Hainan Province
Chinese : 海南省 Hǎinán Shěng
Abbreviations: 琼/瓊  (pinyin: Qióng)
Origin of name	海 hǎi - ocean 南 nán - south "ocean south"
Administration type	Province
Capital (and largest city)	Haikou
CPC Ctte Secretary	Wei Liucheng
Governor	Luo Baoming
Area	33,920 km² (13,100 sq mi) (28th)
Population (2004)  - Density	8,180,000 (28th) 241 /km² (620 /sq mi) (17th)
GDP (2006)  - per capita	CNY 105. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division Haikou ( Pinyin: Hǎikǒu situated at the north of Hainan island is the Capital of Hainan Province of the People's Republic of China The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the A committee (some of which are titled instead as a "Commission" or other terms discussed below in) is a type of small Deliberative assembly that is usually intended Wei Liucheng ( Chinese: 卫留成 Pinyin: Wèi Liúchéng born 1946) is a Chinese Politician who is the current Communist Party Luo Baoming ( Chinese: 罗保铭 Pinyin: Luó Bǎomíng born October 1952 Personal life Luo who was born in October 1952 is a native of Tianjin Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC including all provinces autonomous regions special administrative In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC including all provinces autonomous regions municipalities This articles lists of the first-level administrative divisions of People's Republic of China (P Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 2 billion (28th) CNY 12,650 (18th)
HDI (2005)	0. This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of Mainland China (including all provinces autonomous regions and municipalities in order of their total Gross This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (PRC including all provinces autonomous regions and municipalities in order of The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. 761 (medium) (13th)
Major nationalities	Han - 83% Li - 16% Miao - 0. The following is a list of ethnic groups in China where "China" is taken to mean areas controlled by either of the two states using "China" in their formal Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Li ( 黎; Pinyin Lí or Hlai is a minority Chinese Ethnic group. The terms Hmong (m̥ɔ̃ŋ and Mong ( both refer to an Asian ethnic group in the mountainous regions of southern China. 8% Zhuang - 0. 7%
Prefecture-level	2 divisions
County-level	20 divisions
Township-level†	218 divisions
ISO 3166-2	CN-46
Official website http://www.hi.gov.cn (Simplified Chinese)
Source for population and GDP data: 《中国统计年鉴—2005》 China Statistical Yearbook 2005 ISBN 7503747382 Source for nationalities data: 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 Tabulation on nationalities of 2000 population census of China ISBN 7105054255 † As at December 31, 2004

Hainan (Chinese: 海南; pinyin: Hǎinán (help·info), jyutping: hoi2 naam4; literal meaning: "South of the Sea") is the smallest province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located off the southern coast of the country. Prefecture, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 ( xiàn) Township ( is the basic level of political divisions in China. ISO 3166-2 is the second part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use Jyutping (sometimes spelled Jyutpin) is a Romanization system for Standard Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK A province, in the context of China, is a translation of sheng ( which is an administrative division Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES It consists of several islands, the largest of which is also called Hainan Island (Hainan Dao). When speaking of "Hainan" in Chinese, it is usually the main Hainan Island that is referred to. The PRC government claims Hainan's territories to extend to the southern Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands and other disputed marine territory. The Spratly Islands are a group of more than 100 reefs islets and islands occupying in total less than five square kilometres and spread over more than 400000 square kilometres The Paracel Islands are a group of small Islands and Reefs in the South China Sea administered by the People's Republic of China Hainan is also the largest Special Economic Zone laid out by Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping in the late 1980s. Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China are Special Economic Zones (SEZs located in Mainland China. Deng Xiaoping ( 22 August 1904 19 February 1997) was a prominent Chinese Revolutionary, Politician, Pragmatist and Reformer

Hainan is located in the South China Sea, separated from Guangdong's Leizhou Peninsula to the north by a shallow and narrow strait. The South China Sea is a Marginal sea south of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from Singapore to the The Leizhou Peninsula is a Peninsula in the southernmost part of Guangdong province in southern China. It is the southernmost province of China and, with an area of about 33,920 square kilometers, is also the smallest. For centuries Hainan was part of Guangdong province, but in 1988 this resource-rich tropical island became a separate province. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the The capital is Haikou. Haikou ( Pinyin: Hǎikǒu situated at the north of Hainan island is the Capital of Hainan Province of the People's Republic of China The Island is home to a new strategic naval harbor that has been dug through the mountainside.

