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For other uses, see Haiku (disambiguation).

Haiku (俳句?) listen (help·info) is a kind of Japanese poetry. Hayk (hy Հայկ also transliterated as Haik) is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. When Japanese poets first encountered Chinese poetry, it was at its peak in the Tang Dynasty. Previously called hokku, it was given its current name by the Japanese writer Masaoka Shiki at the end of 19th century. was the Pen-name of a Japanese author, Poet, Literary critic, and Journalist in Meiji period Japan The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Shiki suggested haiku as an abbreviation of the phrase "haikai no ku" meaning a verse of haikai[1]. A hokku was the opening verse of a linked verse form, haikai no renga. is a form of Japanese collaborative Poetry. A renga consists of at least two or stanzas often many more In Japanese, hokku and haiku are traditionally printed in one vertical line (though in handwritten form they may be in any reasonable number of lines). In English, haiku are usually written in three lines to equate to the three parts of a haiku in Japanese that traditionally consist of five, seven, and then five on (the Japanese count sounds, not syllables; for example, the word "haiku" itself counts as three sounds in Japanese (ha-i-ku), but two syllables in English (hai-ku), and writing seventeen syllables in English produces a poem that is actually quite a bit longer, with more content, than a haiku in Japanese). On (音 is a Japanese word corresponding to a sound onji （音字）corresponds to "sound symbol"

In Japanese haiku a kireji (i. e. a cutting word) appears at the end of one of the three lines. A word is a unit of Language that carries meaning and consists of one or more Morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together and has a Phonetic In Japanese, there are actual kireji words, which act as a sort of spoken punctuation (for example, the "ya" in Bashō's "furuike ya" poem is a kireji). In English, kireji has no direct equivalent. Instead, English-language poets often use commas, dashes, ellipses, or implied breaks to divide the three lines into two grammatical and imagistic parts. They are usually placed at the end of either the first or second line; very rarely they can be found in the middle of the second line. The purpose is to create a juxtaposition, which creates space for an implication as the reader intuits the relationship between the two parts.

A haiku traditionally contains a kigo (season word) which symbolises or intimates the season in which the poem is set. Kigo ( season word(s, from the Japanese, kigo) are words or phrases that are associated with a particular Season.

Among most Japanese haiku writers, the kireji and kigo are both considered non negotiable requirements for the genre, yet kireji are not in use in English. Season words (kigo), although considered by many to be essential to haiku, are not always included by modern writers of Japanese "free-form" haiku and some non-Japanese haiku. In Japanese "free-form" haiku, this omission is deliberate.

Because Japanese nouns do not have different singular and plural forms, "haiku" is usually used as both a singular and plural noun in English as well. is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Practicing haiku poets and translators refer to "many haiku" rather than "haikus".

Senryū is a similar poetry form that emphasizes irony, satire, humor, and human foibles instead of seasons, and may or may not contain a kigo or a kireji. Senryū (川柳 literally 'river willow' is a Japanese form of short Poetry similar to Haiku in construction three lines with 17 or fewer " on

Contents

Syllable or "On" in Haiku

While English verse is typically characterized by meter, which counts "beats", Japanese verse instead typically counts sound units, known in Japanese as "on". In Poetry, the meter or metre is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse. On (音 is a Japanese word corresponding to a sound onji （音字）corresponds to "sound symbol" The word On is often translated loosely (and somewhat inaccurately) as "syllables", but there are subtle differences between an "on" and a "syllable". The traditional haiku consisted of a pattern of 5, 7, and 5 on.

The Japanese word on, literally "sound", corresponds to a mora, a phonetic unit similar but not identical to the syllable of languages such as English. Mora (plural moras or morae) is a unit of sound used in Phonology that determines Syllable weight (which in turn determines stress A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States (The word onji （音字; "sound symbol") is sometimes used in referring to the Japanese syllable units in English[2] although this word is archaic and no longer current in Japanese. [3]) In Japanese, the on corresponds very closely to the kana character count (closely enough that Moji (or "character symbol") is also sometimes used[3] as the count unit). One on is counted for a short syllable, an additional one for an elongated vowel or a doubled consonant (i. e. , a glottal stop), and one for an added "n" at the end of a syllable. This article is about the sound in spoken language For the letter see Glottal stop (letter. Thus, the word "sign", though one syllable in English, would be counted as three sounds if said in Japanese (something like "sa-ee-na").

Although it is possible to dissect the difference between counting on and counting syllables in great detail, in actual practice, for some classical Japanese haiku the count of on is very often identical to the count of syllables. However, because most Japanese words are polysyllabic, with very short sounds (like the three-syllable English word "radio", but unlike the one-syllable words "thought" or "stressed"), the seventeen sounds of a Japanese haiku carry less information than would seventeen syllables. Consequently, writing seventeen syllables in English typically produces a poem that is significantly "longer" than a traditional Japanese haiku. As a result, the great majority of literary haiku writers in English write their poems using about ten to fourteen syllables, with no formal pattern.

