| Hair | |
| The American Tribal Love-Rock Musical | |
 |
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| Original Broadway poster | |
|---|---|
| Music | Galt MacDermot |
| Lyrics | James Rado Gerome Ragni |
| Book | James Rado Gerome Ragni |
| Productions | 1967 Off-Broadway 1968 Broadway 1968 West End 1968 Munich 1969 Sydney Multiple Productions Worldwide 1977 Broadway revival 1979 Film version 1993 West End revival 2004 Broadway concert 2005 West End revival |
Hair: The American Tribal Love-Rock Musical is a rock musical with a book and lyrics by James Rado and Gerome Ragni and music by Galt MacDermot. Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Pianist, Composer and writer of James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author Off-Broadway plays or musicals are performed in New York City. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located West End theatre is a popular term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of London 's "Theatreland" Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 A revival is a restaging of a former hit play at a later date Hair is a 1979 film adaptation of the 1968 Broadway musical of the same title about a Vietnam war draftee who meets and befriends A rock musical is a Musical theatre work with Rock music. The genre of rock musical may overlap somewhat with album musicals, Concept albums James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Pianist, Composer and writer of A product of the hippie counter-culture and sexual revolution of the 1960s, several of its songs became anthems of the anti-Vietnam War peace movement. The Hippie Subculture was originally a Youth movement that began in the United States during the early 1960s and spread around the world Counterculture (also " counter-culture " is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a Cultural group, or The sexual revolution refers to the well-documented changes in social thought and codes of behaviour related to sexuality throughout the Western world that continues to evolve The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 Opposition to US involvement in the Vietnam War is significant because domestic protest in the U A peace movement is a Social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or The musical's depiction of the use of illegal drugs and profanity, its treatment of sexuality, its irreverence for the American flag, and its nude scene caused much comment and controversy. The term free love has been used since at least the nineteenth century to describe a Social movement that rejects Marriage, which is seen as a form Flags of the United States The Flag of the United States of America consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of Red (top and bottom alternating [1][2] The musical broke new ground in musical theatre by defining the genre of the "rock musical", utilizing a racially-integrated cast and inviting the audience onstage for a "Be-in" finale. Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. The Human Be-In was a Happening in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park, the afternoon and evening of January 14, 1967. [3]
Hair tells the story of the "Tribe",[4] a group of politically active, long-haired "Hippies of the Age of Aquarius" fighting against conscription to the Vietnam War and living a bohemian life together in New York City. This article is about human Head hair. For other uses see Longhair (disambiguation or Hair Long hair is any Hairstyle For the song see Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In. For the album see The Age of Aquarius (album. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The term bohemian, of French origin was first used in the English language in the nineteenth century to describe the untraditional lifestyles of marginalized and impoverished Artists The City of New York They struggle to balance their young lives, loves and the sexual revolution with their pacifist rebellion against the war and the conservative impulses of their parents and society.
After an off-Broadway debut in October 1967 at Joseph Papp's Public Theater and another run in a midtown discothèque space, the show opened on Broadway in April 1968 and ran for 1,750 performances,[5] followed by a successful London production, which ran for 1,997 performances. Off-Broadway plays or musicals are performed in New York City. Joseph Papp ( June 22 1921 - October 31 1991) was an American Theatrical producer and director. See also Manhattan Midtown Manhattan, or simply Midtown, is an area of Manhattan, New York City home to world-famous commercial A discothèque, diskoˈtɛk̚ compare the Spanish "discoteca" is an Entertainment venue or Club with recorded music played by "Discaires" Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Numerous productions have been staged around the world since then, and numerous recordings of the musical have been released. Several of the songs from its score became Top 40 hits, and a successful movie version was released in 1979. The Top Forty or Top 40 is a music industry shorthand for the currently most-popular songs in a particular genre. Hair is a 1979 film adaptation of the 1968 Broadway musical of the same title about a Vietnam war draftee who meets and befriends
Contents |
History
Hair was conceived by actors James Rado and Gerry Ragni. James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author The two actors met in 1964, when they were both cast in the off-Broadway play Hang Down Your Head and Die, and began writing Hair together in early 1965. [6][7] In the Los Angeles Times, Rado described the inspiration for Hair as "a combination of some characters we met in the streets, people we knew and our own imaginations. The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed We knew this group of kids in the East Village who were dropping out and dodging the draft, and there were also lots of articles in the press about how kids were being kicked out of school for growing their hair long, and we incorporated that in the show too. East Village is the name given to neighborhoods in a number of cities;Canada Downtown East Village Calgary, Alberta;United Kingdom "Turn on tune in drop out" is a Counterculture phrase coined by Timothy Leary in the 1960s A draft dodger, draft evader or draft resister, is a person who avoids ("dodges" or otherwise violates the Conscription policies of the "[3] Rado recalled, "There was so much excitement in the streets and the parks and the hippie areas, and we thought if we could transmit this excitement to the stage it would be wonderful. . . . We hung out with them and went to their Be-Ins [and] let our hair grow. "[2] Many cast members (Shelley Plimpton in particular) were recruited right off the street. Shelley Plimpton (b February 27, 1947) is an American former Actress and Broadway performer [3]
Rado and Ragni came from different artistic backgrounds. In college, Rado wrote musical revues and aspired to be a Broadway composer in the Rodgers and Hammerstein tradition. A revue is a type of multi-act popular theatrical Entertainment that combines Music, dance and sketches. Richard Rodgers (1902 &ndash 1979 and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895 &ndash 1960 were a well-known American songwriting duo He went on to study acting with Lee Strasberg. Lee Strasberg ( November 17, 1901 – February 17, 1982) was an Academy Award -nominated Austro-Hungarian - American Ragni, on the other hand, was an active member of The Open Theater group in New York City, a group that was developing experimental theatre techniques. The Open Theater was an Experimental theatre group active from 1963 to 1973. Experimental theatre is a general term for various movements in Western Theatre that began in the 20th century as a reaction against the then-dominant conventions governing the [8] Ragni would later interest Rado in the modern theatre styles and methods being developed there. [9] In 1966, while the two were developing Hair, Ragni performed in The Open Theater's production of Megan Terry's play, Viet Rock, a story about young men being deployed to the Vietnam War. Megan Terry (b 1932-07-22) is an an internationally known playwright and prolific writer Terry was born in Seattle Washington, United States, in In addition to the war theme, Viet Rock employed the same improvisational and workshop exercises later used in the development of Hair. [10][7]
Rado and Ragni brought their ideas for the show to producer Eric Blau who, through common friend Nat Shapiro, connected the two with Canadian composer Galt MacDermot. Nat Shapiro (September 27 1922 New York City - December 15 1983 New York City was an American Jazz writer and Record producer. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page [11] MacDermot had won a Grammy Award in 1961 for his composition "African Waltz" (recorded by Cannonball Adderley). The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Julian Edwin "Cannonball" Adderley ( September 15 1928 – August 8 1975) was a Jazz alto saxophonist of [12] "We work independently," explained MacDermot regarding the creative process. "I prefer it that way. They hand me the material. I set it to music. "[13] MacDermot's lifestyle was in marked contrast to his co-creators: "I had short hair, a wife, and, at that point, four children, and I lived on Staten Island"[2] Among the first songs written for the show were "I Got Life", "Ain't Got No", "Where Do I Go" and the title song. [3]
Off-Broadway productions
The show was pitched to several Broadway producers and received many rejections. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Eventually Joe Papp, who ran the New York Shakespeare Festival, decided he wanted Hair to open the new Public Theater (still under construction) in New York City's Greenwich Village. Joseph Papp ( June 22 1921 - October 31 1991) was an American Theatrical producer and director. New York Shakespeare Festival is the traditional name of a sequence of shows organized by the Public Theater in New York City, most often being held at the Delacorte The Public Theater is a New York City arts organization founded as The Shakespeare Workshop in 1954 by Joseph Papp, with the intention of showcasing the works of up-and-coming Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan The production did not go smoothly: "The rehearsal and casting process was confused, the material itself incomprehensible to many of the theater’s staff. The director, Gerald Freedman, the theater's associate artistic director, withdrew in frustration during the final week of rehearsals and offered his resignation. Gerald Freedman (born June 25 1927) is an American Theatre director, Librettist, and Lyricist, and a College Papp accepted it, and the choreographer Anna Sokolow took over the show. Anna Sokolow (February 9 1910 Hartford Connecticut &ndash March 29 2000 in New York City New York) was a Jewish American Dancer and . . . After a disastrous final dress rehearsal, Papp wired Mr. Freedman in Washington, where he’d fled: 'Please come back. ' Mr. Freedman did. "[14] Hair premiered off-Broadway on October 17, 1967 and ran for a limited engagement of six weeks. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Although the production had a "tepid critical reception", it was popular with audiences. [14]
Chicago businessman Michael Butler was planning a run for the U.S. Senate on an anti-war platform. Michael Butler (born in Chicago Illinois) is an American Theatrical producer best known for bringing the rock musical Hair from the The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives After seeing an ad for Hair in the New York Times that led him to believe the show was about Native Americans, he watched the Public's production several times and decided to purchase the rights and move it to Broadway. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States [2] Papp and Butler then moved the show to The Cheetah, an old discotheque at 53rd Street and Broadway. It ran there for 45 performances. [3] There was no nudity in either the Public Theater or Cheetah production. [15]
Revision for Broadway
Before the move to Broadway, the creative team hired director Tom O'Horgan. Tom O'Horgan (born May 3 1926) is an American theatre and Film director and Composer. O'Horgan was the authors' first choice to direct the Public Theater production, but he was in Europe at the time. [16] O'Horgan had built a reputation directing experimental theater at the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club and had used nudity in many of the plays he directed – something that he would eventually integrate into the Broadway production of Hair. La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club ( La MaMa ETC) is an American not-for-profit cultural organization located in the East Village section of lower [3] Newsweek described O'Horgan's directing style as ". Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. . . sensual, savage, and thoroughly musical. . . [he] disintegrates verbal structure and often breaks up and distributes narrative and even character among different actors. . . He enjoys sensory bombardment. "[17]
Hair underwent a massive overhaul between its closing at the Cheetah in January 1968 and its Broadway opening three months later. The Off-Broadway book, already light on plot, was loosened even further, and 13 new songs were added. [18] In rehearsals, O'Horgan used techniques passed down by Viola Spolin and Paul Sills of improvisational "games" and role playing theories that encouraged freedom and spontaneity. Viola Spolin ( November 7, 1906 - November 22, 1994) was an American drama teacher and author Paul Sills ( November 18, 1927 &ndash June 2, 2008) was a director and Improvisation teacher and the original director of The Many of these improvisations were incorporated into the Broadway script. O'Horgan also put the cast through sensitivity exercises based on trust, touching, listening and intensive examination which broke down barriers between the cast and crew and encouraged bonding. These exercises were based on techniques developed at the Esalen Institute and Polish Lab Theater. Esalen Institute is a center in Big Sur California, in the United States, for humanistic alternative education and a Nonprofit organization [19]
Papp declined to pursue a Broadway production, and Butler produced the show himself. For a time it seemed that Butler would be unable to secure a Broadway theater, as the Shuberts, Nederlanders and other theater owners deemed the material too controversial. However, political strings were pulled, and theater owner David Cogan was convinced to make the Biltmore Theater available. [20] Hair became the first off-Broadway musical to successfully make the transition to the Broadway stage. [21]
After assuring Butler that commencing previews by April 3rd was sufficient to warrant consideration by the New York Theatre League for the 1968 Tony Awards, the League later ruled Hair ineligible, moving the cutoff date to March 19. The Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, more commonly known as the Tony Awards, recognize achievement in live American Theatre and are presented The producers brought suit[22] but were unable to force the League to reconsider. [23] At the 1969 Tonys, Hair was nominated for Best Musical and Best Director but lost out to 1776 in both categories. 1776 is a Broadway musical with music and lyrics by Sherman Edwards and a book by Peter Stone. [24]
Early productions
Broadway