Contents 1 History 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Rivers and lakes 5 Subdivisions 6 Politics 7 Government 8 Economy 9 Military 10 Natural resources 11 Agriculture 12 Fishing 13 Transportation 14 Culture and education 14.1 Universities 15 Demographics 16 Notables 17 Food 18 Tourism 19 Space centre 20 Miscellaneous topics 21 References 22 Further reading 23 See also 24 External links

History

Hainan Island was called the Pearl Cliffs (珠崖 Zhūyá), Fine Jade Cliffs (瓊崖 Qióngyá), and the Fine Jade Land (瓊州 Qióngzhōu). The latter two gave rise to the province's abbreviation, Qióng (琼 in Simplified Chinese), referring to the greenery cover on the island. For the HTML tag see HTML element. An abbreviation (from Latin brevis "short"

Hainan first enters written Chinese history in 110 BC, when the Han Dynasty established a military garrison there. Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops Settlement by mainlanders was slow however and from early on the island was considered to be fit only for exiles. Mainlanders (also called Inlanders) are people who live in a region considered a "mainland" It was in this period that the Li people arrived from Guangxi Province and displaced the island's aboriginal Austronesian-speaking peoples. Li ( 黎; Pinyin Lí or Hlai is a minority Chinese Ethnic group. Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China.

In Eastern Wu of the Three Kingdoms Period, Hainan was the Zhuya Commandery (珠崖郡). Eastern Wu ( Chinese: 東吳 Pinyin: Dōng Wú also known as Sun Wu ( Traditional Chinese: 孫吳 pinyin Sūn Wú refers to a The Three Kingdoms period ( is a period in the History of China, part of an era of disunity called the Six Dynasties following immediately the loss of

Under the Song Dynasty, Hainan came under the control of Guangxi Province, and for the first time large numbers of Han Chinese arrived, settling mostly in the north. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Under the Yuan Dynasty (AD 1206-1368) it became an independent province, but was placed under Guangdong Province during the Ming Dynasty in 1370. The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, large numbers of Han from Fujian and Guangdong began migrating to Hainan, pushing the Li into the highlands in the southern half of the island. This article is about the People's Republic of China province Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the In the eighteenth century, the Li rebelled against the government, which responded by bringing in mercenaries from the Miao people regions of Guizhou Province. The Miao ( Vietnamese: Mèo or H'Mông Thai: แม้ว (Maew or ม้ง (Mong Burmese: mun lu-myo) are a linguistically and culturally ( also spelled Kweichow) is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the southwestern part of the country Many of the Miao settled on the island and their descendants live in the western highlands to this day.

In 1906 the Chinese Republican leader Sun Yat-sen proposed that Hainan become a separate province. Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often

Hainan was historically part of Guangdong Province and Guangxi Province, being as such, it was the Ch'iung-yai or Qiongya Circuit (瓊崖道) in 1912 (the establishment of the Republic of China). Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Guangxi (or Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region;) is a Zhuang autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. In Law, a circuit is an appellate judicial district used in the Court systems of several nations REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES In 1921, it was planned to become a Special Administrative Region (瓊崖特別行政區); in 1944, it became Hainan Special Administrative Region with 16 counties containing the South China Sea Islands. A special administrative region or SAR may be;People's Republic of China Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, present-day Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A special administrative region or SAR may be;People's Republic of China Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, present-day A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. The South China Sea Islands (or Nanhai Islands, simplified: 南海诸岛 traditional: 南海諸島 Pinyin: Nánhǎi Zhūdǎo consist of over

During the 1920s and 30s Hainan was a hotbed of Communist activity, especially after a bloody crackdown in Shanghai, the Republic of China in 1927 drove many Communists into hiding. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The Communists and the Li natives fought a vigorous guerrilla campaign against the Japanese occupation of Hainan (1939-45), but in retaliation over one third of the male population were killed by the Japanese. Feng Baiju led the Hainan Independent Column of fighters throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Feng Baiju, 冯白驹(1903-1973 was the main leader of the Hainan Independent Column (Qiongya zongdui of Chinese Communist fighters on Hainan Island After the Japanese surrender in 1945 the Nationalist Party (KMT) re-established control. Hainan was one of the last areas of China controlled by the Republic of China. From March to May 1950, the Landing Operation on Hainan Island captured the island for the Chinese communists. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Landing Operation on Hainan Island (海南岛登陆战役 Pinyin: Hǎinándǎo Dēnglù Zhànyì also known as Hainan Island Campaign The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the Feng Baiju and his column of guerrilla fighters played an essential role in scouting for the landing operation and coordinated their own offensive from their jungle bases on the island. Feng Baiju, 冯白驹(1903-1973 was the main leader of the Hainan Independent Column (Qiongya zongdui of Chinese Communist fighters on Hainan Island This allowed the Hainan takeover to be successful where the Jinmen and Dengbu assaults had failed in the previous fall. The Battle of Kuningtou (古寧頭之役 or Battle of Jinmen (金门战役 was a battle fought over Kinmen (Quemoy in the Taiwan Strait during the The Battle of Dengbu Island (登步島戰役 was a conflict between the Republic of China Army and People's Liberation Army over Dengbu Island near The takeover was made possible by the presence of a local guerrilla force that was lacking on Jinmen, Dengbu, and Taiwan. Kinmen, ( Traditional Chinese: 金門 Simplified Chinese: 金门 Hanyu Pinyin: Jīnmén Tongyong Pinyin: Jinmén Wades-Giles Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. Hence, while many observers of the Chinese civil war thought that the fall of Hainan to the Communists would be followed shortly by the fall of Taiwan, the lack of any Communist guerrilla force on Taiwan and its sheer distance from the mainland made this impossible, as did the arrival of the US 7th fleet in the Taiwan Strait after the outbreak of the Korean War in June. The Seventh Fleet is the United States Navy's permanent forward projection force based in Yokosuka, Japan, with units positioned near South Korea The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the

