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Map of distribution of the Hallstatt culture
Map of distribution of the Hallstatt culture
Overview of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures. The core Hallstatt territory (800 BC) is shown in solid yellow, the area of influence by 500 BC (HaD) in light yellow. The core territory of the La Tène culture (450 BC) is shown in solid green, the eventual area of La Tène influence by 50 BC in light green. The territories of some major Celtic tribes are labelled.
Overview of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures. The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site The core Hallstatt territory (800 BC) is shown in solid yellow, the area of influence by 500 BC (HaD) in light yellow. The core territory of the La Tène culture (450 BC) is shown in solid green, the eventual area of La Tène influence by 50 BC in light green. The territories of some major Celtic tribes are labelled. This is a list of Celtic tribes and associated Celtic peoples with their geographical localization
A drawing commissioned by Johann G. Ramsauer (1795-1874) documenting one of his cemetery digs at Hallstatt; an unknown local artist painted these watercolors
A drawing commissioned by Johann G. Ramsauer (1795-1874) documenting one of his cemetery digs at Hallstatt; an unknown local artist painted these watercolors
Bronze Hallstatt culture tool, likely an early razor, the three circular holes on the handle and the blade body indicate the possibility they could be used for fasteners in a spear head as well
Bronze Hallstatt culture tool, likely an early razor, the three circular holes on the handle and the blade body indicate the possibility they could be used for fasteners in a spear head as well
Hallstatt Amber Choker necklace
Hallstatt Amber Choker necklace

The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Central European culture in the 8th to 6th centuries BC (European Early Iron Age), developing out of the Urnfield culture of the 12th century BC (Late Bronze Age) and followed in much of Central Europe by the La Tène culture. A razor is a Bladed Tool primarily used in the Shaving off of unwanted Body hair. A fastener is a Hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes two or more objects together This is an article about a particle accelerator For uses of spear, see Spear or Spear (disambiguation. Amber is Fossil tree Resin, which is appreciated for its color and beauty A necklace is an article of Jewellery which is worn around the Neck. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. The Urnfield culture (c 1300 BC - 750 BC) was a late Bronze Age culture of central Europe. The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site

By the 6th century BC, the Halstatt culture extended for some 1000 km, from the Champagne-Ardenne in the west, through the Upper Rhine and the upper Danube, as far as the Vienna Basin and the Danubian Lowland in the east, from the Main, Bohemia and the Little Carpathians in the north, to the Swiss plateau, the Salzkammergut and to Lower Styria. Champagne-Ardenne is one of the 26 regions of France. history and geogaphyChampagne-Ardenne is a region located in the northeast of France bordering Belgium The Upper Rhine (Oberrhein is the part of the Rhine that flows northbound after Basel, Switzerland, along the Rhine rift, and then westward The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Viennese Basin (German Wiener Becken, Czech Vídeňská pánev, Slovak Viedenská kotlina, Slovenian Dunajska kotlina) is a Sedimentary The Serbian lowland is treated under Danube Plain (Serbia The Danubian Lowland or Danube Lowland (Podunajská nížina The Main (maɪn is a River in Germany, 524 km (329 miles long (including White Main 574 km (357 mi and it is one of the more significant tributaries Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the The Little Carpathians (Malé Karpaty Kleinen KarpatenKis Kárpátok other translations to English are Lesser Carpathians or - wrongly - Small Carpathians are a low about The Swiss Plateau ( plateau suisse in French, Schweizer Mittelland in German) constitutes one of the three major landscapes in The Salzkammergut is a Resort area located in Austria. It stretches from City of Salzburg to the Dachstein mountain range spanning the Lower Styria (Štajerska Untersteiermark Latin: Styria) is a historical region in northeastern Slovenia, comprising the southern third of the former

It is named for its type site, Hallstatt, a lakeside village in the Austrian Salzkammergut southeast of Salzburg. In Archaeology a type site (also known as a type-site or typesite) is a site that is considered the model of a particular Archaeological Hallstatt, Upper Austria is a village in the Salzkammergut, a region in Austria. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Salzkammergut is a Resort area located in Austria. It stretches from City of Salzburg to the Dachstein mountain range spanning the is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg. The culture is commonly linked to (pre-)Proto-Celtic and Celtic populations in its western zone and with (pre-)Illyrians in its eastern zone. Phonological reconstruction Consonants The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic Consonants may be summarised as follows Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly

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Hallstatt site

In 1846, Johann Georg Ramsauer discovered a large prehistoric cemetery near Halstatt, which he excavated during the second half of the nineteenth century. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" A cemetery is a place in which dead bodies and cremated remains are buried. Eventually the excavation would yield 1,045 burials.

The community at Hallstatt exploited the salt mines in the area (note 'halen' is salt in Modern Welsh), which had been worked from time to time since the Neolithic period, from the eighth century to fifth century BC. A salt mine is an operation involved in the extraction of salt from Rock salt or halite a type of evaporitic deposit The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos The style and decoration of the grave goods found in the cemetery are very distinctive, and artifacts made in this style are widespread in Europe.