Hair opened on Broadway at the Biltmore Theatre on April 29, 1968. Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The production was directed by Tom O'Horgan and choreographed by Julie Arenal, with set design by Robin Wagner, costume design by Nancy Potts, and lighting design by Jules Fisher. Robin Wagner is an American award winning scenic designer He was born in San Francisco and was raised in California Jules Fisher (born November 12, 1937) is an award-winning Lighting designer and producer
The original New York "Tribe" (i. e. , cast) included authors Rado and Ragni, who played the lead roles of Claude and Berger, respectively, and Lynn Kellogg as Sheila, Lamont Washington as Hud, Sally Eaton as Jeanie, Shelley Plimpton as Crissy, Melba Moore as Dionne, Steve Curry as Woof, Ronnie Dyson (who sang "Aquarius"), Paul Jabara and Diane Keaton (who would later play Sheila). Sally Eaton is a Wiccan High Priestess, Liturgist, singer and Actress, whose credits include creating and playing the role of Jeanie in the stage Melba Moore (born Melba Hill, October 29 1945 New York) is an American R&B Singer and actress. Ronnie Dyson ( June 5 1950 — November 10 1990) was an American Singer and Actor. Paul Jabara ( January 31, 1948 – September 29 1992) was an American Actor, Singer and Songwriter. Diane Keaton (born Diane Hall on January 5 1946 is an Oscar -winning American film Actress, director and producer [5] Among the performers who appeared in Hair during its original Broadway run were Ben Vereen, Keith Carradine, Barry McGuire, Ted Lange, Kenny Seymour (of Little Anthony and The Imperials), Joe Butler (of the Lovin' Spoonful), Peppy Castro (of the Blues Magoos), Robin McNamara, Heather MacRae (daughter of Gordon MacRae), Eddie Rambeau and Kim Milford. Ben Vereen (born October 10, 1946, in Miami Florida) is an American Actor, Dancer, and Singer who has Keith Ian Carradine (born August 8, 1949) is an American Academy Award -winning Actor and Songwriter, born into a family Barry McGuire (born 15 October 1935) is an American Singer-songwriter. Theodore "Ted" William Lange (born January 5 1948 is an American Actor, director, and Screenwriter best known for his role as Little Anthony & The Imperials is a Rhythm and blues / soul / Doo-wop vocal group from New York, first active in the 1950s Joe Butler (born Joseph Campbell Butler 16 September, 1941, in Long Island, New York) was a founding member of The Lovin' Spoonful The Lovin' Spoonful is an American Pop rock band of the 1960s named to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000 The Blues Magoos was a rock music group from The Bronx, New York. Robin McNamara (born 5 May 1947, in Newton, Massachusetts) is an American Singer, Songwriter and Musician Albert Gordon MacRae ( March 12, 1921 – January 24, 1986) was an American Actor and Singer, best known for Eddie Rambeau (born Edward Cletus Fluri 30 June 1943, Hazleton, Pennsylvania) is an American Singer, Songwriter Richard Kim Milford ( February 7, 1951 - June 16, 1988) was an American movie and stage Actor. [5]
The production closed after a four year run of 1,750 performances, on July 1, 1972. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [5]
Early regional productions
The West Coast version played at the Aquarius Theatre on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles beginning about six months after the Broadway opening and running for an unprecedented two years. The " West Coast " " Western Seaboard " or " Pacific Seaboard " are terms for the westernmost coastal states of the Western United States The Earl Carroll Theatre was the name of two major Theatres one on Broadway in New York City and the other on Sunset Blvd in Hollywood Sunset Boulevard is a Street in the western part of Los Angeles County California, that stretches from Figueroa Street in Downtown Los Angeles Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The Los Angeles Tribe included Rado, Ragni, Robert Rothman, Ben Vereen (who replaced Ragni), Red Shepard, Ted Neeley (who replaced Rado), Meat Loaf, Táta Vega, Jobriath, Jennifer Warnes (Warren) and Dobie Gray. Ted Neeley (b Teddie Joe Neeley September 20, 1943 in Ranger TX USA is a rock and roll Drummer, singer actor composer and record Michael Lee Aday (born Marvin Lee Aday; September 27 1947 better known by his stage name Meat Loaf, is an American rock Musician Táta Vega (born Carmen Rose Vega on October 7 1951 in Queens New York is a vocalist whose career spans theater film and a variety of musical genres Jobriath was the stage name of Bruce Wayne Campbell ( December 14, 1946 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania - August 3, 1983) Jennifer Jean Warnes (born March 3 1947 in Seattle, Washington) is an American singer and songwriter Dobie Gray (born Lawrence Victor Ainsworth 26 July 1940) is an African American Musician / Singer best known for his cover of [25]
There were soon nine simultaneous productions in U. S. cities, followed by national tours. [25][26] Among the performers in these were Joe Mantegna and André DeShields (Chicago),[27] David Lasley, David Patrick Kelly and Shaun Murphy (Detroit),[28] Arnold McCuller (tour),[29] and Philip Michael Thomas (San Francisco). Joseph Anthony “Joe” Mantegna Jr (born November 13, 1947) is an American Tony Award -winning Actor, producer, André DeShields (born January 12 1946 in Baltimore Maryland) is an American Actor, Singer, Dancer, Choreographer David Lasley (born August 20, 1947 in Branch Michigan) is an American Singer-songwriter, best known for his contributions as a background David Patrick Kelly (born January 23, 1951) is an American actor and musician who has appeared in numerous films including some major roles For other people named Shaun Murphy all male see Shaun Murphy (disambiguation Shaun Murphy, born Cheryl Murphy and also known as Arnold McCuller is an African American Singer from Cleveland, Ohio. Philip Michael Thomas (born May 26 1949) is an American Actor. [30] The same creative team from Broadway lent their efforts to Hair in Los Angeles, Chicago and San Francisco, as the Broadway staging served as a rough template for these and other early regional productions. One notable addition to the team in Los Angeles was Tom Smothers who served as co-producer. Thomas Bolin “Tom” Smothers III (born February 2, 1937) is an American Comedian, Composer and Musician, best known [31]
It was rare for so many productions to run simultaneously during an initial Broadway run. Producer Michael Butler, who had declared that Hair is "the strongest anti-war statement ever written", said the reason that he opened so many productions was to influence public opinion against the Vietnam War and end it as soon as possible. [32]
Original West End production
Hair opened at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London on September 27, 1968 with the same creative team as Broadway. The Shaftesbury Theatre is a West End Theatre, located on Shaftesbury Avenue, in the London Borough of Camden. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. As was the case in other early productions, the London show had a sprinkling of local allusions and other minor departures from the Broadway version. [33] The original London Tribe included Sonja Kristina, Paul Nicholas, Richard O'Brien, Melba Moore, Elaine Paige, Paul Korda, Marsha Hunt, Floella Benjamin, Alex Harvey and Tim Curry. Sonja Kristina Linwood (born 14 April 1949, in Brentwood Essex) is an English Musician, usually known as Sonja Kristina Paul Nicholas (born Paul Oscar Beuselinck 3 December 1945 in Peterborough, England) is an English Actor and Richard Timothy Smith (born March 25 1942) better known under his Stage name Richard O'Brien, is an English-born New Zealand-raised Elaine Paige OBE (née Bickerstaff born 5 March 1948 is an English Singer and actress, best known for her work in Musical theatre Paul Korda (born Paul Kunstler in 1948 Singapore, Malaysia is an English songwriter singer musician and actor Marsha Hunt (born April 15, 1946) is an African American model, Singer, Novelist and actress. Floella Benjamin OBE, Hon DLitt ( Exon) (born September 23 1949) is a British actress, Author This article is about the Scottish rock singer Alex Harvey not to be confused with American songwriter Alex Harvey who wrote for Kenny Rogers, or Canadian Timothy James Curry (born 19 April 1946 is an English Actor, Singer, Voice actor, and Composer, as well as having a career as a This was Curry's first full-time theatrical acting role, where he met future Rocky Horror Show collaborator O'Brien. The Rocky Horror Show is a long-running British stage musical, opening in London on 19 June 1973 [34] Hair's engagement in London surpassed the Broadway production, running for 1,997 performances[33] until its closure was forced by the roof collapsing in July 1973. [35]
Early international productions
The job of leading the foreign language productions of Hair was given to Bertrand Castelli, Butler's partner and executive producer of the Broadway show. [36] Castelli was a writer/producer who travelled in Paris art circles and rubbed elbows with Pablo Picasso and Jean Cocteau. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (5 July 1889 &ndash 11 October 1963 was a French Poet, Novelist, Dramatist, Designer, Boxing Butler described him as a "crazy showman. . . the guy with the business suit and beads". [37] Castelli made the decision to do the show in the local language of each country at a time Broadway shows were always done in English. [36] The translations were very close to the original script, and the same Broadway stagings were used. Each script contained various local references such as street names and the names or depictions of local politicians and celebrities. Castelli produced and sometimes directed companies in France, Germany, Mexico and other countries. [36]
A German production, directed by Castelli,[36] opened in 1968 in Munich;[38] the Tribe included Donna Summer and Liz Mitchell (of Boney M). Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany. Donna Summer (born LaDonna Adrian Gaines December 31, 1948) is an American Singer-songwriter and Musician who gained Liz Mitchell (born Elizabeth Rebecca Mitchell July 12 1952, in Clarendon, Jamaica) was the Lead singer of the 70's disco band Boney M is a German pop and Disco group created by West German Record producer Frank Farian. A successful Parisian production of Hair opened on June 1, 1969. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [39] The Australian production of Hair premiered in Sydney on June 6, 1969,[40] playing for two years, followed by an Australian tour. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4 Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It was produced by Harry M. Miller and directed by Jim Sharman. Harry Maurice Miller (born 6 January 1934) is an Australian promoter and publicist Jim Sharman was born 12 March, 1945 in Sydney, Australia, as James David Sharman The Australian production is notable as the stage debut of popular Australian vocalist Marcia Hines. Marcia Elaine Hines (born 20 July 1953 in Boston, Massachusetts, USA is a Vocalist, actress and TV personality who achieved The Sydney Tribe also included Sharon Redd, Reg Livermore, and John Waters. Sharon Redd ( October 19 1945 - May 1 1992) was an American House music and Urban contemporary singer from New Reginald Dawson Livermore AO (born 11 December 1938) is an Australian Actor, singer theatrical performer and television presenter John Russell Waters (born 8 December 1948 London England is a famous film theatre and television actor best known in Australia where he moved to in 1968
A notable production was in the former Yugoslavia (Belgrade), the first Hair to be produced in a communist country. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian, Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovene, Macedonian: Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. [41] Directed by a local female director and attended by Marshal Tito, the Belgrade production was a favorite of authors Rado and Ragni, with Ragni declaring "there's no middle class prejudices here". Local references added to the script included barbs aimed at Mao Ze-dong as well as Albania, Yugoslavia's traditional rival. Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. [36]
Other early productions were staged in Sweden, Brazil, Argentina, Finland, Italy, Israel, Japan, Denmark, Norway, Canada, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Austria. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich By 1970, nineteen productions had been staged outside of North America. [26]
Synopsis
"Aquarius"
"Hair"
- Act I
Claude, the nominal leader of the "Tribe", sits center stage as the Tribe mingles with the audience. Tribe members Sheila, a New York University student who is a determined political activist, and Berger, an irreverent free spirit, cut a lock of Claude's hair and burn it in a receptacle. New York University ( NYU) is a private, Nonsectarian, Coeducational Research University in New York City. Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change After the Tribe converges in slow-motion toward the stage, through the audience, they begin their celebration as children of the Age of "Aquarius". Berger removes his trousers to reveal a loincloth. Interacting with the audience, he introduces himself as a "psychedelic teddy bear" and reveals that he is "looking for my Donna" ("Donna").
The Tribe recites a list of pharmaceuticals, legal and illegal ("Hashish"). Woof, a gentle soul, extolls several sexual practices ("Sodomy") and says, "I grow things. " He loves plants, his family and the audience, telling the audience, "We are all one. " Hud, a militant African-American, is carried in upside down on a pole. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa He declares himself "president of the United States of love" ("Colored Spade"). In a fake English accent, Claude says that he is "the most beautiful beast in the forest" from "Manchester, England". A Tribe member reminds him that he's really from Flushing, New York. Flushing, founded in 1645 is a neighborhood in the north central part of the City of New York borough of Queens, ten miles (16 km east of Manhattan Hud, Woof and Berger declare what color they are ("I'm Black"), while Claude says that he's "invisible". The Tribe recites a list of things they lack ("Ain't Got No"). Four African-American Tribe members recite street signs in symbolic sequence ("Dead End").
Sheila is carried onstage ("I Believe in Love") and leads the Tribe in a protest chant. The Tribe reprises "Ain't Got No (Grass)". Jeanie, an eccentric young woman, appears wearing a gas mask, satirizing pollution ("Air"). She is pregnant and in love with Claude. Although she wishes it was Claude's baby, she was "knocked up by some crazy speed freak". The Tribe link together LBJ, FBI, CIA and LSD ("Initials"). Six members of the Tribe appear dressed as Claude's parents, berating him for his various transgressions – he doesn't have a job, and he collects "mountains of paper" clippings and notes. They say that they will not give him any more money, and "the army'll make a man out of you". In defiance, Claude leads the Tribe in celebrating their vitality ("I Got Life").
After handing out imaginary pills to the Tribe members, saying the pills are for high profile people such as Richard Nixon, the Pope ("a pill for the Pope") and "Alabama Wallace", Berger relates how he was expelled from high school ("Goin' Down"). George Corley Wallace Jr (August 25 1919 September 13 1998 was a Democratic Governor of Alabama for four terms (1963-1967 1971-1979 and 1983-1987 and ran for Claude returns from his draft board physical, which he passed. He pretends to burn his Vietnam War draft card, which Berger reveals as a library card. Claude agonizes about what to do about being drafted.