On May 1, 1950, under the PRC, the Special Administrative Region became an Administrative Region Office (海南行政区公署), a branch of the Guangdong provincial government. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES On October 1, 1984, it became the Hainan Administrative Region (海南行政区), with a People's Government, and finally as province separate from Guangdong four years later. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the

The Communists resumed development of the island along the lines established by the Japanese, but the results were limited by the island's isolation, its humid and typhoon-prone climate, and its continuing reputation as a place of danger and exile by mainland Chinese. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku With China's shift in economic policy at the end of the 1970s, Hai-nan became a focus of attention.

In 1988 the island was again made a separate province, and was designated a Special Economic Zone in an effort to increase investment. A Special Economic Zone ( SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws

During the mid-1980s, when Hainan was still part of the Guangdong Province, a fourteen-month episode of marketing zeal by Hainan Special District Administrator Lei Yu^[1] put Hainan's pursuit of provincial status under a cloud. The 1980s was the decade spanning from January 1 1980 to December 31 1989. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the It involved the duty-free imports from Hong Kong of 90,000 Japanese-made cars and trucks at a cost of C¥ 4. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders 5 billion (US$ 1. 5 billion), and exporting them – with the help of local naval units – to the mainland, making 150% profits. By comparison, only 10,000 vehicles were imported into Hainan since 1950. In addition, it involved further consignments of 2. 9 million TV sets, 252,000 videocassette recorders & 122,000 motorcycles. The money was taken from the 1983 central government funds destined for the construction of the island's transportation infrastructure (roads, railways, airports, harbours) over the next ten years.

The central government funds were deemed insufficient by the Hainan authorities for the construction of the island's other infrastructures (water works, power stations, telecommunications, etc. ) and had taken a very liberal interpretation of the economic and trade regulations for Hainan and thirteen coastal cities; the regulations did not mention on prohibiting the re-selling of second hand goods. Some of the proceeds, from unsold units, were later retrieved by the central government to re-finance the special district.

Geography

Hainan, separated by the Qiongzhou Strait (瓊州海峽) from the Leizhou Peninsula (雷州半島) of Guangdong, is the largest island administered by the People's Republic of China. The Qiongzhou Strait ( also called Hainan Strait, is a body of water that separates the Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong, southern China, to The Leizhou Peninsula is a Peninsula in the southernmost part of Guangdong province in southern China. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The size of Hainan is comparable to the size of Belgium. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The PRC, however, regard it as the second largest island, since Taiwan is considered the largest. Taiwan ( Taiwanese: Tâi-oân/Tāi-oân (historically 大灣/台員/大員/台圓/大圓/台窩灣 is an Island in East Asia. To the West of Hainan is the Gulf of Tonkin. The Gulf of Tonkin, in Vietnamese: Vịnh Bắc Bộ or in Chinese: Beibu Wan is an arm of the South China Sea. Wuzhi Mountain (1,876 m) is the highest mountain in the island. Wuzhi Mountain ( Chinese:五指山 Pinyin: Wuzhishan is the highest mountain in Hainan, towering 1840 m above the center of the island

In the official PRC territorial claim, Hainan Province includes not just one island, but also some two hundred South China Sea Islands. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The South China Sea Islands (or Nanhai Islands, simplified: 南海诸岛 traditional: 南海諸島 Pinyin: Nánhǎi Zhūdǎo consist of over Whilst the containment of the South China Sea Islands means that Hainan Province has a very large water body, it has a disproportionally small land area. James Shoal (曾母暗沙 Zengmu Ansha), which is presently marked by the PRC, signifies the country's southernmost border. James Shoal (Cengmu Shoal Zengmu Ansha 曾母暗沙 詹姆沙 Beting Serupai is a small bank in South China Sea, with a depth of 20 meters. But the Malaysians also claim it is on their continental shelf.

