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Hamilton Disston
Hamilton Disston

Hamilton Disston (August 23, 1844 – April 30, 1896) was a real-estate developer who purchased four million acres (16,000 km²) of Florida land in 1881. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The acre is a unit of Area in a number of different systems including the imperial and U Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the The amount of land transacted, larger than the state of Connecticut, was reported as the most land ever purchased by a single person in world history. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The purchase and his efforts to drain the Everglades from central and southern Florida triggered the state's first land boom with numerous towns and cities established through the area. Everglades is also the name of a city in Collier County Florida

Disston was the son of industrialist Henry Disston who formed Disston & Sons Saw Works, which Hamilton later ran and which was one of the largest saw manufacturing companies in the world. Henry Disston ( May 24 1819 - March 16 1878) was an English American Industrialist who founded the Disston Disston Saw Works was one of the better known and highly regarded manufacturers of Handsaws in the United States.

Contents

Early life

Hamilton Disston was born in Philadelphia. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə [1] The Disstons were descended from French nobility and Disston's father, Henry, had emigrated from England. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [2] Henry was orphaned just days after arriving in the United States and his first wife died during childbirth but he persevered and began the highly successful Keystone Saw Works when Hamilton was a child. Disston Saw Works was one of the better known and highly regarded manufacturers of Handsaws in the United States. [2][3] Hamilton left school, opting for an apprenticeship at the saw factory which, by that time, was a $500,000-per-year international venture. Apprenticeship is a system of Training a new generation of practitioners of a skill [2] His father threatened to fire him for repeatedly leaving the factory to work for a volunteer fire department. See also the Firefighter article and its respective sections regarding VFDs in other countries Hamilton twice joined the Union Army only to have Henry purchase his release, but Hamilton organized a Company of saw factory employees during the Gettysburg Campaign. The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. A company is a Military unit, typically consisting of 75-200 Soldiers Most companies are formed of three to five Platoons although the exact number may vary The Gettysburg Campaign was a series of battles fought in June and July 1863 during the American Civil War. Henry finally agreed to financially support the "Disston Volunteers". [2]

After the American Civil War, Hamilton Disston returned to work in his father's saw factory as an executive. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South While executive officer literally refers to a person responsible for the performance of duties involved in running an Organization, the exact meaning of the role is variable [2] He also became heavily involved in Republican politics, as was his father, and served as a ward leader in Philadelphia, associating with eventual President Benjamin Harrison, Congressman William D. Kelley, and political boss Matthew Quay. In the United States a ward is an optional division of a City or Town, especially an electoral district for administrative and representative purposes The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Benjamin Harrison (August 20 1833 &ndash March 13 1901 was the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893 The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. William D Kelley ( April 12, 1814 - January 9, 1890) was a Republican member of the U A political machine is an unofficial system of a political organization based on Patronage, the Spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control and longstanding Matthew Stanley Quay ( September 30, 1833 &ndash May 28, 1904) was an immensely powerful Pennsylvania political boss; "kingmaker" [4]

In 1877, diplomat Henry Shelton Sanford invited Disston on a black bass fishing trip through Florida. Henry Shelton Sanford ( June 15, 1823 – May 21, 1891) was an American diplomat and businessman who founded the city of Sanford Florida Micropterus ( Lacépède, 1802) is a Genus of Freshwater Fish in the sunfish family (family Centrarchidae [5][6] During the trip, Disston realized the possibility that enormous tracts of land could be reclaimed for agriculture by using canals to drain Florida's Lake Okeechobee. Land reclamation is either of two distinct practices One involves creating new land from sea- or riverbeds the other refers to restoring an area to a more natural state (such as after Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways Lake Okeechobee, (IPA /okɪtʃobi/ locally referred to as The Lake or The Big O is a freshwater Lake in the U [1] Within a few years, he would put the possibility to the test.