Two Tribe members dressed as tourists come down the aisle to ask the Tribe why they have such long hair. This article is about human Head hair. For other uses see Longhair (disambiguation or Hair Long hair is any Hairstyle In answer, Claude and Berger lead the Tribe in explaining the significance of their "Hair". The tourist lady states that kids should "be free, no guilt" and should "do whatever you want, just so long as you don't hurt anyone. " She observes that long hair is natural, like the colorful plumage of male birds ("My Conviction"). She opens her coat to reveal that she's a man in drag. This article deals with the history of the word 'transvestite' As the couple leaves, the Tribe calls her Margaret Mead. Margaret Mead ( December 16, 1901, Philadelphia &ndash November 15, 1978, New York City) was an American
"Where Do I Go?"
Sheila gives Berger a yellow shirt. He goofs around and ends up tearing it in two. Sheila voices her distress that Berger seems to care more about the "bleeding crowd" than about her ("Easy to be Hard"). Jeanie summarizes everyone's romantic entanglements: "I'm hung up on Claude, Sheila's hung up on Berger, Berger is hung up everywhere. Claude is hung up on a cross over Sheila and Berger. " The Tribe runs out to the audience with fliers inviting them to a Be-In. The Human Be-In was a Happening in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park, the afternoon and evening of January 14, 1967. Berger, Woof and another Tribe member pay satiric tribute to the American flag as they fold it ("Don't Put it Down"). After young and innocent Crissy describes "Frank Mills", a boy she's looking for, the Tribe participates in the "Be-In". The men of the Tribe burn their draft cards. Claude puts his card in the fire, then changes his mind and pulls it out. He asks, "where is the something, where is the someone, that tells me why I live and die?" ("Where Do I Go"). The Tribe emerges naked, intoning "beads, flowers, freedom, happiness. "
- Act II
Four Tribe members have the "Electric Blues". After a black-out, the Tribe enters worshiping "Oh Great God of Power. " Claude returns from the induction center, and Tribe members act out an imagined conversation from Claude's draft interview, with Hud saying "the draft is white people sending black people to make war on the yellow people to defend the land they stole from the red people". Claude gives Woof a Mick Jagger poster, and Woof, excited about the gift, says he's in love with Jagger. Sir Michael Philip "Mick" Jagger, Kt (born 26 July 1943 is a Golden Globe -winning and two-time Grammy -winning English rock Three white women of the Tribe tell why they like "Black Boys" ("black boys are delicious. . . "), and three black women of the Tribe, dressed like The Supremes, explain why they like "White Boys" ("white boys are so pretty. The Supremes were an American female singing group that first formed as a quartet called The Primettes . . ").
Berger gives a joint to Claude that is laced with a hallucinogen. The general group of pharmacological agents commonly known as hallucinogens can be divided into three broad categories Psychedelics, Dissociatives Claude starts to trip as the Tribe acts out his visions ("Walking in Space"). He hallucinates that he is skydiving from a plane into the jungles of Vietnam. Berger appears as General George Washington and is told to retreat because of an Indian attack. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the The Indians shoot all of Washington's men. General Ulysses S. Grant appears and begins a roll call: Abraham Lincoln (played by a black female Tribe member), John Wilkes Booth, Calvin Coolidge, Clark Gable, Scarlet O'Hara, Aretha Franklin, Colonel George Custer. Ulysses S Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27 1822 &ndash July 23 1885 was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Abraham Lincoln assassination John Wilkes Booth (May 10 1838 – April 26 1865 was an American stage actor who assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the John Calvin Coolidge Jr (July 4 1872 January 5 1933 was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929 Clark Gable (February 1 &ndashNovember 16) was an iconic American Actor nicknamed "The King of Hollywood" in his heyday Scarlett O'Hara (full name Katie Scarlett O'Hara Hamilton Kennedy Butler) is the Protagonist in Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 novel Gone with Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25 1942 Franklin has had a total of twenty number-one singles on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart, two of which became #1 hits on the Claude Bukowski is called in the roll call, but Clark Gable says "he couldn't make it". They all dance a minuet until three African witch doctors kill them - all except for Abraham Lincoln who says, "I'm one of you". A minuet, sometimes spelled menuet, is a Social dance of French origin for two persons usually in 3/4 time. A witch doctor often refers to Healers in Third world regions who use traditional healing rather than Science or developed Medicine. Lincoln, after the three Africans sing his praises, recites an alternate version of the Gettysburg Address ("Abie Baby"). Booth shoots Lincoln, but Lincoln says to him, "I ain't dying for no white man".
As the visions continue, four buddhist monks enter. A Bhikkhu ( Pāli) or Bhiksu ( Sanskrit) is a fully ordained male Buddhist Monastic. One monk pours a can of gasoline over another monk, who is set afire and runs off screaming. Three Catholic nuns strangle the three buddhist monks. Three astronauts shoot the nuns with ray guns. This article is about fictional weapons For other meanings see Raygun (disambiguation. Three Chinese people stab the astronauts with knives. Three Native Americans kill the Chinese with bows and tomahawks. Three green berets kill the Native Americans with machine guns and then kill each other. The green beret is the official Headgear as part of the uniform of several military forces A Sergeant and two parents appear holding up a suit on a hanger. The parents talk to the suit as if it is their son and they are very proud of him. The bodies rise and play like children. The play escalates to violence until they are all dead again. They rise again ("Three Five Zero Zero") and, at the end of the trip sequence, two Tribe members sing, over the dead bodies, a melody set to a Shakespeare lyric about the nobility of Man ("What A Piece of Work Is Man"). William Shakespeare ( baptised
"The Flesh Failures/Let the Sun Shine In"
After the trip, Claude says "I can't take this moment to moment living on the streets. . . . I know what I want to be. . . invisible". As they "look at the moon" Sheila and the others enjoy a light moment ("Good Morning, Starshine"). The Tribe pays tribute to an old mattress ("The Bed"). Claude is left alone with his doubts. He leaves as the Tribe enters wrapped in blankets in the midst of a snow storm. They start a protest chant and then wonder where Claude has gone. Berger calls out "Claude! Claude!" Claude enters dressed in a military uniform, his hair shorn, but they don't see him because he is an invisible spirit. Claude says, "like it or not, they got me. "
Claude and everyone sing "Flesh Failures". The Tribe moves in front of Claude as Sheila and Dionne take up the lyric. The whole Tribe launches into "Let the Sun Shine In", and as they exit, they reveal Claude lying down center stage on a black cloth. During the curtain call, the Tribe reprises "Let the Sun Shine In" and brings audience members up on stage to dance.
(Note: This plot summary is based on the original Broadway script. The script has varied in subsequent productions. )
Themes
Race
Four songs, "Colored Spade", "Dead End", "Abie Baby" and "Black Boys/White Boys" address racial issues. "Colored Spade", the song that intruduces the lead character of Hud, a militant black male, is a long list of racial slurs ("jungle bunny . . little black sambo. . . ") topped off with the declaration that Hud is the "president of the Unites States of love". [42] At the end of his song he tells the tribe that the "boogie man" will get them and yells "boo!!" as the tribe pretends to be frightened. "Dead End" is sung by black tribe members and is a list of street signs that symbolize frustration and alienation ("keep out . . . mad dog . . . hands off"). "Black Boys/White Boys" addresses miscegenation,[43] laws against which the U. Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting S. Supreme Court had struck down in 1967. One of the tribe's protest chants is "What do we think is really great? To bomb, lynch and segregate!" [44]
"Abie Baby" occurs during the trip sequence when four African witch doctors, who have just killed various American historical, cultural and fictional characters, sing the praises of Abraham Lincoln, a black female tribe member who they decide not to kill. [45] The first part of the song contains racial stereotype language that one would hear black characters in old movies say, like "Yes, I's finished . . . pluckin' y'all's chickens, fryin' mothers oats and grease", and "I's free now thanks to y'all Master Lincoln". Lincoln then recites a modernized version of the Gettysburg Address while a white female tribe member polishes Lincoln's shoes with her blonde hair. [44]
Drugs
Various illegal drugs are taken by the characters during the course of the show, most notably an unspecified hallucinogen during the trip sequence in Act 2. The song "Walking in Space" starts off the sequence, and the lyrics celebrate the experience declaring "in this dive we rediscover sensation. . . our eyes are open, wide" and "how dare they try to end this beauty". [46] At another point, Jeanie smokes a marijuana cigarette and says that anyone who thinks "pot" is bad is "full of shit". [44]
Generally, the tribe celebrates the hippie drugs that are hallucinogenic or "mind expanding" in nature such as LSD and marijuana,[47] while other drugs such as speed and depressants are not met with the same approval. The latter is best summarized by Jeanie who after revealing that she is pregnant by a "speed freak" says that "methedrine is a bad scene". [44] Also, the song "Hashish" provides a list of pharmaceuticals, both illegal and legal, including cocaine, alcohol, LSD, cough syrup, opium and Thorazine, which is used as an antipsychotic. Chlorpromazine (as chlorpromazine Hydrochloride, abbreviated CPZ, marketed in the US as Thorazine) is a Phenothiazine Antipsychotic Antipsychotics are a group of Psychoactive drugs commonly but not exclusively used to treat Psychosis, which is typified by Schizophrenia. [47]
Sexuality
In the song "Sodomy", Woof exhorts everyone to "join the holy orgy Kama Sutra". The Kama Sutra ( Sanskrit: कामसूत्र (alternative spellings Kamasutram or simply Kamasutra) is an ancient Indian [48] Toward the end of the Act 2, the tribe members reveal their free love tendencies when they barter back and forth about who will sleep with whom that night. Hair has a strong racial element in the various sexual themes. Female white tribe members sing about how they are sexually attracted to "Black Boys" and black female tribe sing about their similar feelings for "White Boys". Adding to this sentiment, one of the protest chants they shout is "Black, white, yellow, red. Copulate in a king-sized bed". [44]
In addition, as Clive Barnes wrote in his original New York Times review of Hair, "homosexuality is not frowned upon". [49] Three characters in particular – Claude, Berger and Woof – make reference, sometimes vague, to bisexual experiences and bisexuality. Bisexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of both sexes or to a bisexual orientation Woof says he has a crush on Mick Jagger, and a three-way embrace between Claude, Berger and Sheila turns into a Claude-Berger kiss. Also, Berger, Sheila and Claude live together in an East Village apartment in an arrangement that Jeanie describes as "highly unusual". [44]
Pacifism and Environmentalism
Pacifism is a theme that pervades the book and score, especially the trip sequence. The lyrics to "Three-Five-Zero-Zero" evoke the horrors of war ("ripped open by metal explosion") and point a finger at the Vietnam War directly when the tribe sing "256 Vietcong captured". [50] The song also includes the repeated phrase "prisoners in niggertown it's a dirty little war". [44] "Don't Put It Down" pokes fun at patriotism, suggesting that some people are literally "crazy" for the American flag. [51]
"Be In (Hare Krishna)" celebrates the peace movement and events like the San Francisco and Central Park Be-Ins. The Human Be-In was a Happening in San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park, the afternoon and evening of January 14, 1967. Between 1967 and 1968 several "be-ins" were held in Central Park to protest against various issues such as US involvement in the Vietnam War and [52] The tribe also at various points in the show chant protest slogans that were prevalant at the time. These include "What do we want? Peace - When do we want it? Now!" and "Do not enter the induction center". [44]
Before the song "Air", Jeanie appears from a trap door in the stage wearing a gas mask. She then sings, "Welcome sulfur dioxide. Hello carbon monoxide. The air . . . is everywhere". [53] In the song Jeanie suggests that pollution will eventually kill her, "vapor and fume at the stone of my tomb, breathing like a sullen perfume". [44] Also Woof, when he introduces himself, reveals his affection for nature; that he "grows things" like "beets, and corn . . . and sweet peas" and that he "loves the flowers and the fuzz and the trees". [44]
Religion and Astrology
Religion appears both overtly and symbolically throughout the piece. When Berger sings of looking for "Donna", the line is intentionally blurred as to whether he's searching out a woman named Donna or the Madonna. [54] During "Sodomy", a hymn-like paean to all that is "dirty" about sex, the cast struck evocative religious positions: the Pietà and Christ on the cross. The Pietà (pl same Italian for pity) is a subject in Christian art depicting The Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus, most [54] Before the song, Woof recites a modified rosary. The Rosary (from Latin rosarium, meaning "rose garden" or "garland of roses" is a popular traditional Roman Catholic devotion. [44] In "Going Down", after being kicked out of school, Berger compares himself to Lucifer: "Just like the angel that fell / Banished forever to hell / Today have I been expelled / From high school heaven. Lucifer is a name frequently given to Satan in Christian belief "[55]
Claude becomes a classic Christ figure at various points in the script. A Christ figure is a Literary technique that authors use to draw Allusions between their characters and the biblical Jesus Christ. [56] In Act I, Claude enters, saying, "I am the Son of God. I shall vanish and be forgotten," then gives benediction to the tribe and the audience. Claude suffers from indecision, and, in his Gethsemane at the end of Act I, he asks "Where Do I Go?". Gethsemane ( Greek ΓεσΘημανι Gesthēmani ' Hebrew: גת שמנים, from Aramaic גת שמנא Gat Šmānê, lit There are various textual allusions to Claude being on a cross, and, in the end, he is chosen to give his life for the others. [56] Coincidentally, Ted Neeley who played Claude in Los Angeles, later portrayed the title role in Jesus Christ Superstar, both as an understudy on Broadway[57] and in the original film. Jesus Christ Superstar is a Rock opera by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber. Jesus Christ Superstar is a 1973, Oscar-nominated film adaptation of the Rock opera of the same name, based on the last weeks of the life [58]
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Lyrics from "Aquarius":