Examples

古池や蛙飛込む水の音
This separates into on as:
furuike ya
(古池   や)
(fu/ru/i/ke ya): 5
kawazu tobikomu
(蛙       飛込む)
(ka/wa/zu to/bi/ko/mu): 7
mizu no oto
(水    の  音)
(mi/zu no o/to): 5
Roughly translated:[4]
old pond
a frog jumps
the sound of water
富士の風や扇にのせて江戸土産
fuji no kaze ya oogi ni nosete Edo miyage
the wind of Mt. was the most famous poet of the Edo period in Japan During his lifetime Bashō was recognized for his works in the collaborative haikai no renga form today Fuji
I've brought on my fan!
a gift from Edo
初しぐれ猿も小蓑をほしげ也
hatsu shigure saru mo komino wo hoshige nari
the first cold shower
even the monkey seems to want
a little coat of straw

(At that time, Japanese rain-gear consisted of a large, round cap and a shaggy straw cloak. A cap is a form of Headgear. Caps have crowns that fit closer than Hats and have no brim or only a Visor. A cloak is a type of loose Garment that is worn over indoor Clothing and serves the same purpose as an Overcoat &mdashit protects the wearer from the cold )

Origin and evolution

From renga to haikai

The exact origin of hokku is still subject to debate, but it is generally agreed that it originated from classical linked verse form called renga (連歌?). is a form of Japanese collaborative Poetry. A renga consists of at least two or stanzas often many more is a form of Japanese collaborative Poetry. A renga consists of at least two or stanzas often many more

The first 5–7–5 sound units of a short renga is called ‘maeku’ (and looks and sounds like a haiku) to which another person writes a response, a ‘tsukeku’ — added verse — which is linked to the previous one using the equivalent of 7–7 Japanese sound units written in two lines. A tan renga is basically a tanka written by two people.

In the 1400s a rising middle class led to the development of a less courtly linked verse called playful linked verse (俳諧の連歌 haikai no renga?). The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. The term haikai no renga first appears in the renga collection Tsukubashu. Haiku came into being when the opening verse of haikai no renga was made an independent poem at the middle of the 17th century.

The inventors of haikai no renga (abbr. haikai) are generally considered to be Yamazaki Sokan (1465–1553) and Arakida Moritake (1473–1549). Yamazaki Sōkan (山崎宗鑑(1465-1553 was a Renga and Haikai poet from Ōmi Province, Japan. (1473-1549 Arakida Moritake the son of Negi Morihide, and a Shintoist. Later exponents of haikai were Matsunaga Teitoku (1571–1653), the founder of the Teimon school, and Nishiyama Sōin (1605–1682), the founder of the Danrin school. The Teimon school's deliberate colloquialism made haikai popular, but also made it depend on wordplay. To counter this dependence, the Danrin school explored people's daily life for other sources of playfulness, but often ended up with frivolity.

In the 1600s, two masters arose who elevated haikai and gave it a new popularity. They were Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694) and Ueshima Onitsura (1661–1738). was the most famous poet of the Edo period in Japan During his lifetime Bashō was recognized for his works in the collaborative haikai no renga form today Year 1738 ( MDCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Hokku was only the first verse of haikai, but its position as the opening verse made it the most important, setting the tone for the whole composition. Even though hokku sometimes appeared individually, they were understood to always be in the context of haikai, as they were part of the verses of a renga. Bashō and Onitsura were thus writers of haikai of which hokku was only a part. Many more of these ‘stand-alone’ haikai verses were written and then used in renga. Basho also used his haiku as torque points for his short prose sketches and longer travel diaries which combined prose and haiku. This sub-genre of haikai is known as haibun[6]). His best-known book, Oku no Hosomichi, or Narrow Roads to the Far North, is one of the most famous literary works in Japan and has been translated into English extensively. meaning "Narrow road to/of the interior" translated alternately as The Narrow Road to the Deep North and The Narrow Road to the Interior It even exists in play form as Banana Skies. [7]

Basho was deified by both the imperial government and Shinto religious headquarters one hundred years after his death because he raised the genre from a playful game of wit to sublime poetry. During his lifetime he was the most famous poet in Japan and still is today.

The time of Buson

Grave of Yosa Buson
Grave of Yosa Buson

The next famous style of haikai to arise was that of Yosa Buson (1716–1783) and others such as Gyōdai, Chora, Rankō, Ryōta, Shōha, Taigi, and Kitō, called the Tenmei style after the Tenmei Era (1781–1789) in which it was created. Yosa Buson, or Yosa no Buson (与謝蕪村 1716 &ndash December 25, 1784) was a Japanese Poet and painter from the Year 1716 ( MDCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or was a Japanese era name (年号 nengō, lit Year name after An'ei and before Kansei. Year 1781 ( MDCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Buson was better known in his day as a painter than as a writer of haikai, but today that is reversed. His affection for painting can be seen in the painterly style of his hokku, and in his attempt to deliberately arrange scenes in words. Hokku was not so much a serious matter for Buson as it was for Bashō. The popularity and frequency of haikai gatherings in this period led to greater numbers of verses springing from imagination rather than from actual experience.

No new popular style followed Buson. A very individualistic approach to haikai appeared, however, in the writer Kobayashi Issa (1763–1827) whose miserable childhood, poverty, sad life, and devotion to the Pure Land sect of Buddhism are clearly present in his hokku. ( June 15, 1763 - January 5, 1828) Japanese poet and Buddhist priest known for his Haiku poems and journals Year 1763 ( MDCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Pure Land Buddhism ( Jìngtǔzōng; 浄土教 Jōdokyō; Korean: ko-Hang 정토종 jeongtojong; Vietnamese: 浄土宗 vi Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices

The appearance of Shiki

After Issa, haikai entered a period of decline in which it reverted to frivolity and uninspired mediocrity. The writers of this period in the 19th century are known by the deprecatory term tsukinami, meaning ‘monthly’, after the monthly or twice-monthly haikai gatherings of the end of the 18th century. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system But in regard to this period of haikai, it came to mean ‘trite’ and ‘hackneyed’.