Climate

Hainan has a tropical moist monsoonal climate. Its annual temperature change is less than 15 degrees Celsius. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The coldest months are January and February when the temperatures drop to 16 to 21 degrees Celsius; the hottest months are July and August, and the temperatures are 25 to 29 degrees Celsius. Except for the mountainous regions in the central part of the island, the daily average temperature in Hainan is above 10 degrees Celsius, and the integrated temperature during the growing season of the crops reaches eight thousand to nine thousand degree Celsius-days. Growing degree days (GDD are a Heuristic tool in Phenology. GDD are used by horticulturists and Gardeners to predict the date that a flower will The summer in the north is swelteringly hot and, for more than 20 days in a year, the temperature can be higher than 35 degrees Celsius. The average annual precipitation is 1500 to 2000 mm and can be as high as 2400 mm in central and eastern areas, and as low as 900 mm in the coastal areas of the southwest. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to The eastern part of Hainan lies in the path of typhoons, and 70% of the annual precipitation is derived from typhoons and the summer rainy season. Major flooding occurs due to the typhoons and they can cause many problems for the local residents.

Rivers and lakes

Most of the rivers in Hainan originate in the central area of the island and flow radially in different directions. The Nandu River in the northern part of the island is 314 km long, and its tributary, the Xinwu River, is 109 km long, the Changhua River in the west is 230 km long, and the Wanquan River in the east is 162 km long. A tributary is a Stream or River which flows into a mainstem (or parent river Wanquan River ( Chinese: 万泉河，literally "ten-thousand-spring river" is the third longest river in Hainan Island and is 162 km long Evaporation during the dry season around the coastal areas greatly reduces the flow of the rivers.

There are very few natural lakes in Hainan. There is a well-known artificial reservoir, the Songtao Reservoir, in the central-north area. A reservoir is most broadly a place or hollow vessel where Fluid is kept in Reserve, for later use

Subdivisions

Main article: List of administrative divisions of Hainan

Hainan Province uses a slightly different administrative system from the other provinces of China. Hainan The political divisions of Hainan are Two Prefecture-level cities: Haikou City (海口市 Hǎikǒu Shì subdivided Most other provinces are divided entirely into prefecture-level divisions, each of which is then divided entirely into county-level divisions. Prefecture, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. In the context of Political divisions of China, county is the standard English translation of 县 ( xiàn) County-level divisions generally do not come directly under the province. In Hainan, nearly all county-level divisions (the four districts excepted) come directly under the province. This method of division is due to Hainan's relatively sparse population of around 8 million people.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Hainan

The politics of Hainan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The politics of Hainan Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland Mainland China, Continental China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term synonymous with the area that is under the jurisdiction

The Governor of Hainan is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Hainan. The politics of Hainan Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hainan Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary or CPC Party Chief. The Communist Party of China ( CPC) ( also known as the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP) is the founding and ruling political party of the In the Politics of the People's Republic of China, a party chief (Chinese 党委书记 variously called a party boss, and officially termed the Communist Party

Government

Even while Hainan was a part of Guangdong it had a considerable amount of local autonomy; the southern half of the island was an autonomous prefecture. Guangdong ( EFEO: Kouangtong; Pinyin Guǎngdōng; Postal map spelling: Kwangtung) is a province on the Hainan's elevation to provincial level in 1988 increased its accountability to the central government, but by designating the new province a special economic zone the central government expressed its intent to allow Hainan maximum flexibility in devising programs to facilitate foreign investment and economic growth. Accountability is a concept in Ethics with several meanings It is often used synonymously with such concepts as answerability enforcement responsibility, blameworthiness Central government or the national government (or in Federal states the Federal government) is the Government at the level of the Nation-state A Special Economic Zone ( SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time Administratively, the province has been divided into five economic major districts.

Economy

Hainan's economy is predominantly agricultural, and more than a half of the island's exports are agricultural products. Hainan's elevation to province-level status (1988), however, was accompanied by its designation as China's largest "special economic zone", the intent being to hasten the development of the island's plentiful resources. A Special Economic Zone ( SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws

Prior to this, the province had a reputation for being a "Wild West" area, largely untouched by industrialisation; even today there are relatively few factories in the province. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial Building where workers manufacture goods Tourism plays an important part of Hainan's economy, thanks largely to its tropical beaches and lush forests. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel

The central government has encouraged foreign investment in Hainan and has allowed the island to rely to a large extent on market forces.

Hainan's industrial development largely has been limited to the processing of its mineral and agricultural products, particularly rubber and iron ore. Iron ores are rocks and Minerals from which Metallic Iron can be economically extracted Since the 1950s, machinery, farm equipment, and textiles have been manufactured in the Haikou area for local consumption. Haikou ( Pinyin: Hǎikǒu situated at the north of Hainan island is the Capital of Hainan Province of the People's Republic of China A major constraint on industrial expansion has been an inadequate supply of electricity. Much of the island's generating capacity is hydroelectric, and it is subject to seasonal fluctuations in stream and river flows. Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water

Its nominal GDP for 2006 was 105. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 24 billion yuan (US$13. 6 billion), making it the 4th smallest in all of the PRC and contributes just 0. 5% to the entire country's economy. Its GDP per capita was 12,650 yuan (US$1,640).