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Songs like "Good Morning, Starshine" and "Aquarius" reflect the 1960s cultural interest in astrological and cosmic concepts. "Aquarius" was the result of Rado's research into his own astrological sign. " Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In " sometimes incorrectly known as " The Age of Aquarius " or " Let the Sunshine In " is a medley Aquarius is the eleventh Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation Aquarius. Astrological signs represent twelve equal segments or divisions of the Zodiac. [59] The company's astrologer was consulted when deciding whom to cast,[60] with Sheila usually played by a Libra or Capricorn. Libra is the seventh Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Libra. Capricorn is the tenth Astrological sign in the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Capricornus. Berger was seen as having strong Leonine tendencies,[59] although Ragni, the original Berger, was a Virgo (born on Sept 11). Leo is the fifth Astrological sign of the Zodiac, originating from the constellation of Leo. [61]
The company's astrologer, Maria Crummere, was also consulted when deciding when the show would open on Broadway and in other cities. [62] In the 1971 Broadway Playbill, it was reported that the astrologer chose April 29, 1968 for the Broadway premiere. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "The 29th was auspicious. . . because the moon was high, indicating that people would attend in masses. The position of the 'history makers' (Pluto, Uranus, Jupiter) in the 10th house made the show unique, powerful and a money-maker. And the fact that Neptune was on the ascendancy foretold that Hair would develop a reputation involving sex. "[63]
In Mexico, where the astrologer did not pick the opening date, the show was closed down by the government after one night. [62] She was not pleased with the date of the Boston opening, saying, "Jupiter will be in opposition to naughty Saturn, and the show opens the very day of the sun's eclipse. Terrible. " Unfortunately, there was no safe time in the near future. [64]
Literary themes and symbolism
Hair makes many references to Shakespeare's plays, especially Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet, and, at times, takes lyrical material directly from Shakespeare. William Shakespeare ( baptised Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the Hamlet is a Tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1599 and 1601 For example, the lyrics to the song "What a Piece of Work Is Man" is from Hamlet (II: scene 2) and portions of "Flesh Failures" ("the rest is silence") are Hamlet's final lines. In "Flesh Failures/Let The Sun Shine In", the lyrics "Eyes, look your last!/ Arms, take your last embrace! And lips, O you/ The doors of breath, seal with a righteous kiss" are from Romeo and Juliet (V: iii, 111-14). [65]
Symbolically, the sub-plot of Claude's indecision, leading to his repeated failure to burn his draft card, has been interpreted as a version of Hamlet, "the melancholy hippie", whose inability to take decisive action causes his demise. [66] The symbolism is carried into the last scene, where Claude appears as a ghostly spirit among his friends wearing an army uniform in an ironic echo of an earlier scene, where he says, "I know what I want to be. . . invisible". According to Public Theater Artistic Director Oskar Eustis, "Both [Hair and Hamlet] center on idealistic brilliant men as they struggle to find their place in a world marred by war, violence, and venal politics. Oskar Eustis is the Artistic director at the Public Theater and has worked as a director dramaturg and artistic director for theaters around the country They see both the luminous possibilities and the harshest realities of being human. In the end, unable to effectively combat the evil around them, they tragically succumb. "[67]
The song "Three-Five-Zero-Zero" contains portions of Allen Ginsberg's poem "Wichita Vortex Sutra". Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. [68] In the psychedelic drug trip sequence, Scarlett O'Hara, from Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind, and activist African-American poet LeRoi Jones are portrayed. Scarlett O'Hara (full name Katie Scarlett O'Hara Hamilton Kennedy Butler) is the Protagonist in Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 novel Gone with Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell Marsh ( November 8 1900 – August 16 1949) popularly known as Margaret Mitchell was an American This is about the 1936 American Novel. For the film see Gone with the Wind (film Gone with the Wind is a 1936 American Amiri Baraka (born October 7 1934 is an American Writer of Poetry, Drama, essays and Music criticism. [44]
Dramatics
In his introduction to the published script of Viet Rock, Richard Schechner says, "performance, action, and event are the key terms of our theatre—and these terms are not literary. Richard Schechner (born August 23, 1934) is a University Professor/Professor of Performance Studies at the Tisch School of the Arts New York University "[69] In the 1950s, Off-off Broadway theatres began experimenting with non-traditional theater roles, blurring the lines between playwright, director, and actor. Off-Off-Broadway refers to theatrical productions including plays, musicals or Performance art pieces performed in New York City in smaller theatres The playwright's job was not just to put words on a page, but to create a theatrical experience based around a central idea. By 1967, theaters such as the Living Theatre, La MaMa E. T. C. , and the Open Theatre were actively devising plays from improvisational scenes crafted in the rehearsal space, rather than utilizing a traditional script. [70]
Viet Rock and Hair
Megan Terry's Viet Rock was created this way. [70] Scenes in Viet Rock were connected in "prelogical ways": a scene could be built from a tangent from the scene before, it could be connected psychologically, or it could be in counterpoint to the previous scene. [70] Actors were asked to switch roles in the middle of a show, and frequently in mid-scene. In her stage directions for a Senate hearing scene in Viet Rock, Terry wrote, "The actors should take turns being senators and witnesses; the transformations should be abrupt and total. When the actor is finished with one character he becomes another, or just an actor. "[70]
Hair was designed in much the same way. In the transition to Broadway, scenes were rearranged without losing the sense of the show. [70] Hair asks its actors to assume several different characters throughout the course of the piece, and, as in Claude's psychedelic trip in Act 2, sometimes during the same scene. Both Hair and Viet Rock include rock music, borrowed heavily from mass media, and frequently break down the invisible "fourth wall" to interact with the audience. The fourth wall is the imaginary wall at the front of the stage in a Proscenium Theater, through which the audience sees the action in the world of the play [70]
Regional casts were mostly made up of local actors, with the exception of some Broadway cast members who reprised their roles in other cities. [71] O'Horgan or the authors sometimes took new ideas from a regional show and brought them back to New York, such as when live chickens were tossed onto the stage in Los Angeles. [71]
Production design
The stage was completely open, with no curtain and the fly area and grid exposed to the audience. The proscenium arch was outlined with climb-ready scaffolding. Wagner's spare set was painted in shades of grey with street graffiti stenciled on the stage. The stage was raked, and a tower of abstract scaffolding upstage at the rear merged a Native American totem pole and a modern scupture of a crucifix-shaped tree. This scaffolding was decorated with found objects that the cast had gathered from the streets of New York. These included a life-size paper mache bus driver, the head of Jesus, and a neon marquee of the Waverly movie theater in Greenwich Village. [72] Potts' costumes were based on hippie street clothes, made more theatrical with enhanced color and texture. Some of these included mixed parts of military uniforms, bell bottom jeans with Ukranian embroidery, tie dye t-shirts and a red white and blue fringed coat. [72]
Music
While living in South Africa, MacDermot studied the music of the Bantu tribe, and he incorporated this African influence into the score of Hair. Bantu may refer to Bantu expansion, a series of migrations of Bantu speakers Bantu languages Bantu people [8] MacDermot says he listened to "what they called quaylas. . . very characteristic beat, very similar to rock. Much deeper though. . . . Hair is very African – a lot of [the] rhythms, not the tunes so much. "[8] Quaylas stress beats on unexpected syllables, and the influence can be heard in songs like "What a Piece of Work Is Man" and "Ain't Got No Grass". Kwela is a happy often Pennywhistle based street music from southern Africa with jazzy underpinnings [73]
The music in Hair runs the gamut of rock. From the rockabilly sensibilities of "Don't Put it Down" to the folk rock rhythms of "Frank Mills" and "What a Piece of Work is Man". Rockabilly is one of the earliest styles of Rock and roll music and emerged in the early 1950s Folk rock is a musical genre combining elements of Folk music and rock music. "Easy to be Hard" is pure rhythm and blues, and protest rock anthems abound: "Ain't Got No" and "The Flesh Failures". A protest song is a Song which Protests against perceived problems in Society. The acid rock of "Walking in Space" and "Aquarius" are balanced by the mainstream pop of "Good Morning Starshine. For "acid rock" as a geologic term see Igneous rock. Acid rock is a form of Psychedelic rock, which is characterized Pop music as a genre features a noticeable rhythmic element catchy melodies and hooks, a mainstream style and conventional structure "[74] MacDermot said, "My idea was to make a total funk show. They said they wanted rock & roll - but to me that translated to 'funk. '"[75] That funk is evident throughout the score, notably in songs like "Colored Spade" and "Walking in Space". Funk is an American musical style that originated in the mid- to late-1960s when African American musicians blended Soul music, Soul [75]
Theatre historian John Kewnrick wrote,
The same hard rock sound that had conquered the world of popular music made its way to the musical stage with two simultaneous hits – Your Own Thing [and] Hair. Your Own Thing is a rock-styled musical comedy loosely based on Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare. . . . This explosion of revolutionary proclamations, profanity and hard rock shook the musical theatre to its roots. . . . Most people in the theatre business were unwilling to look on Hair as anything more than a noisy accident. Tony voters tried to ignore Hair's importance, shutting it out from any honors. However, some now insisted it was time for a change. New York Times critic Clive Barnes gushed that Hair was "the first Broadway musical in some time to have the authentic voice of today rather than the day before yesterday. Clive Barnes may refer to Clive Barnes (musician, Irish musician Clive Barnes (critic (born 1927 English theatre critic and broadcaster [76]
The music did not resonate with everyone. Leonard Bernstein remarked "the songs are just laundry lists"[77] and walked out of the production. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes [78] Richard Rogers could only hear the beat and called it "one-third music". Richard George Rogers Baron Rogers of Riverside, CH, FRIBA (born 23 July 1933) is a British Architect noted [77] John Fogerty said, "Hair is such a watered down version of what is really going on that I can’t get behind it at all. John Cameron Fogerty (born May 28, 1945) is an American rock singer Songwriter, and Guitarist, best known for his "[79] Gene Lees, writing for High Fidelity, claimed that John Lennon found it "dull", and he wrote, "I do not know any musician who thinks it's good. High Fidelity magazine was published from April 1951 until July 1989 and was a source of information about High fidelity audio equipment audio recordings record reviews and John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE (born "[80]
Songs
The score had many more songs than were typical of Broadway shows of the day. [25] Most Broadway shows had about six to ten songs per act; Hair's total is in the thirties. [81] This list reflects the most common Broadway lineup. [82]
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The show was under almost eternal re-write. " Hair " is the title song to the 1968 musical Hair, as well as the 1979 film version of the musical The Hare Krishna Mantra, also referred to reverentially as the Maha Mantra ("Great Mantra" is a sixteen-word Vaishnava mantra made well " Three-Five-Zero-Zero " is a song from the 1968 musical Hair. " Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In " sometimes incorrectly known as " The Age of Aquarius " or " Let the Sunshine In " is a medley Thirteen songs were added between the production at the Public Theater and Broadway, including "I Believe in Love". [82] "The Climax" and "Dead End" were cut between the productions, and "Exanaplanetooch" and "You Are Standing on My Bed" were present in previews but cut before Broadway. The Shakespearean speech "What a piece of work is a man" was originally spoken by Claude and musicalized by McDermot for Broadway, and "Hashish" was formed from an early speech of Berger's. The phrase " What a piece of work is a man! " comes from Shakespeare 's Hamlet Prince of Denmark, Act II scene II and it is often used in reference [82] More recent productions include "Hello There", "Shiela Franklin", "Oh Great God of Power", "Dead End",[82] and "Hippie Life" – a song originally written for the film that Rado included in several productions in Europe in the mid-nineties. [83]
Recordings
The first recording of Hair was made in 1967 featuring the off-Broadway cast. The original 1968 Broadway cast recording (RCA LSO-1150) received a Grammy Award in 1968 for Best Score from an Original Cast Show Album[26] and sold nearly 3 million copies in the U. The Grammy Awards (originally called the Gramophone Awards)—or Grammys —are presented annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences The Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album has been awarded since 1959. S. by December 1969. [62] The New York Times noted in 2007 that "The cast album of Hair was. . . a must-have for the middle classes. Its exotic orange-and-green cover art imprinted itself instantly and indelibly on the psyche. . . . [It] became a pop-rock classic that, like all good pop, has an appeal that transcends particular tastes for genre or period. [14]
RCA also released DisinHAIRited (RCA LSO-1163), an album of songs that had been written for the show, but saw varying amounts of stage time. Some of the songs were cut between the Public and Broadway, and a few were never performed onstage. [82]
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Songs from Hair have been recorded by numerous artists,[84] including Barbra Streisand and Liza Minelli. Barbra Streisand (ˈstraɪsænd "STRY-sand" born April 24 1942 is an American Singer, Film and Theatre Actress Liza May Minnelli (born March 12, 1946) is a legendary American actress and singer [85] The Fifth Dimension released a medley of the two songs "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" in 1969, the year after the show opened on Broadway, which won Record of the Year[86] and topped the charts for six weeks. The Fifth Dimension, also known as The 5th Dimension, is an American Popular music Vocal group, whose repertoire also includes pop " Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In " sometimes incorrectly known as " The Age of Aquarius " or " Let the Sunshine In " is a medley The Record of the Year is one of the four most prestigious Grammy Awards presented annually Some other songs from the show became top 10 hits that year. The Cowsills's recording of the title song "Hair" climbed to #2 on the Billboard charts,[87] "Good Morning Starshine" as sung by Oliver reached #3, [88] and Three Dog Night's version of "Easy to Be Hard" went to #4. The Cowsills were a singing group from Newport Rhode Island specializing in what would later be defined as Bubblegum pop. William Oliver Swofford ( February 22, 1945 &ndash February 12, 2000) known professionally as Oliver, was an American Three Dog Night is an American Rock band, best known for their music from 1968&ndash1975 but still making live appearances as of 2008 [89] Another notable version of a song from Hair at the time was Nina Simone's medley "Ain't Got No - I Got Life" on her 1968 album 'Nuff Said!, which reached the top 5 on the British charts. Eunice Kathleen Waymon, better known by her Stage name Nina Simone ( IPA: ninɐ sʌmɞnɑ (February 21 1933 – April 21 2003 was a fifteen-time Nuff Said! is an album by singer/pianist/songwriter Nina Simone (1933-2003 [90] "Good Morning Starshine" was sung on a Sesame Street episode in 1969 by cast member Bob McGrath. Sesame Street is an American educational Children's television series and a pioneer of the contemporary educational television standard combining Robert Emmet "Bob" McGrath (born June 13, 1932) is an American singer and actor best known for playing the human character "Bob" on [91] In 1970, ASCAP announced that "Aquarius" was played more frequently on U. The American Society of Composers Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP) is a non-profit Performance rights organization that protects its S. radio and television than any other song that year. [92]
