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For the computer game, see Hamurabi. Hamurabi was one of the earliest Computer games (the name is a shortening of Hammurabi to fit an eight-character limit
Hammurabi
Born c. 1795 BC (middle)
Died c. The 18th century BC was the Century which lasted from 1800 BC to 1701 BC See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for 1750 BC (middle)
Title King of Babylon
Successor Samsu-Iluna

Hammurabi (Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, "the kinsman is a healer," from ˤAmmu, "paternal kinsman," and Rāpi, "healer"; (ca. The 18th century BC was the Century which lasted from 1800 BC to 1701 BC See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for Samsu-Iluna ( Samsuiluna) was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1749 BC to 1712 BC. Amorite is an early Northwest Semitic language, spoken by the Amorite tribes prominent in early Near Eastern history 1795 – 1750 BC middle chronology) was the sixth king of Babylon. See Short chronology for a timeline in absolute dates The Chronology of the Ancient Near East is a framework of dates for Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq He became the first king of the Babylonian Empire, extending Babylon's control over Mesopotamia by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms. Babylonia was an Amorite state in lower Mesopotamia (modern southern Iraq) with Babylon as its capital Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding Although his empire controlled all of Mesopotamia at the time of his death, his successors were unable to maintain his empire.

Hammurabi is known for the set of laws called Hammurabi's Code, one of the first written codes of law in recorded history. The Code of Hammurabi ( Codex Hammurabi) is the best-preserved ancient Law code, created ca A civil code is a systematic compilation of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of Private law. Recorded history can be defined as History that has been written down or recorded by the use of Language, whereas History is a more general term referring These laws were written on a stone tablet standing over six feet tall that was found in 1901. Owing to his reputation in modern times as an ancient law-giver, Hammurabi's portrait is in many government buildings throughout the world.

Contents

History

Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in c. 1792 BC and upon his death in c. 1750 BC
Map showing the Babylonian territory upon Hammurabi's ascension in c. 1792 BC and upon his death in c. 1750 BC

Hammurabi was a First Dynasty king of the city-state of Babylon, and inherited the throne from his father, Sin-muballit, in ca. The Chronology of the first dynasty of Babylonia is debated as there is a Babylonian King List A and a Babylonian King List B. A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty. Sin-Muballit was the father of Hammurabi. He was the fifth king of the first dynasty of Babylonia, reigning ca 1792 BC. [1] Babylon was one of the many ancient city-states that dotted the Mesopotamian plain and waged war on each other for control of fertile agricultural land. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture [2]Though many cultures co-existed in Mesopotamia, Babylonian culture gained a degree of prominence among the literate classes throughout the Middle East. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [3] The kings who came before Hammurabi had begun to consolidate rule of central Mesopotamia under Babylonian hegemony and, by the time of his reign, had conquered the city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar. Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social Borsippa (modern Birs Nimrud site Iraq) was an important ancient city of Sumer, built on both sides of a lake about 17 KISH (1029 FM) is Guam 's first all- Chamorro Music formatted FM station Sippar ( Sumerian Zimbir "bird city" modern Tell Abu Habbah, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian and later Babylonian [3] Thus Hammurabi ascended to the throne as the king of a minor kingdom in the midst of a complex geopolitical situation. Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales The powerful kingdom of Eshnunna controlled the upper Tigris River while Larsa controlled the river delta. Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian city and city-state in lower Mesopotamia. Larsa (also Larag or Larak, modern Tell as-Senkereh, Iraq, possibly the Biblical Ellasar) was an important city of To the east lay the kingdom of Elam. Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. To the north, the Shamshi-Adad I was undertaking expansionistic wars,[4] although his untimely death would fragment his newly conquered Semitic empire. Shamshi-Adad I (fl late 18th century BC ( Short chronology) rose to prominence when he carved out a large kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, the Old Assyrian In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ [5]

The first few decades of Hammurabi's reign were relatively peaceful. Hammurabi used this time to undertake a series of public works, including heightening the city walls for defensive purposes, and expanding the temples. [6] In ca. 1766 BC, the powerful kingdom of Elam, which straddled important trade routes across the Zagros Mountains, invaded the Mesopotamian plain. Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. The Zagros Mountains (جبال زاجروس (رشته كوههاى زاگرس ( Sorani Kurdish: Zagros - زاگرۆس make up Iran 's and Iraq 's [7] With allies among the plain states, Elam attacked and destroyed the empire of Eshnunna, destroying a number of cities and imposing its rule on portions of the plain for the first time. Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian city and city-state in lower Mesopotamia. [8] In order to consolidate its position, Elam tried to start a war between Hammurabi's Babylonian kingdom and the kingdom of Larsa. Larsa (also Larag or Larak, modern Tell as-Senkereh, Iraq, possibly the Biblical Ellasar) was an important city of [9] Hammurabi and the king of Larsa made an alliance when they discovered this duplicity and were able to crush the Elamites, although Larsa did not contribute greatly to the military effort. [9] Angered by Larsa's failure to come to his aid, Hammurabi turned on that southern power, thus gaining control of the entirety of the lower Mesopotamian plain by ca. 1763 BC. [10]