This was the situation until the appearance of Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902), a reformer and revisionist who marks the end of hokku in a wider context. was the Pen-name of a Japanese author, Poet, Literary critic, and Journalist in Meiji period Japan Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Shiki, a prolific writer even though chronically ill during a significant part of his life, not only disliked the tsukinami writers, but also criticized Bashō. Like the Japanese intellectual world in general at that time, Shiki was strongly impressed by Western culture. An intellectual (from the adjective meaning "involving thought and reason" is a person who tries to use his or her Intelligence and analytical thinking, He favored the painterly style of Buson and particularly the European concept of plein-air painting, which he adapted to create a style of reformed hokku as a kind of nature sketch in words, an approach called shasei, literally ‘sketching from life’. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e He popularized his views by verse columns and essays in newspapers. An essay is usually a short piece of writing It is often written from an author's personal point of view. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint.

All hokku up to the time of Shiki were written in the context of haikai, but Shiki completely separated his new style of verse from wider contexts. Being agnostic, he also separated it from the influence of Buddhism with which hokku had very often been tinged. Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the And finally, he discarded the term "hokku" and called his revised verse form "haiku". Shiki thus became the first haiku poet. His revisionism dealt a severe blow to haikai, as well as to surviving haikai schools. The word hokku still is in use; it describes poems written before Shiki's time.

Haiga

Haiga, the combination of haiku and art, is nearly as old as haiku itself. Haiga (俳画 is a style of Japanese painting based on the Aesthetics of Haikai, from which Haiku poetry derives which often Haiga began as haiku added to paintings, but included in Japan the calligraphic painting of haiku via brushstrokes, with the calligraphy adding to the power of the haiku. Earlier haiku poets added haiku to their paintings, but Bashō is noted for creating haiga paintings as simple as the haiku itself. Yosa Buson, a master painter, brought a more artistic approach to haiga. It was Buson who illustrated Basho's famous travel journal, Oku no Hosomichi - Narrow Road to the Far North.

Today, artists combine haiku with paintings, photographs and other art.

Kuhi

The carving of famous haiku on natural stone to create poem monuments known as kuhi (句碑) has been a popular practice for many centuries. The city of Matsuyama has more than two hundred kuhi.

Haiku in India

Indian languages that follow Indic (abugida) alphabetical system interpret 5-7-5 structures counting CV, CCV, CCCV or CCCCV clusters, irrespective of length of syllables. An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which In early 20th century Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore composed haiku in Bengali. He also translated some from Japanese. In Gujarati, Geena JOSEPH 'Sneharashmi' popularized haiku and remains the most popular haiku composer. Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī ? In the traditional syncratic spirit of Gujarati literature, poets like Bhagavatikumar Sharma and Bhushit Joshipura have composed ghazals with shers formed as haiku. In Poetry, the ghazal ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: غزل; Hindi: ग़ज़ल Turkish gazel) is a In Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi, Shaayaree or poetry essentially comprises Couplet, or Sher This type of poetry is called Haiku Ghazal. Urdu (which is written in abjad alphabetical system) interprets 5-7-5 structures counting long syllables. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Dr. Rehmat Yusufzai has composed a number of haiku in Urdu.

Haiku in the West

Although there were attempts outside Japan to imitate the old hokku in the early 1900s, there was little genuine understanding of its principles. Early Western scholars such as Basil Hall Chamberlain (1850–1935) and William George Aston were mostly dismissive of hokku's poetic value. Basil Hall Chamberlain ( 18 October 1850 &ndash 15 February 1935) was a professor of Tokyo Imperial University and one of the foremost For the game see 1850 (board game. 1850 ( MDCCCL) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. William George Aston ( April 9 1841 -1911 was a British consular official in Japan and Korea. One of the first advocates of English-language hokku was the Japanese poet Yone Noguchi. Yone Noguchi, born (and known in Japan as Yonejiro Noguchi (野口米次郎 Noguchi Yonejirō, 1875 - 1947 was an influential writer of poetry fiction In "A Proposal to American Poets," published in the Reader magazine in February 1904, Noguchi gave a brief outline of the hokku and some of his own English efforts, ending with the exhortation, "Pray, you try Japanese Hokku, my American poets!" At about the same time the poet Sadakichi Hartmann was publishing original English-language hokku, as well as other Japanese forms in both English and French. Carl Sadakichi Hartmann ( November 8, 1867 - November 22, 1944) was a critic and poet of German and Japanese descent

In France, hokku was introduced by Paul-Louis Couchoud around 1906. Paul-Louis Couchoud (1879-1959 was a Philosopher and a versatile researcher Couchoud's articles were read by early Imagist theoretician F. S. Flint, who passed on Couchoud's(somewhat idiosyncratic) ideas to other members of the proto-Imagist Poets' Club such as Ezra Pound. Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of Imagery, and clear sharp language Frank Stuart Flint ( December 19, 1885 - February 28, 1960) was an English Poet and Translator who was a prominent Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of Imagery, and clear sharp language The Poets' Club was a group devoted to the discussion of Poetry. Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate Amy Lowell made a trip to London just to meet Pound and find out about haiku. She returned to the United States where she worked to interest others in this "new" form. Haiku subsequently had a considerable influence on Imagists in the 1910s, notably Pound's "In a Station of the Metro" of 1913, but, notwithstanding several efforts by Yone Noguchi to explain "the hokku spirit," there was as yet little understanding of the form and its history. Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of Imagery, and clear sharp language " In a Station of the Metro " is a poem by Ezra Pound consisting of two non-rhyming lines Yone Noguchi, born (and known in Japan as Yonejiro Noguchi (野口米次郎 Noguchi Yonejirō, 1875 - 1947 was an influential writer of poetry fiction

An early translation of a haiku book to a western language, in this case, to Spanish, was realized by the Mexican poet and Nobel Prize winner Octavio Paz with the collaboration of Eikichi Hayashiya. Octavio Peazy Paz " ( March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican Writer, Poet, and diplomat In 1956, they published "Sendas de Oku," the famous book by Matsuo Basho, "Oku no Hosomichi. " Octavio Paz wrote an essay about this translation work, and published it in the book "El signo y el garabato. "

Blyth

After early Imagist interest in haiku the genre drew less attention in English until after World War II, with the appearance of a number of influential volumes about Japanese haiku.