Military

Main article: People's Liberation Army Navy

Hainan is home to the People's Liberation Army Navy strategic nuclear submarine naval harbor 18°13′16″N 109°41′10″E / 18.221, 109.686. The People's Liberation Army Navy ( PLAN) ( Simplified Chinese: 中国人民解放军海军 Traditional Chinese: 中國人民解放軍海軍 Pinyin The People's Liberation Army Navy ( PLAN) ( Simplified Chinese: 中国人民解放军海军 Traditional Chinese: 中國人民解放軍海軍 Pinyin A nuclear submarine is a Submarine powered by Atomic energy. Previously conventional submarines used diesel engines that required air for moving on the The naval harbor is estimated to be 60ft high, built into hillsides around a military base. The caverns are capable of hiding up to 20 nuclear submarines from spy satellites. The harbor houses nuclear ballistic missile submarines and is large enough to accommodate aircraft carriers. The US Department of Defence has estimated that China will have five Type 094 nuclear submarines operational by 2010 with each capable of carrying 12 JL-2 intercontinental ballistic missile. Two 950 metre piers and three smaller ones would be enough to accommodate two carrier strike groups or amphibious assault ships. An amphibious assault ship (also referred to as an amphibious assault carrier or commando carrier) is a type of Helicopter carrier employed to land

Natural resources

Hainan has commercially exploitable reserves of more than 30 minerals. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Iron, first mined by the Japanese during their occupation of the island in World War II, is the most important. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Also important are titanium, manganese, tungsten, bauxite, molybdenum, cobalt, copper, gold, and silver. Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 Bauxite is the most important Aluminium Ore. It consists largely of the minerals Gibbsite Al(OH3 Boehmite γ-AlO(OH and Molybdenum (məˈlɪbdənəm from the Greek word for the metal " Lead " is a Group 6 Chemical element with the symbol Mo Cobalt (ˈkoʊbɒlt is a hard lustrous silver-grey Metal, a Chemical element with symbol Co. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen There are large deposits of lignite and oil shale on the island, and significant offshore finds of oil and natural gas have been discovered. Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, or Rosebud coal by Northern Pacific Railroad, is a soft brown fuel with characteristics that put it somewhere An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Virgin forests in the interior mountains contain more than 20 commercially valuable species, including teak and sandalwood. Teak ( Tectona) is a genus of tropical Hardwood Trees in the family Verbenaceae, native to the south and southeast of Asia for the film industry in India see Cinema of Karnataka Sandalwood is the name for several fragrant Woods and their Essential

Agriculture

Paddy rice is cultivated extensively in the northeastern lowlands and in the southern mountain valleys. A paddy field is a flooded parcel of Arable land used for growing Rice and other semiaquatic crops. Leading crops other than rice include coconuts, palm oil, sisal, tropical fruits (including pineapples, of which Hainan is China's leading producer), black pepper, coffee, tea, cashews, and sugarcane. The Coconut Palm ( Cocos nucifera) is a member of the Family Arecaceae (palm family Palm oil is an edible plant oil derived from the Fruit of the Arecaceae Elaeis Oil palm. Sisal or sisal hemp is an Agave Agave sisalana that yields a stiff Fiber used in making Rope. This list of culinary fruits contains the names of some fruits that are considered edible in some Cuisines The definition of fruit for these lists is a culinary fruit Pineapple ( Ananas comosus) is the common name for an edible Tropical Plant and also its Fruit It is native to the southern part of Brazil Black pepper ( Piper nigrum) is a flowering Vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its Fruit, which is usually dried CoFFEE is an Open source Software for computer supported collaborative learning (CSCL in a digital classroom Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market The cashew ( Anacardium occidentale; Syn Anacardium curatellifolium A Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae In the early 20th century Chinese emigrants returning from Malaysia introduced rubber trees to the island; after 1950, state farms were developed, and Hainan now produces a significant amount of China's rubber. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Pará rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis) often simply called rubber tree, is a Tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae

Fishing

Marine products contribute a significant share to the provincial economy. Shrimps, scallops, and pearls are raised in shallow bays and basins for local use and export. True shrimp are swimming decapod Crustaceans classified in the Infraorder Caridea, found widely around the world in both fresh A scallop (ˈskɒləp or /ˈskæləp/ is a marine Bivalve Mollusk of the family Pectinidae. A pearl is a hard roundish object produced within the soft tissue (specifically the mantle) of a living shelled Mollusk. Grouper, Spanish mackerel, and tuna constitute the bulk of the catch from the rich offshore fishing grounds. For other meanings see Grouper (disambiguation. Groupers are Fish of any of a number of genera in the subfamily Epinephelinae of The Atlantic Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus, is a migratory species of Mackerel that swimsto northern Gulf of Mexico in spring return to Tuna, are several Species of ocean-dwelling Fish in the family Scombridae, mostly in the genus Thunnus.