Productions in England, Germany, France, Sweden, Japan, Israel, Holland, Australia and elsewhere released cast albums, and over 1,000 vocal and/or instrumental performances of individual songs from Hair. [26] Such broad attention was paid to the recordings of Hair that, after an unprecedented bidding war, ABC Records was willing to pay a record amount for McDermot's next Broadway adaptation Two Gentlemen of Verona. ABC Records started in 1955 as ABC-Paramount Records the record label of Am-Par Record Corporation (a subsidiary of American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres Two Gentlemen of Verona is an award-winning rock musical with a book by John Guare and Mel Shapiro, lyrics by Guare and music by [93]
Critical reception
Reception to Hair upon its Broadway premiere was, with exceptions, overwhelmingly positive. Clive Barnes wrote in the New York Times: "What is so likable about Hair, that tribal rock musical that last night completed its trek from downtown, via a discotheque, and landed, positively panting with love and smelling of sweat and flowers, at the Biltmore Theater? I think it is simply that it is so likable. Clive Barnes may refer to Clive Barnes (musician, Irish musician Clive Barnes (critic (born 1927 English theatre critic and broadcaster So new, so fresh, and so unassuming, even in its pretensions. "[94] John J. O'Connor of The Wall Street Journal said the show was "exuberantly defiant and the production explodes into every nook and cranny of the Biltmore Theater". [95] Richard Watts Jr. of the New York Post wrote that "it has a surprising if perhaps unintentional charm, its high spirits are contagious, and its young zestfulness makes it difficult to resist. The New York Post is the 13th-oldest Newspaper published in the United States and generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continually "[96]
Television reviews were even more enthusiastic. Allan Jeffreys of ABC said the actors were "the most talented hippies you'll ever see. This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American . . directed in a wonderfully wild fashion by Tom O'Horgan. "[97] Leonard Probst of NBC said "Hair is the only new concept in musicals on Broadway in years and it's more fun than any other this season". NBC News is the news division of American Television network NBC, a part of NBC Universal, which is majority-owned by General Electric [98] John Wingate of WOR TV praised MacDermot's "dynamic score" that "blasts and soars",[99] and Len Harris of CBS said "I've finally found the best musical of the Broadway season. WWOR-TV, channel 9 is a MyNetworkTV -affiliated television station licensed to Secaucus New Jersey, and serving the New York City metropolitan area Leonard William Harris (born 22 September 1943) was an Australian politician who was the only One Nation Party representative to gain a seat CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. . . it's that sloppy, vulgar, terrific tribal love rock musical Hair. "[100]
A reviewer from Variety, on the other hand, called the show "loony" and "without a story, form, music, dancing, beauty or artistry. Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman . . . It's impossible to tell whether [the cast] have talent. Maybe talent is irrelevant in this new kind of show business. "[101] Reviews in the news weeklies were mixed; Jack Kroll in Newsweek wrote, "There is no denying the sheer kinetic drive of this new Hair. Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. . . there is something hard, grabby, slightly corrupt about O'Horgan's virtuosity, like Busby Berkeley gone bitchy. Busby Berkeley ( November 29, 1895 – March 14, 1976) born William Berkeley Enos in Los Angeles California, was a highly "[102] But a reviewer from Time wrote, "Compared with this season's crop of moribund Broadway musicals, Hair thrums with vitality. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Nonetheless, it is crippled by being a bookless musical and, like a boneless fish, it drifts when it should swim. "[103]
Reviews were mixed when Hair opened in London. Irving Wardle in The Times wrote, "Its honesty and passion give it the quality of a true theatrical celebration - the joyous sound of a group of people telling the world exactly what they feel. The Times is a daily national Newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785 when it was known as The Daily Universal Register. " B. A. Young in The Financial Times agreed that Hair was "not only a wildly enjoyable evening, but a thoroughly moral one. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. " However, W. A. Darlington, the 78-year old critic of The Daily Telegraph, in his final review before retiring after 48 years, wrote that he had "tried hard", but found the evening "a complete bore - noisy, ugly and quite desperately funny. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. "[104]
By 1970, Hair was a huge financial success. Billboard reported that the various productions of the show were raking in almost $1 million a day and that royalties were collected for 300 different recordings of the show's songs. Hair also helped launch recording careers for performers Bert Sommers, Ronnie Dyson and Melba Moore, among others. [105] Later assessments continue to disagree over the quality of the show. According to theatre writer Scott Miller, "some people can't see past the appearance of chaos and randomness to the brilliant construction and sophisticated imagery underneath. "[106] Miller notes, "Not only did many of the lyrics not rhyme, but many of the songs didn't really have endings, just a slowing down and stopping, so the audience didn't know when to applaud. . . . The show rejected every convention of Broadway, of traditional theatre in general, and of the American musical in specific. And it was brilliant. "[106]
Social change
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Lyrics from the title number, "Hair":
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Hair challenged many of the norms held by Western society in 1968. Social norms have been defined as "the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values beliefs attitudes and behaviors The name itself was a reaction to the restrictions of civilization and a preference for naturalism. [107] The musical caused controversy when it was first staged, and the Act I finale which included male and female nudity drew considerable publicity, as it was the first time a Broadway show had seen totally naked actors and actresses. Nudity is the state of wearing no Clothing. The term' "nudity" can also occasionally be used to refer to wearing significantly less clothing than expected [15] The show was also charged with the desecration of the American flag and the use of obscene language. Flags of the United States The Flag of the United States of America consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of Red (top and bottom alternating Obscenity (in Latin obscenus, meaning "foul repulsive detestable" is a term that is most often used in a legal context to [108][2] These controversies, in addition to the anti-Vietnam War theme, attracted occasional threats and acts of violence during the show's early years and became the basis for legal actions both when the show opened in other cities and on tour. Two cases eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary.
Legal challenges and violent reactions
Hair met with resistance from various groups across the United States. In South Bend, Indiana, the Morris Civic Auditorium refused booking,[109] and in Evansville, Illinois, the production was picketed by several church groups. South Bend is a city on the St Joseph river and a twin city of Mishawaka Indiana. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Evansville is a village in Randolph County, Illinois, United States. [110] In the Indianapolis, Indiana, the authorities insisted that the cast wear body stockings during the nude scene, and the local theater cancelled the performances. [109] Productions were frequently confronted with the closure of theaters by the Fire Marshall, as in Gladewater, Texas. A fire marshal, in the United States and Canada, is often a member of a fire department but may be part of a building department or a separate department altogether Gladewater is a city in Gregg and Upshur Counties in the US state of Texas. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. [111] Chattanooga's 1972 refusal to allow the play to be shown at the city-owned Memorial Auditorium[112][113] was later found by the U. The Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Auditorium is an historic performance hall in Chattanooga Tennessee. S. Supreme Court to be an unlawful prior restraint. Prior restraint is a Legal term referring to a Government 's actions that prevent materials from being published [114]
In Boston, the Chief of the Licensing Bureau took exception to the portrayal of the American flag in the piece,[115] saying, "anyone who descrecates the flag should be whipped on Boston Common. Boston Common is a central Public park in Boston, Massachusetts. "[116] While the scene was removed before opening, the District Attorney's office began plans to have the show stopped based on "lewd and lascivious" actions taking place onstage. A district attorney (DA is in some US jurisdictions the title of the local public official who represents the government in the prosecution of alleged criminals The Hair legal team obtained an injunction against criminal prosecution from the Superior Court. An injunction is an Equitable remedy in the form of a Court order, whereby a party is required to do or interact with in certain ways all right or to refrain from [117] The D. A. appealed to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, and, at the request of both parties, five of the justices viewed the production. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ( SJC) is the highest Court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The justices, appalled at what they saw, ruled that "each member of the cast [must] be clothed to a reasonable extent," and the cast defiantly played the scene nude later that night. [116] The the next day, April 10, 1970, the production closed, and movie houses, fearing the ruling on nudity, began excising scenes from films in their exhibition. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. After three Federal appellate judges reversed the Massachusetts court's ruling, the D. In Law, an appeal is a process for requesting a formal change to an official decision A. appealed the case to the U. S. Supreme Court. In a 4-4 decision, the Court upheld the lower court's decision, allowing Hair to re-open on May 22. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. [118]
On April 26, 1971, the New York Times reported that a bomb was thrown at the exterior of the Hanna Theater in Cleveland, Ohio, bouncing off the marquee and shattering windows in the Hanna building and nearby storefronts. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state [119] That same month, the families of cast member Jonathan Johnson and stage manager Rusty Carlson died in a suspicious fire in the Cleveland hotel where 33 members of the show's troupe had been staying. [120][121] The Sydney, Australia production's opening night was interrupted by a bomb scare in June 1969. [122]
Worldwide reactions
Local reactions to the controversial material varied greatly. A Mexican production of Hair, directed by Castelli,[36] opened in 1969 for one performance. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The show, whose theater was located across the street from a popular local bordello, was shut down by the government, which said the production was "detrimental to the morals of youth. "[123] The cast members were forced to leave Mexico to avoid arrest. [124]
Hair effectively marked the end of stage censorship in the United Kingdom. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [104] London's stage censor, the Lord Chamberlain, originally refused to license the musical, and the opening was delayed until Parliament passed a bill stripping him of his licensing power. The Lord Chamberlain or Lord Chamberlain of the Household is one of the chief officers of the Royal Household in the United Kingdom, and is to be distinguished [104] In Munich, authorities threatened to close the production if the nude scene remained; however, after a local Hair spokesman declared that his relatives had been marched nude into Auschwitz, the authorities relented. "Auschwitz" redirects here For the town see Oświęcim Auschwitz-Birkenau () was the largest of Nazi Germany [36] In Stockholm, Sweden, where the show opened in 1968, choreographer Julie Arenal found the cast very reluctant to shed their clothes for the nude scene. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. In Bergen, Norway, local citizens formed a human barricade to try to prevent the performance. is the second largest city in Norway. It is located on the south-western coast of Norway in the county of Hordaland in between a group of mountains known as De syv fjell Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional [36]
Conversely, in Copenhagen, the Danish cast thought the nudity too tame and decided to walk naked up and down the aisle during the show's prelude. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city [36] The Parisian production encountered little controversy, and the cast disrobed for the nude scene "almost religiously" according to Castelli, nudity being common on stage in Paris. [125] There was nevertheless occasional opposition, such as when a member of the local Salvation Army used a portable loud speaker to exhort the audience to halt the presentation. The Salvation Army is a Christian charity and church that is internally organised like a military service. [36][126]
In San Francisco, with a large hippie population, the show became an extension of the street activities there. Audience members often meditated with the cast at the beginning of the show and frequently ended up on stage during the show, blurring the barrier between art and life. [71] In Washington DC, Henry Kissinger attended, and in St. Paul, Minnesota, a protesting clergyman released 18 white mice into the lobby hoping to frighten the audience. Henry Alfred Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger on May 27, 1923) is a German -born American bureaucrat diplomat and 1973 Saint Paul ( abbreviated St Paul) is the capital and second most populous city in the U [71]
Beyond the '60s
1970s
- See also: Hair (film)
A Broadway revival of Hair opened in 1977 for a run of 43 performances. Hair is a 1979 film adaptation of the 1968 Broadway musical of the same title about a Vietnam war draftee who meets and befriends It was produced by Butler, directed by O'Horgan and performed in the Biltmore Theater, where the original Broadway production had played. The cast included Ellen Foley and Annie Golden. Ellen Foley (born June 5, 1951 in St Louis, Missouri) is an American singer and actress who has appeared on Broadway and on Annie Golden (born October 19 1951) is an American actress and singer [127] Reviews were generally negative, and critics accused the production of "showing its gray". [128] Few major revivals of Hair followed until the early 1990s.