In 1949, with the publication in Japan of the first volume of Haiku, the four-volume work by R.H. Blyth, haiku was introduced to the post-war world. Reginald Horace Blyth ( 3 December 1898 - 28 October 1964) was an English author and devotee of Japanese culture Blyth was an Englishman who lived in Japan. He produced a series of works on Zen, haiku, senryu, and on other forms of Japanese and Asian literature. Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. Japanese literature spans a period of almost two millennia Early works were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature, often written Those most relevant here are his Zen in English Literature and Oriental Classics (1942); his four-volume Haiku series (1949-52) dealing mostly with pre-modern hokku, though including Shiki; and his two-volume History of Haiku (1964). Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Today he is best known as a major interpreter of haiku to English speakers.

Present-day attitudes to Blyth's work vary. Many contemporary writers of haiku were introduced to the genre through his works. These include the San Francisco and Beat Generation writers, such as Jack Kerouac, Gary Snyder, and Allen Ginsberg. Jack Kerouac ( March 12 1922 &ndash October 21 1969) was an American Novelist, Writer, Poet, and Gary Snyder (born May 8, 1930) is an American Poet (often associated with the Beat Generation Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. [8] Many members of the international "haiku community" also got their first views of haiku from Blyth's books, including James W. Hackett, Eric Amann, William J. Higginson, Anita Virgil, Jane Reichhold, and Lee Gurga. In the late twentieth century, members of that community with direct knowledge of modern Japanese haiku often noted Blyth's distaste for haiku on more modern themes and his strong bias regarding a direct connection between haiku and Zen, a "connection" largely ignored by Japanese poets. (Bashō, in fact, felt that his devotion to haiku prevented him from realizing enlightenment[9]) Blyth also did not view haiku by Japanese women favorably, downplaying their substantial contributions to the genre, especially during the Bashō era and the twentieth century.

Although Blyth did not foresee the appearance of original haiku in languages other than Japanese when he began writing on the topic, and although he founded no school of verse, his works stimulated the writing of haiku in English. At the end of the second volume of his History of Haiku (1964), he remarked that "The latest development in the history of haiku is one which nobody foresaw, . . . the writing of haiku outside Japan, not in the Japanese language. " He followed that comment with several original verses in English by the American James W. Hackett (b. 1929), with whom Blyth corresponded.

Yasuda

In 1957, the Charles E. Tuttle Co. , with offices in both Japan and the U. S. , published The Japanese Haiku: Its Essential Nature, History, and Possibilities in English, with Selected Examples by the Japanese-American scholar and translator Kenneth Yasuda. Kenneth Yasuda, a Japanese-American scholar and translator Graduate of the University Of Washington and a Doctor of Literature (in Japanese literature Tokyo The book consists mainly of material from Yasuda's doctoral dissertation at Tokyo University (1955), and includes both translations from Japanese and original poems of his own in English which had previously appeared in his book A Pepper-Pod: Classic Japanese Poems together with Original Haiku (Alfred A. Knopf, 1947). In The Japanese Haiku, Yasuda presented some Japanese critical theory about haiku, especially featuring comments by early twentieth-century poets and critics. His translations apply a 5–7–5 syllable count in English, with the first and third lines end-rhymed. Yasuda's theory includes the concept of a "haiku moment," which he said is based in personal experience and provides the motive for writing a haiku. While the rest of his theoretical writing on haiku is not widely discussed, his notion of the haiku moment has resonated with haiku writers in North America, even though the notion is not widely promoted in Japanese haiku.

The impulse to write haiku in English in North America was probably given more of a push by two books that appeared in 1958 than by Blyth's books directly. His indirect influence was felt through the Beat writers; Jack Kerouac's The Dharma Bums appeared in 1958, with one of its main characters, Japhy Ryder (based on Gary Snyder), writing haiku. Jack Kerouac ( March 12 1922 &ndash October 21 1969) was an American Novelist, Writer, Poet, and Gary Snyder (born May 8, 1930) is an American Poet (often associated with the Beat Generation

Henderson

Also in 1958, An Introduction to Haiku: An Anthology of Poems and Poets from Bashô to Shiki by Harold G. Henderson, came from the American publisher Doubleday Anchor Books. This was a careful revision of Henderson's earlier book The Bamboo Broom (Houghton Mifflin, 1934), which apparently drew little notice as the world spiralled into militarist dictatorships before World War II. (After the war, Henderson and Blyth worked for the American Occupation in Japan and for the Imperial Household, respectively, and their mutual appreciation of haiku helped form a bond between the two, even as they collaborated on communications between their respective employers. [10])

Henderson translated every hokku and haiku into a rhymed tercet (a-b-a), whereas the Japanese originals never used rhyme. This article is about the poetic technique For the form of ice see Rime ice. A tercet is three lines of Poetry, forming a Stanza or complete poem Unlike Yasuda, however, he recognized that seventeen syllables in English are generally longer than the seventeen morae of a traditional Japanese haiku. Mora (plural moras or morae) is a unit of sound used in Phonology that determines Syllable weight (which in turn determines stress Because the normal modes of English poetry depend on accentual meter rather than on syllabics, Henderson chose to emphasize the order of events and images in the originals. Nevertheless, many of Henderson's translations were still in the five-seven-five pattern.