Transportation

Before 1950 there were practically no transportation links with the interior of the island. The first roads were built in the early 20th century, but no major road construction was undertaken in the mountains until the 1950s. Parallel north–south roads along the east and west coasts and through the interior of the island constitute most of Hainan's road network. The freight-handling facilities of the island's ports have been improved, and Haikou has an international airport, the Haikou Meilan International Airport. Haikou Meilan International Airport (occasionally but incorrectly listed as ZGHK is the largest and newest airport on the island of Hainan in the People's Republic

Culture and education

Hainan has always been on the fringe of the Chinese cultural sphere. Traditionally, the island was a place of exile for criminals and disgraced officials. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return As a frontier region celebrated by such exiled poets as Su Tungpo, Hainan acquired an air of mystery and romance. Su Shi ( 1037–1101 was a writer, poet, Artist, calligrapher, Pharmacologist, and Statesman of the Song Dynasty The influx of large numbers of mainlanders after 1950 - particularly in the 1970s, when young Chinese from southern Guangdong were assigned to state farms to help develop Hainan, and in the 1980s, when thousands more came to take advantage of the economic opportunities offered - has perpetuated the frontier atmosphere on the island. The level of primary and secondary education has improved since 1949, but facilities for higher education remain somewhat inadequate.

Universities

• South China Tropical Agricultural University (华南热带农业大学, merged into Hainan University on Aug 14, 2007)
• Hainan University (海南大学)
• Hainan Normal Institute (海南师范大学)
• Qiongzhou University (琼州大学)
• Hainan Medical Institute (海南医学院)

Demographics

In 2000, the ethnic groups of Hainan included the Han Chinese, known as the Hainanese, who currently make a majority (84% of the population); the Li people (14. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. The Hainanese (meaning the Han Chinese settlers of the island's east coast is a Chinese ethnic group, originating from Hainan Island (the southernmost Li ( 黎; Pinyin Lí or Hlai is a minority Chinese Ethnic group. 7% of the population); the Miao (Hmong) (0. The terms Hmong (m̥ɔ̃ŋ and Mong ( both refer to an Asian ethnic group in the mountainous regions of southern China. 7%) and the Zhuang (0. 6%). The Li are the largest indigenous group on the island in terms of population. Also found on the island are the Utsuls, descendants of Cham refugees, who are classified as Hui by the Chinese government. The Utsuls are a tiny ethnic group which lives on the Chinese island of Hainan and are considered one of the People's Republic of China's undistinguished ethnic The Cham people ( Vietnamese: người Chăm or người Chàm) are an ethnic group in Southeast Asia. The Hui people ( Xiao'erjing: حُوِ ذَو) are a Chinese ethnic group, typically distinguished by their practice of Islam.

There are 90,000 Buddhist Hainanese, and 6,500 Muslims. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Most, if not all, of the Muslims are Utsuls living near Sanya. Because Hainan was a point in the travel route of missionaries, there are many Christians: 35,000 Protestants and 4,100 Catholics. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete".

The Han Chinese of Hainan speak a variant of the Min Nan Chinese language, known as Hainanese. The Southern Min language or Min Nan ( POJ: Bân-lâm-gú or "Southern Fujian" language refers to a family of Chinese languages Dialects In addition, the national standard Putonghua is understood and spoken by most people, and Standard Cantonese is understood by many local Hainanese. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan Standard Cantonese is the standard variant of the Cantonese (Yuet language The Li people have their own language, as do the Miao and Zhuang. Li ( 黎; Pinyin Lí or Hlai is a minority Chinese Ethnic group. The terms Hmong (m̥ɔ̃ŋ and Mong ( both refer to an Asian ethnic group in the mountainous regions of southern China. The latter three groups would usually speak Standard Mandarin as a second language. Standard Mandarin, also known as Standard Spoken Chinese, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan

Notables

The poet Su Dongpo (1036-1101) popularized Hainan's isolation and exoticness when he was exiled there under the Song dynasty. Su Shi ( 1037–1101 was a writer, poet, Artist, calligrapher, Pharmacologist, and Statesman of the Song Dynasty The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The Dongpo Academy was built on the site of the residence where he lived in exile. The Dongpo Academy or Dongpo Academy of Classical Learning (东坡书院 dōngpō shūyuàn was an academy located in Hainan, China.

Hai Rui (1514-1587) was a famous Chinese official of the Ming dynasty. See also Hai Rui (basketball Hai Rui ( Wade-Giles: Hai Jui Chinese: 海瑞 ( 23 January 1514 &ndash The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led His name has come down in history as a model of honesty and integrity in office.