A successful movie version of Hair, with a screenplay by Michael Weller, was directed by Miloš Forman and released in 1979. Michael Weller (born 1943) is a Brooklyn-based Playwright who is best known for his plays Moonchildren and Loose Ends. Jan Tomáš Forman (ˈjan ˈtomaːʃ ˈforman born February 18, 1932) better known as Miloš Forman (ˈmɪloʃ ˈforman is a Czech-American Filmed primarily in New York City's Central Park and Washington Square Park,[129] the cast includes Treat Williams, Beverly D'Angelo, John Savage, Foley and Golden. Central Park is a large public Urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually See Washington Square Park (disambiguation Washington Square Park is one of the best-known of New York City 's 1700 public Treat Williams (born December 1, 1951) is an American actor who has appeared on film stage and television over the course of his prolific career Beverly D'Angelo (born November 15 1951 is an American Singer and Actress, perhaps best known for her roles as Ellen Griswold in the National Lampoon's ---- John Savage (born John Youngs; August 25, 1949) is an American film Actor, producer, Production manager, [130] Several of the songs were deleted, and the film's storyline departs significantly from the musical. The character of Claude is rewritten as an innocent draftee from Oklahoma, newly arrived in New York to join the military, and Sheila is a high-society debutante who catches his eye. Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. In perhaps the greatest diversion from the stage version, a mistake leads Berger to go to Vietnam in Claude's place, where he is killed. [131]
Original writers James Rado and Gerome Ragni were unhappy with the film. [132] They thought that Forman failed to capture the essence of Hair, that hippies were portrayed as "oddballs" and "some sort of aberration" without any connection to the peace movement. [132] Both are quoted as saying: "Any resemblance between the 1979 film and the original Biltmore version, other than some of the songs, the names of the characters, and a common title, eludes us. " In their view, the screen version of Hair has not yet been produced. [132]
1980s and 1990s
On May 26, 1988, a 20th anniversary concert event was held at the United Nations General Assembly to benefit children with AIDS. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Membership For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly see General Assembly members [133] The event was sponsored by First Lady Nancy Reagan with Barbara Walters giving the night's opening introduction. Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins on July 6 1921 is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and served as an influential Barbara Jill Walters (born September 25 1929) is an American Journalist, writer and media [134] Rado, Ragni and MacDermot reunited to write nine new songs for the concert. The cast of 163 included former stars of the show from various productions around the globe: Melba Moore, Treat Williams and Donna Summer, as well as guest performers Bea Arthur, Frank Stallone and Dr. Ruth Westheimer (who played the tourist lady). Frank Stallone Jr (born July 30, 1950) is an American Actor and Singer / Guitarist, the brother of Sylvester Stallone Ruth Westheimer (born June 4, 1928) is a Sex therapist and Author. Ticket prices ranged from $250 to $5,000 and went to the United States Committee for UNICEF and the Creo Society's Fund for Children with AIDS. The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946 [134]
A Montreal production of Hair mounted in 1985 was reportedly the 70th professional production of the musical. [26] In November 1988, Michael Butler produced Hair at Chicago's Vic Theatre to celebrate the shows' 20th anniversary. The production was well received and ran until February 1989. [134]
From 1990 to 1991, Pink Lace Productions ran a U. S. national tour of Hair that included stops in South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Kentucky. [134] Gerome Ragni died in 1991, but revivals continued, and MacDermot and Rado added songs to the score through the 1990s. A successful and long-running adaptation, Hair Sarajevo, AD 1992, was staged in Sarajevo as an appeal for peace. [26] Rado directed a $1 million, 11 city national tour in 1994 that featured actors Luther Creek, Kent Dalian, Sean Jenness and Catrice Joseph. Luther Creek (born January 28, 1972) is an American Broadway actor whose roles include Bobby Strong in Urinetown and Roger Davis in With Galt MacDermot returning to oversee the music, Rado's tour celebrated the show's 25th anniversary. [135] A small 1990 "bus and truck" production of Hair toured Europe for over 3 years,[135] and Rado directed various European productions from 1995 to 1999. [83]
A production opened in Australia in 1992 and a short-lived West End revival starring John Barrowman and Paul Hipp opened at the Old Vic in London in 1993. John Scot Barrowman (b 11 March 1967 is a Scottish Actor, musical performer, Dancer, Singer and Television presenter The Old Vic is a Theatre located just south-east of Waterloo Station in London on the corner of The Cut and Waterloo Road. [136] The London production was faithful to the original, with no major plot changes. A member of the production staff said the reason it didn't run longer was because the Tribe consisted of "Thatcher's children who didn't really get it". [137] Other productions were mounted around the world, including South Africa, where the show had been banned until the eradication of Apartheid. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa [138] In 1996, original Hair producer Michael Butler brought a month-long production to Chicago, employing the Pacific Musical Theater, a professional troupe in residence at California State University, Fullerton. California State University Fullerton, commonly known as CSUF, CSU Fullerton, or Cal State Fullerton, is currently the largest California State Butler ran the show concurrently with the 1996 Democratic National Convention, echoing the last time the DNC was in Chicago: 1968. The 1996 National Convention of the US Democratic Party was held at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois from August Chicago Convention redirects here for the Convention on International Civil Aviation for the event also referred to by this name [139]
2000s
In 2001, the Reprise! theater company in Los Angeles performed Hair at the Wadsworth Theater, starring Steven Weber as Berger, Sam Harris as Claude and Jennifer Leigh Warren as Sheila. Steven Weber may refer to Steven Weber (actor, American actor Steven Weber (professor, professor at the University of California Sam Harris (born Samuel Kent Harris 4 June 1961 Cushing, Oklahoma) is an American pop and Musical theatre recording [140] That same year, Encores! Great American Musicals in Concert ended its 2001 City Center season with a production of Hair starring Luther Creek, Idina Menzel, Jessica-Snow Wilson and Tom Plotkin, and featuring Hair composer Galt MacDermot on stage playing the keyboards. New York City Center's Encores! Great American Musicals in Concert has been performing since 1994 New York City Center, historically known as City Center of Music and Drama, and also known as New York City Center 55th Street Theater, is a 2750-seat Moorish Idina Kim Menzel (born May 30 1971 is an American Tony Award winning Actress, Singer and Songwriter who achieved fame for her Tom Plotkin is an American Actor. He is primarily a Broadway performer and is most famous for originating the role of Willard Hewitt in Footloose [141] An Actors' Fund benefit of the show was performed for one night at the New Amsterdam Theater in New York City in 2004. The New Amsterdam Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 214 West 42nd Street in the heart of Times Square in New York City. The Tribe included Shoshana Bean, Raul Esparza, JM J. Bullock, Liz Callaway, Gavin Creel, Harvey Fierstein, Ana Gasteyer, Annie Golden, Jennifer Hudson, Jai Rodriguez, RuPaul, Michael McKean, Laura Benanti, Adam Pascal and Harris Doran. Shoshana Elise Bean (born September 1, 1977) is an American stage Actress and Singer known for her roles in Broadway Raúl Esparza (born October 24, 1970) is a Cuban American stage Actor. Jim J Bullock aka JM J Bullock (born James Jackson Bullock on February 9, 1955) is an American comic actor Liz Callaway (born April 13, 1961) is an American Actress and Cabaret Singer. Harvey Forbes Fierstein (born June 6 1952) is a Tony Award winning American Actor, Playwright, and Screenwriter. Ana Kristina Gasteyer (born May 4, 1967) is an American actress and Comedian. Jennifer Kate Hudson (born September 12 1981 is an American actress, singer and model. Jai Rodriguez (born June 22, 1979 in Brentwood New York) is an Actor and Musician best known as the culture guide on the RuPaul (born RuPaul Andre Charles on November 17 1960) is an American drag performer Dance music singer Actor Michael John McKean (born October 17 1947) is an American actor comedian composer and musician perhaps best known for his portrayal of Squiggy's friend Laura Benanti (born July 15, 1979) is an Tony Award winner and three time Tony nominated American Actress and singer who has appeared in numerous Adam Pascal (born October 25, 1970) is an American Actor and Singer, best known for his Tony -nominated performance [142]
In 2005, a London production opened at the Gate Theatre, directed by Daniel Kramer. James Rado approved an updating of the musical's script to place it in the context of the 2003 Gulf War instead of the Vietnam War. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign [143] Kramer's modernized interpretation included "Aquarius" sung over a megaphone in Times Square, and nudity that called to mind images from Abu Ghraib. The city of Abu Ghraib ( Arabic: أبو غريب Abū Ghurayb [144] In March 2006, Rado collaborated with director Robert Prior for a CanStage production of Hair in Toronto,[145] and a revival produced by Pieter Toerien toured South Africa in 2007. The Canadian Stage Company is the largest contemporary theatre company in Canada. Pieter Toerien born 1945 for 40 years South Africa ’s foremost theatre impresario Directed by Paul Warwick Griffin, with choreography by Timothy Le Roux, the show ran at the Montecasino Theatre in Johannesburg and at Theatre on the Bay in Cape Town. [146]
For three nights in September 2007, Joe's Pub and the Public Theater presented a 40th Anniversary Production of Hair at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park. Joe’s Pub ( Public Theater) is a nightclub in Lower Manhattan that hosts live performances regularly The Public Theater is a New York City arts organization founded as The Shakespeare Workshop in 1954 by Joseph Papp, with the intention of showcasing the works of up-and-coming The Delacorte Theater, established in 1962 is an open-air Theater located in Manhattan 's Central Park. This concert version, directed by Diane Paulus, featured Jonathan Groff of Spring Awakening as Claude and Galt MacDermot on stage on the keyboards. Jonathan Groff is a Tony Award -nominated American stage performer and TV actor Spring Awakening is a Tony Award -winning rock musical with music by Duncan Sheik and book and lyrics by Steven Sater. The cast also included Karen Olivo, Will Swenson, Darius Nichols, Patina Renea Miller and Megan Lawrence. [147] Actors from the original Broadway production joined the cast on stage during the encore of "Let the Sun Shine In. " The Public Theater has announced plans to stage the show in full at the Delacorte from July 22 to August 17, 2008, once again directed by Diane Paulus and starring Jonathan Groff and Will Swenson. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [148]
Michael Butler produced Hair at the MET Theater in Los Angeles from September 14 through December 30, 2007. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The show was directed and choreographed by Bo Crowell, with musical direction from Christian Nesmith (son of Michael Nesmith). Robert Michael Nesmith (b December 30, 1942) in Harris County Texas, is an American musician songwriter Actor, producer The Tribe featured James Barry, Lee Ferris, Johanna Unger, Dawn Worrall and Trance Thompson. [149][150] On April 8, 2008 Butler's production of Hair won the LA Weekly musical of the year award. LA Weekly is a free weekly Tabloid -sized Newspaper (a so-called " Alternative weekly " in Los Angeles California [151]
Cultural impact
The New York Times noted, in 2007, that "Hair was one of the last Broadway musicals to saturate the culture as shows from the golden age once regularly did. "[14]
In the 90's, Evan Dando's group The Lemonheads recorded "Frank Mills" for their 1992 record It's A Shame About Ray, and Run DMC sampled "Where Do I Go" for their 1993 single "Down With the King" (#1 Billboard Hot Rap; #21 Billboard Hot 100). Evan Griffith Dando (born March 4 1967) is an American Musician, most famous for fronting the alternative rock band The Lemonheads The Lemonheads are an American Alternative rock band formed in 1986 by singer/guitarist Evan Dando, who has been the only constant member It's a Shame about Ray is the fifth album by The Lemonheads. It was released on June 2 1992 (see 1992 in music) Run-DMC was a pioneering hip hop group during the 1980s founded by Joseph "[The Reverend] Run" Simmons, Darryl "D [152][153] In 2004, "Aquarius" was honored at number 33 on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs. Part of the AFI 100 Years series, AFI's 100 Years 100 Songs is a list of the top 100 songs in American cinema [154]