Henderson also welcomed correspondence, and when North Americans began publishing magazines devoted to haiku in English, he encouraged them. Not as dogmatic as Blyth, Henderson insisted only that a haiku must be a poem, and that the development of haiku in English would be determined by the poets.

The budding of American haiku

Precisely who qualifies as the first American haiku poet depends on one's definition of haiku. During the Imagist period, a number of mainstream poets wrote what they called "hokku," usually in the five-seven-five pattern. Amy Lowell published several "hokku" in her book "What's O'Clock" (1925; winner of the Pulitzer Prize), and even e. e. cummings wrote hokku a little earlier, among other poets. Amy Lawrence Lowell ( February 9, 1874 — May 12, 1925) was an American Poet of the Imagist school from Brookline Edward Estlin Cummings (October 14 1894 &ndash September 3 1962 popularly known as E Individualistic "haiku-like" verses by the innovative Buddhist poet and artist Paul Reps (1895–1990) appeared in print as early as 1939 (More Power to You--Poems everyone Can Make, Preview Publications, Montrose CA. Paul Reps (1895-1990 was an American artist poet and author He is best known for his unorthodox Haiku -inspired Poetry that was published from 1939 onwards ). Other Westerners inspired by Blyth's translations attempted original haiku in English, though again generally failing to understand the principles behind the verse form, which in Blyth is predominantly the more challenging hokku rather than the later and more free-form haiku. The resulting verses, including those of the Beat period, often evinced little more than the brevity of the haiku form, combined with current ideas of poetic content or attempts at "Zen" poetry; however, a few by Kerouac and Richard Wright, in particular, remain striking early examples of the genre and adumbrate the concision of contemporary practice.

Snow in my shoe
Abandoned
Sparrow's nest
--Jack Kerouac (collected in Book of Haikus, Penguin Books, 2003)

The African-American novelist Richard Wright, in his final years, composed some 4,000 haiku, 817 of which are collected in the volume Haiku: This Other World. Richard Wright may refer to Richard Wright (musician (1943–2008 also known as Rick Wright founding member of Pink Floyd Richard B Wright hewed to a 5-7-5 syllabic structure for most of these verses, and frequently employed surreal imagery and implicit political themes. His content and style (even down to his indentation of lines) was heavily influenced by R. H. Blyth's translations. Poets Gerald Vizenor, Gordon Henry, Jr. Gerald Robert Vizenor (born 1934) is a Native American ( Anishinaabe) writer and an enrolled member of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe , and Kimberley Blaeser have connected the haiku form to the tradition of the Native American/First Nations Peoples of the Anishinaabe tribe, stressing, as Wright often did also, the essential interconnectedness of humans and the natural world. Kimberly Blaeser is a Native American ( Chippewa) writer of mixed German and Anishinaabe descent Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Anishinaabe or more properly Anishinaabeg or Anishinabek (which is the plural form of the word is a self-description often used by the Odawa, Ojibwe

Whitecaps on the bay:
A broken signboard banging
In the April wind.
Coming from the woods,
A bull has a lilac sprig
Dangling from a horn.
--Richard Wright (collected in Haiku: This Other World, Arcade Publishing, 1998)

An early anthology of American haiku, Borrowed Water (Tuttle:1966) of work by the Los Altos (California) Roundtable was compiled by Helen Stiles Chenoweth. Haiku at that time were still typically bound by the rule of using seventeen English syllables.

The experimental work of Beat and minority haiku poets expanded the popularity of haiku in English. Despite claims that haiku has not had much of an impact on the literary scene, a number of "mainstream" poets, such as Richard Wilbur, James Merrill, Etheridge Knight, William Stafford, W. S. Merwin, John Ashbery, Donald Hall, Seamus Heaney, Wendy Cope, Ruth Stone, Sonia Sanchez, Paul Muldoon, Billy Collins, and others have tried their hand at haiku. Richard Purdy Wilbur (born March 1, 1921) is an American Poet. James Ingram Merrill ( March 3, 1926 &ndash February 6, 1995) was a Pulitzer Prize winning Etheridge Knight (April 19 1931 Corinth Mississippi – March 10 1991 Indianapolis Indiana) was an African-American Poet who became a notable William Stafford may refer to William Stafford (poet, American poet William Stafford (1500-1565, courtier to Henry VIII and Edward VI William Stanley Merwin (born September 30 1927 in New York City) is an American poet John Ashbery (born July 28, 1927) is Donald Hall (born September 20, 1928) is an American Poet and the 14th U Wendy Cope (born on 21 July, 1945 in Erith) is an award-winning contemporary English Poet. Ruth Stone (born June 8, 1915, in Roanoke, Virginia) is an American Poet, recipient of the 2002 National Book Award (for Sonia Sanchez is an African American poet most often associated with the Black Arts Movement. Paul Muldoon (born 20 June 1951 is a writer academic and educator as well as Pulitzer Prize -winning poet from County Armagh, Northern Ireland William A ("Billy" Collins (born March 22, 1941) is an American poet. Often, though, they have approached it in a relatively uninformed manner, more as a fixed form than as the complex, nuanced genre it is. Their work has frequently demonstrated no awareness of the tenets of the season word, cutting, objective imagery, or other dominant characteristics of the genre. Haiku has also proven very popular as a way of introducing students to poetry in elementary schools and as a hobby for numerous amateur writers. See also Primary education An elementary school is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory education known as elementary A hobby is a spare-time Recreational pursuit Etymology A Hobby horse is a wooden or Wickerwork toy made to be An amateur is generally considered a person attached to a particular pursuit study or science without formal training or pay