Family business

In 1878, Henry Disston died. His sons, Hamilton, Horace C. , William and Jacob C. Disston inherited the saw company which had been renamed to Henry Disston & Sons. [1][3] Hamilton became the controlling member of the 2,000-employee company and expanded production to 1. 4 million hacksaws and three million files per year. A hacksaw is a fine-tooth saw with a Blade under Tension in a frame used for Cutting materials such as Metal or Bone A file (or hand-file) is a Hand Tool used to shape Material by cutting [1][6] Only a month after Henry's death, Hamilton gave President Rutherford B. Hayes a tour of the factory where an unshaped piece of steel was manufactured into a 26-inch (660 mm) hand saw in only 42 minutes, and was presented to the president at the end of the tour - etched with his name. Rutherford Birchard Hayes (October 4 1822 January 17 1893 was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 In Woodworking and Carpentry, hand saws, also known as "panel saws" are used to cut pieces of Wood into different shapes In Industry, etching (sometimes called chemical Milling or wet etching) is the process of using Acids bases or other [6]

While the saw manufacturing business continued growing, Disston branched out, investing in a chemical firm, a Chinese railroad, real estate in Atlantic City, New Jersey and mining in the western United States. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom The Western United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American West or simply the West &mdashtraditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost [6]

Disston Land Purchase

In the 1840s and 1850s, the state of Florida came to own approximately 15,000,000 acres (61,000 km²) of mostly swamp land, placed in a trust called the Internal Improvement Fund of the State of Florida. A swamp is a Wetland featuring temporary or permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water In Common law legal systems a trust is an arrangement whereby Property (including real tangible and intangible is managed by one person (or persons or organizations The trust fund was managed by state officials including the Governor of Florida. List of Governors Military governor Spanish Florida was acquired from Spain in the Adams-Onís Treaty, which took effect July 10 [7] By the time Governor George Franklin Drew took office in 1877, the fund was nearly $1 million in debt. George Franklin Drew ( August 6, 1827 &ndash September 26, 1900) was the twelfth governor of the U In 1880, an application for foreclosure of the fund and its land was filed in federal court. Foreclosure is the legal proceeding in which a mortgagee, or other Lienholder, usually a lender obtains a court ordered termination of a mortgagor Negotiations to relieve the debt were held with various potential investors, including Henry Shelton Sanford and Alexander St. Clair-Abrams, but did not come to fruition. Henry Shelton Sanford ( June 15, 1823 – May 21, 1891) was an American diplomat and businessman who founded the city of Sanford Florida Alexander St Clair-Abrams ( March 10, 1845 &ndash1931 was a writer who owned newspapers and railroads in the Southern United States and also published under the names [8] Disston and five associates, meanwhile, entered into a land reclamation contract with the Internal Improvement Fund in January 1881. Land reclamation is either of two distinct practices One involves creating new land from sea- or riverbeds the other refers to restoring an area to a more natural state (such as after [9][10] The contract stipulated that Disston and associates would be deeded half of whatever land they reclaimed around Lake Okeechobee, the Kissimmee River, the Caloosahatchee River and the Miami River. A deed is a Legal instrument used to grant a Right. Deeds are part of the broader category of documents under seal. Lake Okeechobee, (IPA /okɪtʃobi/ locally referred to as The Lake or The Big O is a freshwater Lake in the U The Kissimmee River is a river in south-central Florida, United States. The Caloosahatchee River is a River on the southwest Gulf Coast of Florida in the United States, approximately 75 mi (121 km long The Miami River is a river in Florida that drains out of the Everglades and runs through downtown Miami, Florida. [10][11] Congressman and Disston family friend, William D. "Pig Iron" Kelley, described Disston's first contract:

He instituted broad preliminary investigations from which he received satisfactory reports; he surveyed the entire field of the proposed work, and with Napoleonic instinct and foresight saw in the proposition an opportunity to promote his country's welfare by the reclamation of a more than kingly domain.