The most famous native of Hainan is Chinese-American Methodist minister, Charlie Soong (Sòng Jiāshù), father of the Shanghai born Soong sisters: Soong Ai-ling, wife of H.H. Kung (once China's richest man); Soong Ching-ling, wife of Sun Yat-Sen; and Soong Mei-ling, wife of former ROC President Chiang Kai-shek. Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations Charles Jones Soong (宋嘉樹 Pinyin: Sòng Jiāshù (February 1863 1864 or 1866 – May 3, 1918) Courtesy name Yaoru (耀如 hence Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million The Soong Sisters (宋家姐妹 Pinyin: Sòngjiā Jiěmèi or 宋氏三姐妹 were three women who were along with their husbands amongst China 's most significant Soong Ai-ling (宋藹齡 Pinyin: Sòng Àilíng or Eling Soong ( June 14, 1890 – October 18, 1973) eldest of the K'ung Hsiang-hsi ( ( September 11 1881 - August 16 1967) often known as H Soong Ch'ing-ling ( (27 January 1893 &ndash 29 May 1981 also known as Madame Sun Yat-sen, was one of the three Soong sisters &mdashwho along with their husbands Sun Yat-sen ( November 12, 1866 &ndash March 12, 1925) was a Chinese Revolutionary and political leader often Soong May-ling or Soong Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek ( ca 1897 She was the third of six children she was born in Shanghai REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash

Food

Hainan cuisine is said to be "lighter, with mild seasonings. " A lot of local taste is mixed with the Han Chinese taste. Seafood predominates the menu, as shrimp, crab, fish and other sealife are widely available.

Hainan chicken rice, a famous dish in Southeast Asia bearing the region's name, can be found on the island though it is not as popular there as its name would suggest. Hainanese chicken rice is a Chinese rice dish most commonly associated with Malaysian cuisine or Singaporean cuisine, although it is also commonly sold

Tourism

As Hainan Island is not heavily industrialised, its greenery, together with its beautiful beaches and clean air, make it a popular tourist attraction. The island is accessible through ferry links with Guangdong province, as well as air links. There are two airports, Meilan Airport in Haikou, and Phoenix Airport in Sanya. Haikou Meilan International Airport (occasionally but incorrectly listed as ZGHK is the largest and newest airport on the island of Hainan in the People's Republic Haikou ( Pinyin: Hǎikǒu situated at the north of Hainan island is the Capital of Hainan Province of the People's Republic of China Sanya ( Simplified: 三亚 Traditional: 三亞 Pinyin: Sānyà is the southernmost city in Hainan (海南 province China.

In December 2004, the Guangdong-Hainan passenger railway link opened, connecting Guangzhou in Guangdong province on the mainland to Hainan Island. The complete trip, which includes crossing the Qiongzhou Strait by ferry, takes a total of 12 hours. The project cost $583 million US and is expected to greatly enhance Hainan's tourism and economic development. This is important because Hainan currently lags well behind Shenzhen and Zhuhai special economic zones, which border Hong Kong and Macao, respectively.

Hainan Island is often divided into eight regions for tourism purposes: Haikou and area (Haikou, Qiongshan, Ding'an); the Northeast (Wenchang); the Central East Coast (Qionghai, Ding'an); the South East Coast; the South (Sanya); the West Coast (Ledong, Dongfang, Changjiang); the North West (Danzhou, Lingao, Chengmai); and the Central Highlands (Baisha, Qiongzhong, and Wuzhishan/Tongzha). Qiongshan ( also Wade-Giles: Ch'iungshan Postal Pinyin: Kiungshan formerly Qiongzhou ( Postal Pinyin: Kiungchow is one of the four county-level Wenchang ( Chinese: 文昌 is a County-level city in NE Hainan province China. Danzhou (儋州; Pinyin: Dānzhōu is a city in the northwest of the Chinese island province of

Haikou is the province's capital and contains interesting historic sites. Also known as Coconut City, Haikou is a major port. The Five Official's Temple consists of five traditional temples and halls that were built in honour of five officials of the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties. These officials were banished to Hainan for periods ranging from 11 days to 11 years for speaking out against what they felt were wrong practices by the Emperors. (It is perhaps significant that the establishment of the Five Officials Temple in the late 19th century coincides with a time when China's territorial integrity was under threat, and that several of the officials honoured here were exiled for espousing aggressive policies on the recapture of the north of China from the Jurchens during the Southern Song dynasty. The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms )

Xiuying Fort Barbette was built in 1891 to defend the southeastern corner of China during the Sino-French War. The Xiuying Fort Barbette covers about a third of an acre. Its five large cannons are still intact and viewable at the site.