The North American "haiku movement" really begins in 1963 with the founding of the journal American Haiku in Platteville, Wisconsin edited by James Bull and Donald Eulert. Among contributors to the first issue were poets J. W. Hackett (b. 1929), O Mabson Southard (1911-2000), and Nick Virgilio (1928-1989). Nicholas Anthony Virgilio ( June 28 1928 – January 3 1989) was an internationally recognized Haiku poet who is credited with helping Whereas Hackett represented an experiential/existential/Zen approach to haiku, Virgilio exemplified a more aesthetic conception that incorporated "found" and imaginary elements. In the second issue of American Haiku Virgilio published his "lily" and "bass" haiku, which became models of brevity, breaking down the traditional 5-7-5 syllabic form, approximating the actual duration of Japanese haiku, and pointing toward the leaner conception of haiku that would take hold in subsequent decades.

lily:
out of the water
out of itself
--Nick Virgilio (Selected Haiku, Burnt Lake Press/Black Moss Press, 1988)
bass
picking bugs
off the moon
--Nick Virgilio (Selected Haiku, Burnt Lake Press/Black Moss Press, 1988)

American Haiku ended publication in 1968 and was succeeded by Modern Haiku in 1969, which remains one of the premiere haiku journals in English. Other early English-language haiku journals included Haiku Highlights (founded 1965 by Jean Calkins and later taken over by Lorraine Ellis Haar who changed the name to Dragonfly), Eric Amann's Haiku (founded 1967), and Haiku West (founded 1967).

The Haiku Society of America was founded in 1968 and began publishing its journal Frogpond in 1978. The Haiku Society of America is a non-profit organization composed of Haiku Poets editors Critics Publishers and Enthusiasts In 1991, the biennial Haiku North America conference (www. haikunorthamerica. com) was first held in California, and it continues to be the primary meeting ground for leading haiku poets, scholars, and translators on the continent.

Some key issues that American haiku practitioners continue to debate include: appropriate length and structure of haiku, the use and importance of kigo (including in regions with little seasonal variation), the relation of haiku to Zen, the use of natural and urban imagery, the distinction between haiku and the related senryu genre, haiku grammar, and the incorporation of subjective elements, including personal pronouns. Kigo ( season word(s, from the Japanese, kigo) are words or phrases that are associated with a particular Season. For some haiku poets, these issues are settled, but serious poets new to the genre continue to raise these issues, so they continue to persist. Important resources for poets and scholars attempting to understand English-language haiku aesthetics and history include William J. Higginson's Haiku Handbook (McGraw-Hill, 1985), Cor van den Heuvel's The Haiku Anthology (third edition, Norton, 1999), and Lee Gurga's Haiku: A Poet's Guide (Modern Haiku Press, 2003).

Although the English-language "haiku movement" is a collective enterprise with many significant contributors, one can single out particularly outstanding individual achievements by poets such as Hackett, Virgilio, Charles B. Dickson (1915-1991), Elizabeth Searle Lamb (1917-2005), Raymond Roseliep (1917-1983), Robert Spiess (1921-2002), and John Wills (1921-1993). Raymond Roseliep ( August 11, 1917 &ndash December 6, 1983) was a poet and contemporary master of the English Haiku and Catholic Dickson, Spiess, and Wills are all exemplars of a nature-oriented approach to haiku whereas Roseliep (a Catholic priest) adopted an adventurous metaphysical style that makes him the John Donne or George Herbert of American haiku. John Donne (pronounced like done, dʌn 1572 – 31 March 1631 was a Jacobean poet preacher and a major representative of the Metaphysical poets George Herbert ( April 3, 1593 &ndash March 1, 1633) was a Welsh Poet, Orator and a Priest.

an aging willow--
its image unsteady
in the flowing stream
--Robert Spiess (Red Moon Anthology, Red Moon Press, 1996)
downpour:
my "I-Thou"
T-shirt
--Raymond Roseliep (Rabbit in the Moon, Alembic Press, 1983)

Particularly noteworthy figures still active in the haiku community include: Jane Reichhold (b. 1937), Peggy Willis Lyles (b. 1939), Marlene Mountain (b. 1939), George Swede (b. George Swede (Juris Švēde (born as Juris Puriņš, November 20, 1940 in Riga, Latvia) is a Canadian Poet 1940), vincent tripi (b. 1941), Alexis Rotella (b. 1947), Christopher Herold (b. 1948), John Stevenson (b. 1948), Lee Gurga (b. 1949), Gary Hotham (b. 1950), Alan Pizzarelli (b. 1950), Jim Kacian (b. 1953), and Michael Dylan Welch (b. 1962). Their work exemplifies many important trends. For instance, Swede, Rotella, Pizzarelli, Stevenson, and others often blur the line between haiku and senryu.