—Congressman William D. Kelley, 1888. William D Kelley ( April 12, 1814 - January 9, 1890) was a Republican member of the U [12]

Dredging took place around Lake Okeechobee during the following winter. [13] Disston's drainage contract, however, did not affect the massive debt bearing down on the Internal Improvement Fund. [14] To that end, Governor William D. Bloxham personally visited Disston in Philadelphia. William Dunnington Bloxham ( July 9, 1835 – March 15, 1911) was an American politician [14][15] During the visit, Disston tentatively agreed to purchase four million acres (16,000 km²) of Internal Improvement Fund land for 25 cents per acre, an agreement which became a formal contract on June 1, 1881. The United States one-cent coin is a unit of Currency equaling one one-hundredth of a United States dollar. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [14] Disston signed the contract on June 14 and The New York Times described the transaction with, "What is claimed to be the largest purchase of land ever made by a single person in the world". Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the [16][17] It made him the largest landowner in the United States. [3] On December 17, 1881, Disston sold two million acres (8,000 km²) of his land to English Member of Parliament, Sir Edward James Reed, for $600,000. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Sir Edward James Reed ( 20 September 1830 &ndash 30 November 1906) KCB, FRS, was the Chief Constructor [18][19]

Purchase effects

While some in Florida disapproved of the sale for giving away the land too cheaply, its positive effects on the state were undeniable. [20] In the four years following Disston's purchase, four times as much rail was added than in the 20 years prior. Land sales were six times more lucrative after the sale and the state's taxable property value doubled. Around 150,000 tourists came to Florida during the winter of 1884 alone. [21]

To further lure people to Florida, Disston opened real estate offices across America as well England, Scotland, Germany, Italy, Sweden and Denmark. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe [22] Disston drew people to the Orlando area and the major cities of Sarasota and Naples, Florida grew out of land sold by Disston. Orlando is a major City in central Florida, USA and is the County seat of Orange County Florida. Sarasota is a city located in Sarasota County on the southwestern coast of the state of Florida in the United States. Naples is a city in Collier County, Florida, USA. As of 1 July 2006, the U [21] Fort Myers became the base of his Caloosahatchee River dredging efforts and its population rapidly increased. Fort Myers is the County seat and commercial center of Lee County, Florida, United States. Disston's headquarters were on the shores of Lake Tohopekaliga and became the city of Kissimmee. Lake Tohopekaliga (təˈhoʊpəkəˡlɑigə ( Lake Toho, West Lake, or simply Toho for short native name meaning "sleeping tiger" for Kissimmee (kɪˈsɪmi with the accent on the second syllable is a city in Osceola County, Florida, United States. In 1883, he arranged for President Chester A. Arthur, a fellow Republican, to take a fishing trip to Kissimmee as part of a large publicity campaign for the city. Chester Alan Arthur (October 5 1829 &ndash November 18 1886 was an American politician who served as the twenty-first President of the United States. [23] Disston founded a 20,000-acre (81 km²) sugar plantation, out of which sprang the city of St. Cloud. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco St Cloud is a city in Osceola County, Florida, United States. [3][24] Refineries for the plantation ran in Kissimmee and Lake Okeechobee. A refinery is composed of a group of Chemical engineering unit processes and Unit operations used for Refining certain materials or converting [24]

The key to Disston's Florida plans was a massive dredging effort to drain the Kissimmee valley into Lake Okeechobee and then guide the overflow of Lake Okeechobee through canals into the St. Lucie River and then into the Atlantic Ocean in the east, canals into the Caloosahatchee River and into the Gulf of Mexico in the west, and canals south through the Everglades. The Kissimmee River is a river in south-central Florida, United States. The St Lucie River is a River in St Lucie and Martin counties Florida. The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world Everglades is also the name of a city in Collier County Florida [25] Disston was advised to begin with a large canal connecting Lake Okeechobee with the St. Lucie but the costs were too high so he began with smaller dredging operations to straighten the Kissimmee River and to connect Lake Okeechobee with the Caloosahatchee. [26] In June 1883, a report concluded that the Kissimmee valley was indeed drying up as Disston planned, and another report a year later reported further drainage with nearly 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km²) of reclaimed land credited to Disston. [27]