As Hammurabi was assisted during the war in the south by his allies from the north, the absence of soldiers in the north led to unrest. [10] Continuing his expansion, Hammurabi turned his attention northward, quelling the unrest and soon after crushing Eshnunna. [11] Next the Babylonian armies conquered the remaining northern states, including Babylon's former ally Mari, although it is possible that the 'conquest' of Mari was a surrender without any actual conflict. Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Sumerian and Amorite city located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of [12][13][14] In just a few years, Hammurabi had succeeded in uniting all of Mesopotamia under his rule. [14] Of the major city-states in the region, only Aleppo and Qatna to the west in Syria maintained their independence. For other meanings see Aleppo (disambiguation. Halab redirects here for other meanings see Halab (disambiguation. Qatna, (Arabic "قطنا" modern Tell el-Mishrife, Arabic "المشرفة" Syria, in the Wadi Il-Aswad, a tributary of [14] However, one stele of Hammurabi has been found as far north as Diyarbekir, where he claims the title "King of the Amorites"[15]. Diyarbakır (دیاربکر Diyâr-i Bekr 'land of the Bekr ' (from Persian) Kurdish Amed Zazaki language Dêrbekir Syriac

Vast numbers of contract tablets, dated to the reigns of Hammurabi and his successors, have been discovered, as well as 55 of his own letters. Small tablets made out of clay were used from 5500 BC Tărtăria tablets and later from 4th millennium BC onwards as a writing medium in Sumerian [16] These letters give a glimpse into the daily trials of ruling an empire, from dealing with floods and mandating changes to a flawed calendar, to taking care of Babylon's massive herds of livestock. The word Calendar consist of two words 1 Cal ( in Pashto means Year in Hindi and Persian is Sal- also means Year [17] Hammurabi died and passed the reins of the empire on to his son Samsu-Iluna in ca. Samsu-Iluna ( Samsuiluna) was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1749 BC to 1712 BC. 1750 BC. [18]

Code of laws

The upper part of the stele of Hammurabi's code of laws
The upper part of the stele of Hammurabi's code of laws
Main article: Code of Hammurabi

Hammurabi is best known for the promulgation of a new code of Babylonian law: the Code of Hammurabi. The Code of Hammurabi ( Codex Hammurabi) is the best-preserved ancient Law code, created ca The Code of Hammurabi ( Codex Hammurabi) is the best-preserved ancient Law code, created ca Promulgation or enactment is the act of formally proclaiming or declaring new statutory or Administrative law when it receives final approval Archaeological material for the study of Babylonian law is singularly extensive This was written on a stele, a large stone monument, and placed in a public place so that all could see it, although it is thought that few were literate. A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela The stele was later plundered by the Elamites and removed to their capital, Susa; it was rediscovered there in 1901 and is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris. Susa ( Biblical שושן ( Shushan) also Greek: Σοῦσα Transliterated as Sousa; Latin Susa) The Louvre Museum (Musée du Louvre located in Paris is the world's most visited art museum a historic monument and a national museum of France Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The code of Hammurabi contained 282 laws, written by scribes on 12 tablets. A scribe (or scrivener) is a person who writes books or documents by hand as a profession Unlike earlier laws, it was written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylon, and could therefore be read by any literate person in the city. [19]

An inscription of the Code of Hammurabi
An inscription of the Code of Hammurabi

The structure of the code is very specific, with each offense receiving a specified punishment. The punishments tended to be harsh by modern standards, with many offenses resulting in death, disfigurement, or the use of the "Eye for eye, tooth for tooth" (Lex Talionis "Law of Retaliation") philosophy. The phrase " an eye for an eye " ( עין תחת עין) is a quotation from in which a person who has taken the eye of another in a fight is instructed to give The phrase " an eye for an eye " ( עין תחת עין) is a quotation from in which a person who has taken the eye of another in a fight is instructed to give Putting the laws into writing was important in itself because it suggested that the laws were immutable and above the power of any earthly king to change. The code is also one of the earliest examples of the idea of presumption of innocence, and it also suggests that the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence. The presumption of innocence being innocent until proven guilty is a legal Right that the Accused in Criminal trials has Evidence in its broadest sense includes anything that is used to determine or demonstrate the Truth of an assertion However, there is no provision for extenuating circumstances to alter the prescribed punishment. In Law, extenuating circumstances are criminal cases in which though an offence has been committed without legal justification or excuse its gravity from the point of