Songs from the musical have been featured in films and television episodes. The Borough of Red Bank is a Borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey incorporated in 1908 For example, in the 2005 movie Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, the character Willy Wonka welcomed the children with lyrics from "Good Morning Starshine". Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964 is a children's book by British Author Roald Dahl. Willy Wonka is a fictional character in the Roald Dahl novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass [155] "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" was performed in the final scene in the film The 40-Year-Old Virgin,[156] and Three Dog Night's cover of "Easy to be Hard" was featured in the first part of David Fincher's film Zodiac. The 40-Year-Old Virgin is a 2005 Comedy film written and directed by Judd Apatow and co-written by the film's lead Zodiac is a 2007 American film directed by David Fincher and based on Robert Graysmith 's non-fiction book of the same name [157] On the Simpsons episode "The Springfield Files", the townspeople, Leonard Nimoy, Chewbacca, Dana Scully and Fox Mulder all sing "Good Morning Starshine. "The Springfield Files" is the tenth episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season, which originally aired January 12 1997 Leonard Simon Nimoy (born March 26, 1931) is an American Actor, Film director, Poet, Musician and Chewbacca (or Chewie) is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe. Special Agent Dana Katherine Scully MD is a Fictional character on the Fox Broadcasting Co Special Agent Fox William Mulder, nicknamed "Spooky" Mulder is a Fictional character played by David Duchovny on the 1993 - 2002 "[158] In addition, Head of the Class featured a 2-part episode in 1990 where the head of the English department is determined to disrupt the school's performance of Hair. Head of the Class is an American sitcom that ran from 1986 to 1991 on the ABC television network [159] The continued popularity of Hair is seen in its number ten ranking in a 2006 BBC Radio 2 listener poll of the "Nation's Number One Essential Musicals. An opinion poll is a survey of Public opinion from a particular sample. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located "[160]
Owing to the universality of its pacifist theme and the parallels that can be drawn between the Vietnam and later wars, the musical remains a favorite production for high-schools and universities. [26] Amateur productions of Hair are also popular worldwide. [161] In 2002, Peter Jennings featured a Boulder, Colorado high school production of Hair for his ABC documentary series "In Search of America". Peter Charles Archibald Ewart Jennings, CM (July 29 1938 &ndash August 7 2005 was a Canadian-American Journalist and News anchor. Boulder is a Home Rule Municipality that is the County seat and most populous city of Boulder County, Colorado, in the United States The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. [162] A September 2006 community theater production at the 2,000-seat Count Basie Theater in Red Bank, New Jersey, was praised by original producer Michael Butler, who said it was "one of the best Hairs I have seen in a long time. The Borough of Red Bank is a Borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey incorporated in 1908 New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. "[163] Another example of a recent large-scale amateur production is the Mountain Play production at the 4,000-seat Cushing Memorial Amphitheatre in Mount Tamalpais State Park in Mill Valley, California in the spring of 2007. Mount Tamalpais (tæməlˈpaɪəs MWCD, known locally as "Mount Tam" is a peak in Marin County, California, USA, often Mill Valley is a city in Marin County, California, United States located about north of San Francisco via the Golden Gate Bridge. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. [164]
International success
Hair has been performed in most of the countries of the world. After the Berlin Wall fell, the show travelled for the first time to Poland, Lebanon, the Czech Republic, and Sarajevo (featured on ABC's Nightline with Ted Koppel, when Phil Alden Robinson visited that city and discovered a production of Hair there in the midst of the war). The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including Edward James "Ted" Koppel (born February 8, 1940) is an American journalist, best known as the former anchor for the Phil Alden Robinson (born March 1, 1950) in Long Beach New York, is an American Film director and Screenwriter whose [138] In 1999, Michael Butler and director Bo Crowell helped produce Hair in Russia at the Stas Namin Theatre located in Moscow's Gorky Park. Stas Namin (real name Anastas Alekseyevich Mikoyan; Стас Намин Анаста́с Алексе́евич Микоя́н (born November 1951 Moscow) is a Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure is an amusement park in Moscow Russia, named after Maxim Gorky. The Moscow production caused a similar reaction as the original did 30 years earlier because Russian soldiers were fighting in Chechnya at the time. [165][166] According to Rado, the only places where the show hasn't been performed are "China, India, Vietnam, the Arctic and Antarctic continents as well as most African countries. "[138]
Notes
- ^ Musical Hair opens as censors withdraw. On this Day. bbc. co. uk (1968-11-27). Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ a b c d e Taylor, Kate. "The Beat Goes On", The New York Sun, The New York Sun, One, SL, LLC, 2007-09-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Retrieved on 2008-05-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed
- ^ a b c d e f Pacheco, Patrick. "The Peace, Love and Freedom Party; Cast and crew knew 'Hair' wasn't just exhilarating, it was groundbreaking. A look back as a new version opens.", Los Angeles Times, 2001-06-17, pp. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat 1. Retrieved on 2008-06-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem
- ^ Mathewson, Joseph (1968). The Love Tribe. Signet. Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ a b c d Hair. Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Horn, p. 24
- ^ a b Viet Rock. Lortel Archives: The Internet Off-Broadway Database. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ a b c Miller, pp. 54-56
- ^ Horn, p. 23
- ^ Horn, pp. 18-19
- ^ Horn, p. 27
- ^ Galt McDermot Biography. musiciansguide. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Whittaker, Herbert. "Hair: The Musical That Spells Good-bye Dolly!", The Canadian Composer, May, 1968. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ a b c d Isherwood, Charles (September 16, 2007). The Aging of Aquarius. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-05-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors.
- ^ a b Horn, pp. 87-88
- ^ Horn, p. 29
- ^ Junker, Howard. "Director of the Year", Newsweek, orlok. com, 1968-06-03. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Horn, pp. 39-40
- ^ Horn, p. 53
- ^ Horn, p. 42
- ^ Popkin, Henry. "Broadway Discovers Riches Off (Off) the Beaten Track", New York Times, 1979-01-14, p. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. D7. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ "Producer Sues N.Y. Theatre League On Hair Exclusion as Tony Entry", Variety, michaelbutler. com, March 10, 1968. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Zolotrow, Sam. "'Happy Time' Gets 10 Mentions Among Tony Award Candidates", New York Times, March 22, 1968, p. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 59. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Past Winners, 1969. tonyawards. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ a b c Rado, James (2003-02-14). James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German HAIRABILIA. hairthemusical. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ a b c d e f g King, Betty Nygaard (2008). "Hair". Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Historica Foundation of Canada. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
- ^ Johnson, p. 87
- ^ Hair program, Detroit, 1970
- ^ Johnson, p. 134
- ^ Johnson, p. 82
- ^ Johnson, pp. 33, 81, 87-88
- ^ Butler, Michael. Michael Butler (born in Chicago Illinois) is an American Theatrical producer best known for bringing the rock musical Hair from the How and Why I Got Into Hair. Pages from Michael Butler's Journal. michaelbutler. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ a b Horn, p. 105
- ^ Tim Curry - Actor. Edited Guide Entry. bbc. uk. co (2007-01-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Shaftesbury Theatre, London. thisistheatre. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Horn, pp. 103-10
- ^ Horn, p. 37
- ^ Blumenthal, Ralph. "MUNICH AUDIENCE WELCOMES 'HAIR'; Applause and Foot Stamping Follow Musical Numbers", New York Times, October 26, 1968, p. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 27. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ "TRANSLATED 'HAIR' CHEERED IN PARIS; Title Lends Itself to Jest at Candidate's Expense", New York Times, June 2, 1969, pp. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 53. Retrieved on 2008-06-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
- ^ "'Hair' Reaches Australia", New York Times, June 7, 1969, p. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 26. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ "Hair Around The World", Newsweek, michaelbutler. com, July 7, 1969. Events 1456 - A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Ragni, Gerome and James Rado (Lyricists), Galt MacDermot (Composer), and Lamont Washington (Vocalist). Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Pianist, Composer and writer of (1968). Hair [Audio recording]. RCA Victor. RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Event occurs at Track 5, "Colored Spade".
- ^ Ragni, Gerome and James Rado (Lyricists), Galt MacDermot (Composer), and Diane Keaton, Suzannah Norstrand, Natalie Mosco, Melba Moore, Lorrie Davis, and Emmaretta Marks (Vocalists). Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Pianist, Composer and writer of Diane Keaton (born Diane Hall on January 5 1946 is an Oscar -winning American film Actress, director and producer Melba Moore (born Melba Hill, October 29 1945 New York) is an American R&B Singer and actress. (1968). Hair [Audio recording]. RCA Victor. RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Event occurs at Tracks 24, "Black Boys" and Track 25 "White Boys".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Rado, James; Gerome Ragni [1966, 1969]. James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author Hair, Original Script, Tams Whitmark.
- ^ Ragni, Gerome and James Rado (Lyricists), Galt MacDermot (Composer), and Lorrie Davis, Lamont Washinton, Ronald Dyson, and Donnie Burks (Vocalists). Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Pianist, Composer and writer of (1968). Hair [Audio recording]. RCA Victor. RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Event occurs at Track 27, "Abie Baby".
- ^ Ragni, Gerome and James Rado (Lyricists), Galt MacDermot (Composer), and Original Broadway Cast (Vocalists). Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Pianist, Composer and writer of (1968). Hair [Audio recording]. RCA Victor. RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Event occurs at Track 26, "Walking in Space".
- ^ a b Miller, p. 116
- ^ Ragni, Gerome and James Rado (Lyricists), Galt MacDermot (Composer), and Steve Curry (Vocalist). Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Pianist, Composer and writer of (1968). Hair [Audio recording]. RCA Victor. RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Event occurs at Track 4, "Sodomy".
- ^ Barnes, Clive. Clive Barnes may refer to Clive Barnes (musician, Irish musician Clive Barnes (critic (born 1927 English theatre critic and broadcaster "Theater: 'Hair' – It's Fresh and Frank; Likable Rock Musical Moves to Broadway", New York Times, April 30, 1968, p. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 40. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Ragni, Gerome and James Rado (Lyricists), Galt MacDermot (Composer), and Original Broadway Cast (Vocalists). Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Pianist, Composer and writer of (1968). Hair [Audio recording]. RCA Victor. RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Event occurs at Track 28, "Three-Five-Zero-Zero".
- ^ Miller, pp. 110-11
- ^ McNeill, Don (March 30, 1967). Be-In, be-in, Being. The Village Voice. Village Voice LLC. Retrieved on 2008-04-17. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor.
- ^ Ragni, Gerome and James Rado (Lyricists), Galt MacDermot (Composer), and Sally Eaton, Shelly Plimpton, Melba Moore, and Original Broadway Cast (Vocalists). Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Pianist, Composer and writer of Sally Eaton is a Wiccan High Priestess, Liturgist, singer and Actress, whose credits include creating and playing the role of Jeanie in the stage Melba Moore (born Melba Hill, October 29 1945 New York) is an American R&B Singer and actress. (1968). Hair [Audio recording]. RCA Victor. RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Event occurs at Track 11, "Air".
- ^ a b Davis, Lorrie (1968). Album notes for Hair by Original Broadway Cast, pp 5-6 [CD booklet]. New York, New York: RCA Victor (1150-2-RC). The City of New York RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. Hair at MusicBrainz. MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an Open content Music database
- ^ Ragni, Gerome and James Rado (Lyricists), Galt MacDermot (Composer), and Gerome Ragni (Vocalist). Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Pianist, Composer and writer of (1968). Hair [Audio recording]. RCA Victor. RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Event occurs at Track 2, "Goin' Down".
- ^ a b Miller, pp. 88-89
- ^ Ted Neeley. ibdb. com. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Jesus Christ Superstar. imdb. com. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ a b Eaton, Sally (c. 1970). Rapping With Sally Eaton of Hair. Astrology Today. michaelbutler. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ Curtis, Charlotte. "Party Makes It (on the Third Try)", New York Times, April 30, 1968, p. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 50. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Gerome Ragni. ibdb. com. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ a b c "Hairzapoppin'", Time, December 12, 1969. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
- ^ Dowling, Colette. "Hair - Trusting the Kids and the Stars", Playbill, May, 1971. MAY ( also known as: Mei メイ 메이 is a Korean singer well known in South Korea for singing the song "Miracle" Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Prideaux, Tom. "That Play Is Sprouting Everywhere", Life, michaelbutler. com. Retrieved on 2008-06-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins
- ^ Ragni, Gerome and James Rado (Lyricists), Galt MacDermot (Composer), and James Rado, Lynn Kellogg, Melba Moore, and Original Broadway Cast (Vocalists). Gerome Bernard Ragni ( September 11, 1935 - July 10, 1991) was an American actor singer and Songwriter, best known as the co-author James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian Pianist, Composer and writer of James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Melba Moore (born Melba Hill, October 29 1945 New York) is an American R&B Singer and actress. (1968). Hair [Audio recording]. RCA Victor. RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Event occurs at Track 32, "The Flesh Failures (Let the Sunshine In)".