Hai Rui Tomb is a key national cultural protection site. Hai Rui was a compassionate and popular official of Hainanese origins who lived during the Ming Dynasty. See also Hai Rui (basketball Hai Rui ( Wade-Giles: Hai Jui Chinese: 海瑞 ( 23 January 1514 &ndash He was famous for his lifelong honesty and his willingness to speak out on behalf of local people. In later life, Hai Rui was persecuted and fell out of favour with the emperor. His admirers built the Hai Rui Tomb after his death to commemorate his great works. Construction of the tomb began in 1589.

Perhaps the best known tourist attractions of Hainan Island are its world class beaches, luxurious hot springs, and beautiful scenery. With white sand beaches, tranquil green waters and areas of lush vegetation, Hainan has much to offer. Some top scenic sites are Yalong bay National Resort; Dadonghai Tourist Resort; Qizhi Shan (Seven Finger Mountain), Guantang Hot Spring Resort, Shishan Volcanic Garden; Wanquan River, Baishi Ridge Scenic Zone and Baihua Ridge. Wanquan River ( Chinese: 万泉河，literally "ten-thousand-spring river" is the third longest river in Hainan Island and is 162 km long Visitors should be aware that once they get to Hainan, there is a dearth of tourist information in English (or Mandarin), so finding how to get to the top tourist sites is not always easy. Compounding this is the abundance of inferior tourist attractions that are rapidly springing up to take advantage of the new tourism economy.

Some attractions in Hainan include:

• Qiong Opera
• Yalong Wan (亞龍灣 Crescent Dragon Bay), Sanya City, southern Hainan: seven-kilometre beach. Yalong Bay (亚龙湾 sometimes 牙龙湾 is a 75km Beach located southeast of Sanya City Hainan Province China.

The province has initiated a visa-upon-arrival policy for foreign tourist groups from twenty-one countries in 2000, in order to attract visitors. It received 380,000 overseas tourists in 2002.

Space centre

China announced in Oct. 2007 that it would build its fourth space launch centre, just a week after it fired off its first lunar orbiter. The new launch centre, to be built on the eastern island province of Hainan, is scheduled to be completed in 2012 and starts operating in 2013. The location of the launch centre in Hainan, a low-latitude region, will displace more than 6,000 residents that will be relocated to make way for the space centre, which will occupy 1,200 hectares. The site will be mainly used for launching various kinds of satellites and large space stations, the plan has been approved by the government. A 407-hectare space themed park will also be constructed near the new launch centre.

Miscellaneous topics

• Hainan is a sister province of Jeju-do island-province of South Korea and of the Canadian island-province of Prince Edward Island. Jeju-do ( transliterated Korean for Jeju Province, short form of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province) is the only special self-governing province South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Prince Edward Island (ˌprɪns ˌɛdwɚd ˈaɪlɨnd ( PEI or P
• The novel, Red Detachment of Women, by Liang Xin, was set in Hainan. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The Red Detachment of Women is the title of a Novel as well as a Film and a Ballet, both of the latter are based on the novel The novel was first adapted to a feature film in the 1950s, and then a ballet in the 1960s as one of the Eight model plays. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance The "Eight model plays" ( were the most famous of the few Operas and Ballets that were permitted during the Cultural Revolution in China (1966-1976 Most of the people of that time derived their romanticized image of Hainan Island from the scenes in the ballet, particularly that of the vivid forests of coconut trees, the Five-Finger Mountain (Wuzhi Shan), and the Wanquan River. Wuzhi Mountain ( Chinese:五指山 Pinyin: Wuzhishan is the highest mountain in Hainan, towering 1840 m above the center of the island Wanquan River ( Chinese: 万泉河，literally "ten-thousand-spring river" is the third longest river in Hainan Island and is 162 km long
• One of the satellite launch centers of China is located in Hainan near the city of Wenchang. Wenchang ( Chinese: 文昌 is a County-level city in NE Hainan province China. It is called Wenchang Satellite Launch Center. Wenchang Satellite Launch Center (WSLC ( located near Wenchang City on the north-east coast of Hainan Island, is a former Sub-orbital test center and currently It is the closest launch center to the equator.
• The Hainan Gibbon is one of the world's most endangered primates. Seacology, a non-profit organization in Berkeley, CA, initiated a project to protect the highly endangered Hainan Gibbon in exchange for scholarships for the children of four villages near Bawangling Reserve. Seacology is a non-profit non-governmental organization with the sole mission of preserving the ecosystems and cultures of islands throughout the globe

References

Further reading

• D'Arcy Brown, Liam (2003). Green Dragon, Sombre Warrior: travels to China's extremes. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-6038-1

See also

• Hainan Island incident
• List of laojiaos in Hainan

External links

• Hainan Government Website
• Hainan travel guide from Wikitravel

The Hainan Island incident was the April 1, 2001, collision between a United States Navy EP-3E signals Reconnaissance aircraft This is a list of Laojiaos within Hainan province of the People's Republic of China. Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
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