A carving at the top of the stele portrays Hammurabi receiving the laws from the god Shamash, and the preface states that Hammurabi was chosen by the gods of his people to bring the laws to them. For the Canaanite sun godess see Shemesh Shamash was the common Akkadian name of the Sun-god and god of justice in Babylonia Parallels to this divine inspiration for laws can be seen in the laws given to Moses for the ancient Hebrews. Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ Similar codes of law were created in several nearby civilizations, including the earlier neo-Sumerian example of Ur-Nammu's code, and the later Hittite code of laws. Sumer ( Sumerian: sux-Latn [[Ki (earth ki]]-[[EN (cuneiform en]]-'''ĝir15''', Akkadian: Šumeru; possibly Biblical Shinar The Code of Ur-Nammu is the oldest known tablet containing a Law code surviving today The Hittite laws have been preserved on a number of Hittite cuneiform tablets found at Hattusa ( CTH 291-292 listing 200 laws [20]

Legacy and depictions

Under the rules of Hammurabi's successors, the Babylonian Empire was weakened by military pressure from the Hittites, who sacked Babylon around 1600 BC. The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established [21] However it was the Kassites who eventually conquered Babylon and ruled Mesopotamia for 400 years, adopting parts of the Babylonian culture, including Hammurabi's code of laws. The Kassites were an Ancient Near Eastern tribe who gained control of Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire after ca Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic

Because of Hammurabi's reputation as a lawgiver, his depiction can be found in several U. S. government buildings. Hammurabi is one of the 23 lawgivers depicted in marble bas-reliefs in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives in the United States Capitol. Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of A bas-relief (baʁəljɛf in French; French for "low relief" derived from the Italian basso rilievo) or low relief is a Sculpture The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. [22] An image of Hammurabi receiving the Code of Hammurabi from the Babylonian sun god (probably Shamash) is depicted on the frieze on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building. "Sun god" redirects here For the Ramsey Lewis album see Sun Goddess (album. For the Canaanite sun godess see Shemesh Shamash was the common Akkadian name of the Sun-god and god of justice in Babylonia In Architecture the frieze is the wide central section part of an Entablature and may be plain or &ndash in the Ionic or Corinthian order &ndash The Supreme Court building is the seat of the Supreme Court of the United States. [23]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Van De Mieroop 2005, p. Assyrian law was very similar to Sumerian and Babylonian law, however notably more brutal than its predecessors The term Hebraic law refers to a set of ancient Hebrew law as found in several verses in the Old Testament also known as Mosaic Law.  1
  2. ^ Van De Mieroop 2005, pp.  1–2
  3. ^ a b Van De Mieroop 2005, p.  3
  4. ^ Van De Mieroop 2005, pp.  3–4
  5. ^ Van De Mieroop 2005, p.  16
  6. ^ Arnold 2005, p.  43
  7. ^ Van De Mieroop 2005, pp.  15–16
  8. ^ Van De Mieroop 2005, p.  17
  9. ^ a b Van De Mieroop 2005, p.  18
  10. ^ a b Van De Mieroop 2005, p.  31
  11. ^ Van De Mieroop 2005, pp.  40–41
  12. ^ Van De Mieroop 2005, pp.  54–55
  13. ^ Van De Mieroop 2005, pp.  64–65
  14. ^ a b c Arnold 2005, p.  45
  15. ^ Clay, Albert Tobias (1919). The Empire of the Amorites. Yale University Press, 97. Yale University Press is a book Publisher founded in 1908. It became an official department of Yale University in 1961, but remained  
  16. ^ Breasted 2003, p.  129
  17. ^ Breasted 2003, pp.  129–130
  18. ^ Arnold 2005, p.  42
  19. ^ Breasted 2003, p.  141
  20. ^ Davies, W. W. (January 2003). Codes of Hammurabi and Moses. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0766131246.  
  21. ^ DeBlois 1997, p.  19
  22. ^ Hammurabi. Architect of the Capitol. The Architect of the Capitol ( AOC) is the agency responsible for the maintenance operation development and preservation of the United States Capitol Complex Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
  23. ^ Courtroom Friezes. Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and

References

External links

Preceded by
Sin-muballit		 Kings of Babylon Succeeded by
Samsu-Iluna


Persondata
NAME Hammurabi
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION King of Babylon and creator of first known code of laws in the world. Blackwell Publishing Ltd was a Learned society publishing company based in Oxford, England. Wikisource is a Wikimedia project to build a free, Wiki Library of Source texts along with translations into any language Sin-Muballit was the father of Hammurabi. He was the fifth king of the first dynasty of Babylonia, reigning ca The following is a list of the kings of Babylonia, a major city and empire in ancient lower Mesopotamia, compiled from the traditional Babylonian king lists and modern Samsu-Iluna ( Samsuiluna) was the King of Babylon, who reigned from 1749 BC to 1712 BC.
DATE OF BIRTH c. 1795 BC
PLACE OF BIRTH
DATE OF DEATH c. 1750 BC
PLACE OF DEATH
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