- ^ Miller, p. 91
- ^ Shakespeare in the Park to present Hamlet and the musical Hair. newyorktheatreguide. com (2008-02-07). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ Miller, p. 92
- ^ Miller, p. 48
- ^ a b c d e f Miller, pp. 56-58
- ^ a b c d Horn, pp. 100-101
- ^ a b Horn, pp. 61–64
- ^ Miller, p. 54
- ^ Miller, p. 44
- ^ a b Alapatt, Eothen; Galt MacDermot. Interview with Galt MacDermot by Eothen "Egon" Alapatt. galtmacdermot. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Kenrick, John. History of The Musical Stage 1960s: III. musicals101. com. Retrieved on 2008-06-09. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits
- ^ a b Berkvist, Robert. "He Put 'Hair' on Broadway's Chest", The New York Times, May 11, 1969, p. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. D1. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Rockwell, John. "Long Hair? Can "the American tribal love-rock musical" be the opera of tomorrow?", Opera News, December 20, 1969. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ "Creedence’s Fogerty: Hair Is Not Where It’s At…", Billboard, November 14, 1970. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ Lees, Gene. "Hair in Europe", High Fidelity, July 1969. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ Hair (Original Broadway Cast Recording) Track Listing. allmusic. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ a b c d e Miller, pp. 70-77
- ^ a b Rado, James (2007-07-25). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler New lyrics for HIPPIE LIFE song. hairthemusical. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
- ^ Holleman, John. HAIR Songs by non-HAIR artists. HAIR for the Record: A discography compiled by John Holleman. Retrieved on 2008-05-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following
- ^ Hair Tunes Sprayed With Cuts. Billboard (March 22, 1969). Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
- ^ Grammy Award Winners for 1968. grammys. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
- ^ The Cowsills, Biography. allmusic. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Oliver, Biography. allmusic. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Three Dog Night, Biography. allmusic. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Nina Simone, Biography. allmusic. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ "Sesame Street". Sesame Street. Sesame Street is an American educational Children's television series and a pioneer of the contemporary educational television standard combining PBS. 1969. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "CAPAC Member's Single Was Most Performed in 1970", Billboard, 1971-12-11. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Retrieved on 2008-05-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the
- ^ "ABC Gets Rights to “Verona” Album; New Royalty High", Variety, 1971-09-22. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Retrieved on 2008-05-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling
- ^ Barnes, Clive. "Hair - It's Fresh and Frank; Likable Rock Musical Moves To Broadway", New York Times, michaelbutler. com, April 30, 1968. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ O'Connor, John. "The Theater: Hair", Wall St Journal, michaelbutler. com, May 1, 1968. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ Watts Jr. , Richard. "Two On The Aisle - Broadway Theater Review - Music of the American Tribe", New York Post, michaelbutler. com, April 30, 1968. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ Allan Jeffries (Critic). (1968-04-29). Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Review of "Hair" [Television production]. New York City: WABC-TV. The City of New York Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ Leonard Probst (Critic). (1968-04-29). Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Review of "Hair" [Television production]. New York City: WNBC-TV. The City of New York Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ John Wingate (Critic). (1968-04-30). Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Review of "Hair" [Television program]. New York City: WOR-TV. The City of New York Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ Len Harris. (1968-04-29). Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Review of "Hair" [Television program]. New York City: WCBS-TV. The City of New York Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ "Broadway Review", Variety, michaelbutler. com, May 1, 1968. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ Kroll, Jack. "Hairpiece", Newsweek, michaelbutler. com, May 13, 1968. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ "Hair", Time, May 10, 1968. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ a b c Lewis, Anthony. "Londoners Cool to 'Hair's' Nudity; Four-Letter Words Shock Few at Musical's Debut", New York Times, September 29, 1968, p. Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 76. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Gross, Mike. "Hair Is Doing Runaway Business as Score & Play", Billboard, michaelbutler. com, June 27, 1970. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ a b Miller, Scott (2001). Rebels with applause: Broadway's groundbreaking musicals. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. ISBN 0-325-00357-2.
- ^ Pola Rapaport (Director) and Wolfgang Held (Director). (2007-07-24). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Hair: Let the Sunshine In [Documentary]. Blinding Light Inc. , Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (INA), arte. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place
- ^ "Desecration of Flag Ires Hub More Than The Nudity In Hair", Variety, michaelbutler. com, 1970-02-25. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ a b "Hair Ruffles Officials In Ind'p'ls; SOuth Bend Nix, Evansville Maybe", Variety, michaelbutler. com, June 26, 1968. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-06-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
- ^ "Baptists Hit Use Of County Aud For Hair Two Nighter", Variety, michaelbutler. com, August 5, 1970. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-06-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
- ^ "Fire Marshall Nixes It", Variety, michaelbutler. com, December 1, 1971. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-06-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
- ^ Warren, William. "Attorney for "Hair" Irks Judge With Comments on Scopes Trial", Chattanooga Times, michaelbutler. com, 1972-04-05. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ "Supreme Court: Letting The Sun Shine In", Newsweek, michaelbutler. com, 1975-03-31. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Southeastern Promotions, LTD v. Conrad, 420 U. S. 546 (U. S. Supreme Court 1975).
- ^ "Desecration of Flag Ires Hub More Than The Nudity In Hair", Variety, michaelbutler. com, February 25, 1970. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-06-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
- ^ a b Livingston, Guy. "Nudity and Flag "Desecration" Figure In Appeal Against Hair Foldo in Hub", Variety, michaelbutler. com, 1970-04-15. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Gerald Berlin and Defending Hair. michaelbutler. com. Retrieved on 2008-06-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year
- ^ "Supreme Court Clears 'Hair' for Boston Run", New York Times, 1970-05-23, p. Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne 26. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ "Bomb Thrown at Theater", New York Times, 1971-04-26, p. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. 24. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Johnson, pp. 125-26
- ^ "Cleveland Fire Kills 4 in Hair Family", Variety, michaelbutler. com, 1971-04-20. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ "Bomb Scare at "Hair"", Sydney Daily Telegraph, michaelbutler. com, June 6, 1969. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Dowling, Colette. "Hair - Trusting the Kids and the Stars", Playbill, michaelbutler. com, May, 1971. Retrieved on 2008-06-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem
- ^ "Mexico Shuts 'Hair' And Expels Its Cast After One Showing", New York Times, January 6, 1969, p. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 35. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Curtis, Thomas Quinn. "TRANSLATED 'HAIR' CHEERED IN PARIS; Title Lends Itself to Jest at Candidate's Expense", New York Times, pp. 53. Retrieved on 2008-06-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
- ^ Hess, John L. . "Salvation Army Jousts With 'Hair' in Paris; A Counterattack by Religious Troops Draws Crowds", New York Times, February 2, 1970, pp. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 14. Retrieved on 2008-06-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem
- ^ Hair, the American Tribal Love Rock Musical. ibdb. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
- ^ Eder, Richard. "Stage: Revived 'Hair' Shows Its Gray", New York Times, 1977-10-06, p. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus 90. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Filming Locations for "Hair". imdb. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
- ^ Hair (1979). imdb. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
- ^ Miloš Forman (Director) and Michael Weller (Screenplay). Jan Tomáš Forman (ˈjan ˈtomaːʃ ˈforman born February 18, 1932) better known as Miloš Forman (ˈmɪloʃ ˈforman is a Czech-American Michael Weller (born 1943) is a Brooklyn-based Playwright who is best known for his plays Moonchildren and Loose Ends. (1979-03-14). Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Hair [Motion picture]. United Artists. Retrieved on 2008-05-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
- ^ a b c Horn, pp. 117-18
- ^ Brozan, Nadine. "Nostalgia in the Air as 'Hair' Comes to U.N. to Fight AIDS", New York Times, 1988-05-28. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ a b c d Horn, pp. 118-20
- ^ a b Gowan, Anne. "Hair Today", The Washington Times, michaelbutler. com, 1994-03-06. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Paul Hipp Biography. tv. yahoo. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Garfield, Simon. "Hair restorer", The Guardian UK, arts. guardian. co. uk, September 4, 2005. Retrieved on 2008-04-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom
- ^ a b c Rado, James (2003-02-14). James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Hair. hairthemusical. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Burghardt, William. "Butler brings “Hair” back for convention", Copley News Service, michaelbutler. com, August, 1996. Retrieved on 2008-04-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Oxman, Steven. "Legit Review - Reprise! Hair", Variety, michaelbutler. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
- ^ Kuchwara, Michael. "The return of a remarkable musical time capsule from a turbulent period of protest", Associated Press, 2001-05-04. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Gans, Andrew. "Hair Grows Longer; More Names Added to All-Star Benefit Concert", Playbill, 2004-09-07. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Inverne, James. "Updated Hair Opens at London's Gate Theatre Sept. 22", Playbill, 2005-09-22. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Wolf, Matt. "Hair", Variety, 2005-10-02. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ Rado, James (2006-03-24). James Rado (born James Radomski in 1932 is an American actor writer and Composer, best known as the co-author along with Gerome Ragni, of the groundbreaking 1960s Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland Hair in Toronto. Journal: Words from Jim. hairthemusical. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ "Hair", Playbill, Johannesburg, 2007.
- ^ Gans, Andrew. "The Long and the Short of It: Hair Plays the Delacorte Sept. 22-24", Playbill, 2007-09-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Van Gelder, Lawrence. "‘Hamlet’ and ‘Hair’ in the Park", New York Times, 2008-02-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Hair The American Tribal Love-Rock Musical (Musical). plays411. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Nichols, David C. . "Age of Aquarius has electric return", Los Angeles Times, 2007-10-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Morris, Steven Leigh. "The 29th Annual L.A. Weekly Theater Awards", LA Weekly, 2008-04-08. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Galt MacDermot, Works. galtmacdermot. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
- ^ Down with the King, Charts and Awards, Billboard Singles. allmusic. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1450 - Battle of Formigny: Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, the French attack and nearly annihilate English
- ^ The 5th Dimension, Charts & Awards. allmusic. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Johnny Depp (Willy Wonka), Tim Burton (Director). John Willy Wonka is a fictional character in the Roald Dahl novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Timothy "Tim" William Burton (born August 25 1958 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and Set designer, notable for the quirky (2005-07-10). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory [Motion picture]. Warner Bros. . Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. "Willy Wonka: Good morning, starshine. . . the earth says hello!"
- ^ Judd Apatow (Director and writer), Steve Carell (Writer). Judd Apatow (born December 6, 1967) is an American Film producer, director, and Screenwriter. Steven John "Steve" Carell (born August 16, 1962) is a Golden Globe - and Screen Actors Guild Award -winning American (2005-08-11). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation The 40 Year Old Virgin [Motion picture]. Universal Pictures. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ David Fincher (Director). David Leo Fincher (born August 28, 1962) is an American film and Music video director known for his dark and stylish portraits of (2007-03-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Zodiac [Motion picture]. Paramount Pictures. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ "The Springfield Files". "The Springfield Files" is the tenth episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season, which originally aired January 12 1997 Reid Harrison (Writer), Steven Dean Moore (Director). Reid Harrison is an American television writer and producer He has written for television shows such as The PJs, " George & Leo " " Men Steven Dean Moore is an Animation director who has helmed 34 episodes of The Simpsons. The Simpsons. FOX. 1997-01-12. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople No. 163, season 8.
- ^ "From Hair to Eternity". Michael Elias (writer), Rich Eustis (writer), Art Dielhenn (Director). Head of the Class. Head of the Class is an American sitcom that ran from 1986 to 1991 on the ABC television network ABC. 1990-02-07-1990-02-14. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German No. 17, 18, season 4.
- ^ Number One Essential Musicals. bbc. co. uk (23 November 2006). Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Current Productions of HAIR. michaelbutler. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ "The Stage". Peter Jennings. In Search of America. ABC, Boulder, Colorado. Boulder is a Home Rule Municipality that is the County seat and most populous city of Boulder County, Colorado, in the United States The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. 2002-09-04. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself
- ^ Butler, Michael (2006-09-06). Michael Butler (born in Chicago Illinois) is an American Theatrical producer best known for bringing the rock musical Hair from the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started HAIR in RED Bank, NJ. MB Hair Blog. michaelbutler. com. Retrieved on 2008-04-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople
- ^ Ephriam, Label. "‘Hair’ still lets the sunshine in", examiner. com, 2007-05-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Retrieved on 2008-04-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
- ^ Hair 40th Anniversary Be-In program, New York, May 3, 2008
- ^ Stas Namin. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common stasnamin. com. Retrieved on 2008-05-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV
References
- Barnes, Clive. Clive Barnes may refer to Clive Barnes (musician, Irish musician Clive Barnes (critic (born 1927 English theatre critic and broadcaster "Theatre: 'Hair'—It's Fresh and Frank" in The New York Times, April 30, 1968. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (available online here).
- Horn, Barbara Lee. The Age of Hair: Evolution and the Impact of Broadway's First Rock Musical (New York, 1991) ISBN 0313275645
- Johnson, Jonathon. Good Hair Days: A Personal Journey with the American Tribal Love-Rock Musical Hair (iUniverse, 2004) ISBN 0595312977
- Miller, Scott. Let the Sun Shine In: The Genius of Hair (Heinemann, 2003) ISBN 0325005567
- Wollman, Elizabeth Lara, The Theatre Will Rock: A History of the Rock Musical from Hair to Hedwig (University of Michigan Press, 2006).
External links
- Hair at the Internet Broadway Database
- The official HAIR the musical website by James Rado, one of the co-authors
- The HAIR Archives at Michael Butler. The Internet Broadway Database ( IBDB) is an online Database of Broadway theatre productions and their personnel com, curator Nina Machlin Dayton, containing numerous historical documents about the musical
- Official HAIR blog from Michael Butler, the musical's original producer
- Galt MacDermot biography and discography
- Links to discographies and listings of original cast albums and recordings of songs in Hair compiled by John Holleman
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