. [3]
Functions
The hamstrings cross and act upon two joints - the hip and the knee. The knee is the lower extremity Joint connecting the Femur, Patella, and the Tibia.
Semitendinosus and semimembranosus extend the hip when the trunk is fixed or extend the trunk when the hip is fixed; they also flex the knee and medially (inwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent.
The long head of the biceps femoris extends the hip as when beginning to walk; both short and long heads flex the knee and laterally (outwardly) rotates the lower leg when the knee is bent. a push from the hamstring will help you jump higher
The hamstrings play a crucial role in many daily activities, such as, walking, running, jumping, and controlling some movement in the trunk. In walking, they are most important as an antagonist to the quadriceps in the deceleration of knee extension. An antagonist is a classification used to describe a Muscle that acts in opposition to the specific movement generated by the agonist and is responsible for "Quads" redirects here For other uses see Quad The quadriceps femoris ( Latin for "four-headed of the femur" also
Injuries
Straining of the hamstring, also known as a pulled hamstring, is defined as an excessive stretch or tear of muscle fibers and related tissues. A strain is an Injury to a Muscle in which the Muscle fibers tear as a result of overstretching. Straining of the Hamstring, also known as a pulled hamstring, is defined as an excessive stretch or tear of muscle fibers and related tissues
Use in surgery
The distal semitendinosis tendon is one of the tendons that can be used in the surgical procedure ACL reconstruction. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction ( ACL reconstruction) is a surgical tissue graft replacement of the Anterior cruciate ligament, In this procedure, a piece of it is used to replace the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The anterior cruciate ligament (or ACL) is one of the four major Ligaments of the Knee. The ACL is one of the four major ligaments in the knee.
See also
References
External links
- Illustration at ucla.edu
- Hamstring at eMedicine Dictionary
Dictionary
hamstring
-noun
- (anatomy) One of the great tendons situated in each side of the ham, or space back of the knee, and connected with the muscles of the back of the thigh.
-verb
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