Just friends:
he watches my gauze dress
blowing on the line.
--Alexis Rotella (After an Affair, Merging Media, 1984)
meteor shower. . .
a gentle wave
wets our sandals
--Michael Dylan Welch (HSA Newsletter XV:4, Autumn 2000)

Marlene Mountain was one of the first English-language haiku poets to write haiku in a single horizontal line, by way of analogy with the single vertical line of printed Japanese haiku, a less-favored form in English, but one that has gained increasing prominence. This form was first introduced to a wider audience by Hiroaki Sato's translations of Ozaki Hosai and other 20th Century Japanese Haiku Poets in the 1970s (see From the Country of Eight Islands co-edited with Burton Watson). The single-line haiku was practiced quite successfully by John Ashbery, Allen Ginsberg, Marlene Mountain, John Wills, and Matsuo Allard, and has been used more recently by poets such as M. Kettner, Chris Gordon, Scott Metz, Jim Kacian, and Charles Trumbull, to name a few (see Haiku: A Poet's Guide by Lee Gurga). Haiku of four lines or longer have also been written, some of them vertical poems with only a word or two on a line. The vertical poem has been adopted by prolific poet and bookmaker John Martone, whose work calls to mind the best of Gary Snyder, Robert Creeley, and Jack Kerouac.

pig and i spring rain
--Marlene Mountain (Frogpond 2. 3-4, 1979)
an icicle the moon drifting through it
--Matsuo Allard (Bird Day Afternoon, High/Coo Press, 1978)

Another pioneering haiku poet, Cor van den Heuvel (b. 1931), has edited the standard Haiku Anthology (1st ed. , 1974; 2nd ed. , 1986; 3rd ed. 1999). The third edition, published by W. W. Norton, remains the best introduction to the achievement of English-language haiku poetry up to 1999, although it has already become a little dated in its selections because of the passage of a decade and the rise of new journals and the Internet. Since its publication, another generation of haiku poets has come to prominence in the new millennium and the era of the Internet. Among the most widely published and honored of these poets are Fay Aoyagi, John Barlow, Roberta Beary, Connie Donleycott, Carolyn Hall, Paul M. , Scott Metz, Christopher Patchel, Chad Lee Robinson, Billie Wilson, and Peter Yovu (see the loose thread: The Red Moon Anthology of English-Language Haiku 2001, Jim Kacian Editor-in-Chief: Red Moon Press 2002). But the total number of significant poets seems to be increasing, and a host of other names should be adduced (see Echoes: The New Resonance Poets edited by Jim Kacian and Alice Frampton: Red Moon Press 2007). Newer poets exemplify divergent tendencies, from self-effacing nature-oriented haiku in the tradition of Spiess and Wills (Allan Burns) to Zen themes perpetuating the concepts of Blyth and Hackett (Stanford M. Forrester) to poignant haiku-senryu hybrids in the manner of Rotella and Swede (Roberta Beary) to the use of subjective, surreal, and mythic elements (Fay Aoyagi) to emergent social and political consciousness (John J. Dunphy) to genre-bending structural and linguistic experimentation and "found haiku" (Scott Metz). Consequently, the need for a fourth edition of van den Heuvel's anthology, or a prominent new anthology compiled by another editor, would seem to be greatly in order. Van den Heuvel has recently published Baseball Haiku (Norton, 2007), a very popular book that represents some more recent writers, albeit confined to a particular subject.

Haiku Publications

The work of recently rising haiku poets and their predecessors belongs to the small press movement and figures prominently in long-established publications such as Modern Haiku and Frogpond. Other important contemporary haiku journals include Mayfly (founded by Randy and Shirley Brooks in 1986), Acorn (founded by A. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) C. Missias in 1998), Bottle Rockets (founded by Stanford M. Forrester), and The Heron's Nest (founded by Christopher Herold in 1999, an Internet-based publication with a print annual). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Previously, Brussels Sprout (edited from 1988 to 1995 by Francine Porad), Woodnotes (edited from 1989 to 1997 by Michael Dylan Welch), and Hal Roth's Wind Chimes made a significant impact. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Also being published are the Australian journal Paper Wasp and newer North American publications such as Wisteria, Moonset, White Lotus, and the Internet-based Simply Haiku. Many haiku journals have come and gone over the last five decades; the staying power of Modern Haiku (currently edited by Charles Trumbull) and Frogpond (currently edited by George Swede) is the exception rather than the rule--but it testifies to the continuity and continued vibrancy of English-language haiku. Raw Nervz Haiku, edited by prominent Canadian haiku poet Dorothy Howard, was a bastion of experimental haiku for most of the 1990s and only recently ceased publication. ant ant ant ant ant, edited by Chris Gordon, has published contemporary and experimental haiku since 1994, with an emphasis on innovation while remaining rooted the core aesthetics of the form. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Scott Metz and Jason Sanford Brown's online haiku journal Roadrunner offers one of the Internet's best venues for a variety of quality haiku poets. In the UK, two long-established magazines are being published: Blythe Spirit (the journal of the British Haiku Society) and Presence (formerly Haiku Presence) edited by Martin Lucas. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In Ireland, Shamrock, the online journal of the Irish Haiku Society edited by Anatoly Kudryavitsky, publishes quarterly thematic issues on the haiku movements in various countries. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Anthony Kudryavitsky (born in Moscow in 1954 better known by his pen name Anatoly Kudryavitsky, is a Russian-Irish writer

Among significant contemporary publishers of haiku books are Jim Kacian's Red Moon Press, Randy Brooks's Brooks Books, Michael Dylan Welch's Press Here, Jane Reichhold's AHA Books, and John Barlow's Snapshot Press in the U. K. All have produced high-quality anthologies and single-author collections.

mourning dove
answers mourning dove--
coolness after the rain
--Wally Swist (The Silence Between Us, Brooks Books, 2005)
so suddenly winter
baby teeth at the bottom
of the button jar
--Carolyn Hall (Water Lines, Snapshot Press, 2006)

Haiku Archives

Another significant development in English-language haiku was the founding, in 1996, of the American Haiku Archives, which is the largest public archives of haiku-related material outside Japan. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) It is housed at the California State Library in Sacramento, and includes the official archives of the Haiku Society of America, along with significant donations from the libraries of Elizabeth Searle Lamb, cofounder Jerry Kilbride, Jane Reichhold, Lorraine Ellis Harr, Francine Porad, and many others. The archives has a Web site at www. americanhaikuarchives. org.