Periodization

The Hallstatt culture, extending from about 1200 BC until around 500 BC, is divided by archaeologists into four phases:

Hallstatt A-B are part of the Bronze Age Urnfield culture. The Bronze Age in Europe succeeds the Neolithic in the late 3rd millennium BC (late Beaker culture) and spans the entire The Urnfield culture (c 1300 BC - 750 BC) was a late Bronze Age culture of central Europe. Phase A saw Villanovan influence. The Villanovan culture was the earliest Iron Age culture of central and northern Italy, abruptly In phase B, tumulus (kurgan) burial becomes common, and cremation predominates. A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves Kurgan (курга́н is the Russian word (of Turkic origin for a Tumulus, a type of Burial mound or barrow heaped over a Cremation is the act of reducing a Corpse by burning, generally in a crematorium furnace or crematory fire

The "Hallstatt period" proper is restricted to HaC and HaD (8th to 6th centuries BC), corresponding to the early European Iron Age. This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Hallstatt D is succeeded by the La Tène culture. The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site

Hallstatt C is characterized by the first appearance of iron swords mixed amongst the bronze ones. Inhumation and cremation co-occur. For the final phase, Hallstatt D, only daggers are found in graves ranging from c. 600–500 BC. There are also differences in the pottery and brooches. A brooch (also known in ancient times as a fibula, and not to be confused with broach) is a Decorative jewelry item designed to be attached to Burials were mostly inhumations.

Geography

Two culturally distinct areas, an eastern and a western zone, have been postulated by Kossack (1959). [1] The dividing line runs across the Czech Republic and Austria, at about 14 to 15 degrees eastern longitude.

The main distinction is in burial rite and grave goods: in the western zone, members of the elite were buried with sword (HaC) or dagger (HaD), in the eastern zone with an axe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Champagne-Ardenne is one of the 26 regions of France. history and geogaphyChampagne-Ardenne is a region located in the northeast of France bordering Belgium Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Swiss Plateau ( plateau suisse in French, Schweizer Mittelland in German) constitutes one of the three major landscapes in German dialectal mapPNG|right|thumb|200px|Southern Germany roughly corresponds to the area of Germany south of the Speyer line where Upper German dialects are spoken Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Vorarlberg is the westernmost state ( Land) of Austria. Though it is the second smallest in terms of area ( Vienna is the smallest it borders North Tyrol, or North Tirol is the main part of the Austrian state of Tyrol, located in the western part of the country The Salzkammergut is a Resort area located in Austria. It stretches from City of Salzburg to the Dachstein mountain range spanning the Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Lower Austria (Niederösterreich is one of the nine states or Bundesländer in Austria. In the Austrian usage of the term Upper Styria ( Obersteiermark) refers exclusively to the northern generally mountainous and well wooded part of the State of The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The Serbian lowland is treated under Danube Plain (Serbia The Danubian Lowland or Danube Lowland (Podunajská nížina Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Little Hungarian Plain or Little Alföld ( Hungarian: Kisalföld, Slovak: Malá dunajská kotlina, German: Kleine Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Lower Styria (Štajerska Untersteiermark Latin: Styria) is a historical region in northeastern Slovenia, comprising the southern third of the former Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Hrvatsko zagorje (meaning Croatian upland or hinterland is a historic region north of Zagreb, Croatia. Grave goods, in Archaeology and Anthropology, are the items buried along with the body The western zone has chariot burials. Chariot burials are Tombs in which the deceased was buried together with his Chariot, usually including his (more rarely her Horses and other possessions In the eastern zone, warriors are frequently buried in full armour.

The approximate division line between the two subcultures runs from north to south through central Bohemia and Lower Austria, and then traces the eastern and southern rim of the Alps to Eastern and Southern Tyrol. Bohemia (Čechy; Bohemia Czechy is a historical region in central Europe, occupying the western two-thirds of the traditional Czech Lands, currently the Lower Austria (Niederösterreich is one of the nine states or Bundesländer in Austria. Tyrol is a region in Western Central Europe, which included the present day Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East

While Hallstatt is regarded as the dominant settlement of the western zone, a settlement at the Burgstallkogel in the central Sulm valley (southern Styria, west of Leibnitz, Austria) was a major center during the Hallstatt C period. Hallstatt, Upper Austria is a village in the Salzkammergut, a region in Austria. The Burgstallkogel (458 m also known as Grillkogel) is a hill situated near the confluence of the Sulm and the Saggau river valleys in Southern Styria The Sulm is a river of 83 km length in Southern Styria ( Austria) which originates at the eastern slopes of the Koralpe (a north-south running mountain Styria (Steiermark is a state or Bundesland, located in the southeast of Austria. Leibnitz ( Slovenian: Lipnica) is a town in the Austrian province of Styria and at the 2001 census had a population of approximately 6892 Parts of the huge necropolis (which originally consisted of more than 1,100 tumuli) surrounding this settlement can be seen today near Gleinstätten. A necropolis (plural necropoleis or necropoles) is a large Cemetery or burial place (from Greek nekropolis "city of the dead" A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves Gleinstätten is a market community in southern Austria (state Styria, district Leibnitz) which had 1526 inhabitants according to the most recent census

Culture and trade

Trade and population movements (very probably both) spread the Hallstatt cultural complex into the western Iberian peninsula, Britain, and Ireland. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world It is probable that some if not all of this diffusion took place in a Celtic-speaking context. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family.