Disston City

In addition to dredging, Disston's plans included the creation of a major city in the Tampa Bay area to rival the budding city of Tampa. Tampa Bay is a large natural Harbor and Estuary along the Gulf of Mexico on the western coast of Florida, comprising Old Tampa Bay By 1884, he established Lake Butler Villa Co. , one of four land companies he operated. [24] Disston founded the town of Tarpon Springs, much of which was built by Lake Butler Villa Co. Tarpon Springs is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. , including a commercial pier and two hotels, using lumber from his sawmill in Atlantic City, New Jersey. A pier is a raised Walkway over water supported by widely spread Piles or pillars. [3][21][24] After deciding that Tarpon Springs would not become the metropolis he hoped for, Disston moved south and established a town he called Disston City. A metropolis (from the Greek μήτηρ mētēr meaning 'mother' and πόλις pólis meaning 'city/town' is a big City, in most cases with He invested heavily in steamboats and built a wharf, a school and the area's first hotel. A steamboat or steamship, sometimes called a steamer, is a ship in which the primary method of propulsion is steam power, typically driving a Propeller A wharf is a landing place or Pier where ships may tie up and load or unload [3][24] In 1885, a Maryland doctor declared the area to be the healthiest in the world which drew many investors and developers including F. A. Davis, who partnered with Disston's brother, Jacob, in further developing Pinellas. Frank Allston Davis ( September 8 1850 &ndash January 2 1917) was a Publishing executive who founded the F Pinellas is the name of a peninsula located roughly half-way down the west coast of Florida. [24]

In the mid-1880s, Russian developer Peter Demens was building the Orange Belt Railway across central Florida with a planned western terminus in the Tampa Bay area. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Peter Demens ( – January 21, 1919) born Pyotr Alexeyevitch Dementyev (Петр Алексеевич Дементьев is one of the founders of the On December 1, 1886, Disston offered Demens approximately 60,000 acres (240 km²) of land to stretch his railroad to Disston City. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Demens countered with a demand of an additional 50,000 acres (200 km²) but Disston refused, mistakenly believing that Disston City would thrive if the railroad merely came close to the area. Instead Demens terminated his railway at St. Petersburg, which he named after his home city in Russia. St Petersburg (often shortened to St Pete) is a city in Pinellas County Florida, United States. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River While Disston City never met Disston's expectations and became the small city of Gulfport, St. Gulfport is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States, a suburb of St Petersburg reaped the rewards of Demens's railway and became one of the largest cities in Florida. [28]

Disappointment

Disston's success at draining peninsular Florida quickly turned to disappointment. The positive report of his drainage results in 1883 was followed by a dreadful report in 1887. [29] While it still credited Disston with draining parts of the upper Kissimmee valley, it credited a drought with drying the area north of Lake Okeechobee. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply Meanwhile, Lake Okeechobee flooded worse than it had, and the only canal out of the lake that Disston actually completed resulted in the Caloosahatchee River flooding the surrounding area. [30] The planned canals to the east and south out of Lake Okeechobee had not materialized. [31]

The 1887 commission concluded that Disston had received 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km²) which he had not earned. [31] Disston, however, reached a compromise whereby he would keep land that he had been given in return for spending $200,000 to improve drainage including improving the flow of the canals he had already dug. In total, he dug over 80 miles (130 km) of canals and received 1,600,000 acres (6,500 km²) of land under the terms of his first drainage contract of January 1881. However, he never finished his canal plans for Lake Okeechobee and the Everglades were never drained, although he was formally credited with reclaiming large portions of land and generally improving the drainage of peninsular Florida. [32]

Disston himself continued living in Disston City until more bad fortune prompted his return to Philadelphia. [28] The financial Panic of 1893, the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 and two devastating freezes caused financial difficulties and he mortgaged his Florida assets for $2 million. The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 The Revenue Act or Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 (ch 349 §73, August 27, 1894) slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the A mortgage is the pledging of a property to a Lender as a security for a Mortgage loan. [28][32]