Trade with Greece is attested by finds of Attic black-figure pottery in the élite graves of the late Hallstatt period. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece The black-figure pottery ( Greek, ' μελανόμορφαmelanomorpha) technique is a style of ancient Greek pottery painting in which the decoration appears It was probably imported via Massilia (Marseille). Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Other imported luxuries include amber, ivory (Gräfenbühl) and probably wine. Amber is Fossil tree Resin, which is appreciated for its color and beauty Ivory is formed from Dentine and constitutes the bulk of the Teeth and Tusks of animals such as the Elephant, Hippopotamus, Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Recent analyses have shown that the reputed silk in the barrow at Hohmichele was misidentified. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves The Heuneburg is a prehistoric Hillfort by the upper Danube. It is located in Hundersingen near Herbertingen, between Ulm Red dye (cochineal) was imported from the south as well (Hochdorf burial). A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Cochineal is the name of both Crimson or Carmine Dye and the cochineal insect ( Dactylopius coccus) a scale

The settlements were mostly fortified, situated on hilltops, and frequently included the workshops of bronze-, silver-, and goldsmiths. Typical sites are the Heuneburg on the upper Danube surrounded by nine very large grave tumuli, Mont Lassois in eastern France near Châtillon-sur-Seine with, at its foot, the very rich grave at Vix, and the hill fort at Molpír in Slovakia. The Heuneburg is a prehistoric Hillfort by the upper Danube. It is located in Hundersingen near Herbertingen, between Ulm The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The area around the village of Vix in northern Burgundy, France is the site of an important prehistoric complex from the Celtic Late Hallstatt Châtillon-sur-Seine is a commune of the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. The area around the village of Vix in northern Burgundy, France is the site of an important prehistoric complex from the Celtic Late Hallstatt Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million

In the central Hallstatt regions toward the end of the period, very rich graves of high-status individuals under large tumuli are found near the remains of fortified hilltop settlements. A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves They often contain chariots and horse bits or yokes. The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of Carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples A bit used in equestrian activities is a piece of metal or similar synthetic material that is placed in the mouth of a Horse or other Equid and allows A yoke is a wooden beam which is used between a pair of Oxen to allow them to pull a load (oxen almost always work in pairs Well known chariot burials include Býčí Skála, Vix and Hochdorf. Býčí skála Cave (in Czech Býčí skála, in English The Bull Rock Cave) is part of the second longest Cave system in the The area around the village of Vix in northern Burgundy, France is the site of an important prehistoric complex from the Celtic Late Hallstatt The Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave is a richly-furnished Celtic burial chamber dating from 530 B A model of a chariot made from lead has been found in Frögg, Carinthia. Carinthia (Kärnten Koroška is the southernmost Austrian state or Land. Elaborate jewellery made of bronze and gold, as well as stone stelae (see the famous warrior of Hirschlanden) were found in this context. Bronze is any of a broad range of Copper alloys, usually with Tin as the main additive but sometimes with other elements such as Phosphorus Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 A stele (from Greek:, stēlē, ˈstiːli plural stelae,, stēlai, ˈstiːlaɪ also found Latinised singular stela The Warrior of Hirschlanden is a Statue of a nude ithyphallic Warrior made of Sandstone, the oldest known Iron Age life-size

The material culture of Western Halstatt culture was apparently sufficient to provide a stable social and economic equilibrium. The founding of Marseille and the penetration by Greek and Etruscan culture after ca 600 BC, resulted in long-range trade relationships up the Rhone valley which triggered social and cultural transformations in the Hallstatt settlements north of the Alps. Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ Powerful local chiefdoms emerged which controlled the redistribution of luxury goods from the Mediterranean world that is characteristic of the La Tène culture. The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site The biggest deposit of Hallstatt bronze artifacts from Europe was found in Romania. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania

Notes

  1. ^ N. Müller-Scheeßel, Die Hallstattkultur und ihre räumliche Differenzierung. Der West- und Osthallstattkreis aus forschungsgeschichtlicher Sicht (2000)

Bibliography

External links

See also

Illyrians has come to refer to a broad ill-defined " Indo-European " group of peoples who inhabited the western Balkans ( Illyria, roughly Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Noric steel, Steel produced in ancient Noricum, was famous in the Roman Empire period
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