On April 30, 1896, Disston had dinner with the mayor of Philadelphia and attended a theatre production with his wife in Philadelphia. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year [32] The following morning, he was found dead at age 51. Although some claim that Disston committed suicide in his bathtub with a self-inflicted gunshot to the head, almost every obituary, as well as the official coroner's report, stated that he died of heart disease in bed. A coroner is an official responsible for investigating deaths particularly some of those happening under unusual circumstances and determining the cause of death [3][32][33] The New York Times further reported that, several months before his death, Disston suffered from a bout of typhoid pneumonia. Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal [1]

At the time of his death, Disston's estate was valued at $100,000 but he also carried a $1 million life insurance policy, the second largest policy in the United States. Life insurance or life assurance is a contract between the policy owner and the insurer, where the insurer agrees to pay a sum of money upon the occurrence of the [1][32] His family had no interest in Florida and creditors foreclosed on his Florida mortgage four years after his death. Foreclosure is the legal proceeding in which a mortgagee, or other Lienholder, usually a lender obtains a court ordered termination of a mortgagor [32]

Personal

Hamilton Disston was married with a son and two daughters, all of whom survived him. [1][6] He was a Presbyterian and a Mason. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity He was described as a fun-loving socialite as evidenced by a yacht he owned named Mischief. A socialite is a person who is known to be a part of fashionable Society because of his or her regular participation in social activities and fondness for spending a significant A yacht is a recreational boat It designates two rather different classes of Watercraft, sailing and power yachts But he was also known as a hard-working executive whose gentle facial features were balanced with intense eyes described by one reporter as: "like that of the great eagle in the cage at the Tampa Bay Hotel, that can look straight at the sun without a tear, or even a blink. The Henry B Plant Museum is located in the south wing of Plant Hall (formerly the Tampa Bay Hotel) on the University of Tampa ’s campus at 401 West Kennedy "[6]

Places named after Disston

Several places have been named after Hamilton Disston in Pennsylvania and Florida such as:

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Hamilton Disston Found Dead" (PDF), The New York Times, May 1, 1896. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Retrieved on 2008-02-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy  
  2. ^ a b c d e Grunwald, p. 83.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Hartzell, p. 24.
  4. ^ Grunwald, pp. 83-84.
  5. ^ Landry, p. 81.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Grunwald, p. 84.
  7. ^ Davis, p. 204.
  8. ^ Davis, p. 205.
  9. ^ Davis, pp. 205-206.
  10. ^ a b Grunwald, p. 85.
  11. ^ Davis, p. 206.
  12. ^ Kelley, p. 24.
  13. ^ Davis, pp. 206-207.
  14. ^ a b c Davis, p. 207.
  15. ^ Grunwald, p. 86.
  16. ^ Davis, p. 208.
  17. ^ "Buying Four Million Acres" (PDF), The New York Times, June 17, 1881. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Retrieved on 2008-03-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia.  
  18. ^ Davis, pp. 208-209.
  19. ^ Hartzell, p. 25.
  20. ^ Grunwald, pp. 86-87.
  21. ^ a b c Grunwald, p. 87.
  22. ^ Grunwald, p. 89.
  23. ^ Grunwald, p. 88.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Hartzell, p. 26.
  25. ^ Grunwald, p. 90.
  26. ^ Grunwald, pp. 90-91.
  27. ^ Grunwald, pp. 92-93.
  28. ^ a b c Hartzell, p. 27.
  29. ^ Grunwald, p. 94.
  30. ^ Grunwald, p. 94-95.
  31. ^ a b Grunwald, p. 95.
  32. ^ a b c d e f Grunwald, p. 96.
  33. ^ Hartzell, p. 28.
  34. ^ Our History from Hamilton Disston School, Philadelphia.
  35. ^ Hamilton Disston School from Pinellas County Schools, Florida.

References

External links

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