Contemporary English-language haiku

Today, haiku are written in many languages, but most poets are still concentrated in Japan and in English-speaking countries. Haiku has already had a significant influence on western poetics, but the extent to which the "haiku movement" will become integrated into existing literary canons remains to be seen.

While traditional hokku/haiku focused on nature and the place of humans in nature, modern haiku poets often consider any subject matter suitable, whether related to nature, an urban setting, or even a technological context. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt While old hokku avoided some topics such as romance, sex, and overt violence, contemporary haiku often deal specifically with such themes. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE-ROMEOS*************** An organism's sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes (spermatozoa or Sperm) while females produce female gametes (ova or Egg cells; individual Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes

Traditional hokku/haiku required a long period of learning and maturing, but contemporary haiku is often (and mistakenly) regarded as an "instant" form of brief verse that can be written by anyone, from schoolchildren to professionals. This article is about people called professionals For the Movie, see The Professional or Leon. Many writers of modern haiku stay faithful to the standards of old hokku, however some other contemporary haiku poets have dropped such standards, emphasizing personal freedom and pursuing ongoing exploration in both form and subject matter.

Due to the various views and practices today, it is impossible to single out any current style or format or subject matter as definitive "haiku. " Nonetheless, some of the more common practices in English are:

This gradual loosening of traditional standards, encouraged by such poet-critics as Bob Grumman,[11] has resulted in the word "haiku" being applied to brief, mathematical "poems," ("mathemaku") and to visual poetry by Scott Helms. Kigo ( season word(s, from the Japanese, kigo) are words or phrases that are associated with a particular Season. In meter, caesura (alternative spellings are cæsura or cesura) is a term to denote an audible pause that breaks up a line of verse This attempt at stretching definitions of haiku can be considered excessive, but Grumman attempts to defend his position by pointing to an alleged blurring of definitional boundaries in Japan. Those cognizant of Japanese and the haiku scene in Japan dispute this claim.

In the early 21st century, there is a thriving community of haiku poets worldwide, mainly communicating through national societies and journals in Japan, English-speaking countries, in Northern Europe (mainly Sweden, Germany, France, and in the Netherlands), in the Balkans (mainly Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania), and in Russia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Modern media

Internet

Both haiku writers and verses, as well as huge volumes of pseudo-haiku (also known as zappai), can be found online. A search will lead to many forums where both new and experienced poets learn, share, discuss, and freely criticize.

In the early days of the Internet, much of the development of haiku online stemmed from the Shiki Internet Haiku Salon. This site began as an email list for haiku poets in 1994, which continues to operate in 2007. This development enabled haiku poets from across the world to communicate more easily, an important development for those haiku poets (or haijin) who are geographically isolated from like-minded poets.

Inspired by her work with the Shiki Internet Haiku Salon, in 1995 Jane Reichhold launched the huge AHApoetry. com site. She revived Basho's educational device [Shell Game][12], in which poems are matched, discussed and judged. In 1995, the scifaiku (science fiction haiku) form was invented by Tom Brinck. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Scifaiku ( science fiction haiku) is a form of Science fiction poetry first announced by Tom Brinck with his 1995 Scifaiku Manifesto In early 1998, Salon.com published the results of a haiku contest[13] on the topic of computer error messages. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Saloncom, part of Salon Media Group ( often just called Salon, is an online A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.

There are online computerized systems for generating random haiku-like verse; there are "Spamku" (verses about SPAM--a brand of tinned meat), and many other variations on the brevity of the haiku form. Name origin Introduced on July 5 1937, the name "Spam" was chosen in the 1930s when the product whose original name was far less memorable (Hormel

Random Haiku on the Internet

Displaying a random haiku on a website, fan site, or profile page has become a popular Internet fad among members of Myspace, Facebook, and the blogosphere. MySpace is a popular social networking Website offering an interactive user-submitted network of friends personal profiles blogs groups photos music and Facebook is a social networking Website launched on February 4 2004 Blogosphere is a collective term encompassing all Blogs and their interconnections Random haiku generally come in two kinds: they are either randomly chosen poems from a collection of pre-versed poetry, or they are algorithmically generated. The best algorithmic random haiku generators use advanced techniques employing Markov chains and sophisticated grammar engines to produce near-genuine haiku. In Mathematics, a Markov chain, named after Andrey Markov, is a Stochastic process with the Markov property. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. Yet because they are created algorithmically according to grammar and statistical rules, they are usually meaningless and often humorous.

Television

Haiku-like (or rather senryu-like) poems, often satirizing the form itself, have appeared in popular TV programs such as Beavis and Butt-Head, South Park, Avatar: The Last Airbender, Charmed, and That 70's Show. Senryū (川柳 literally 'river willow' is a Japanese form of short Poetry similar to Haiku in construction three lines with 17 or fewer " on Beavis and Butt-head is an American Animated television series created by Mike Judge. South Park is an animated American television comedy series created and written by Trey Parker and Matt Stone for Comedy Central Avatar The Last Airbender (also known in some countries as Avatar The Legend of Aang) is an Emmy award -winning American That '70s Show is an American television sitcom that centered on the lives of a group of teenagers living in the fictional town of

Manchester poet John Cooper Clarke recited the following self-composed senryu on Irish television in 1986:

To express oneself
in seventeen syllables
is very diffic

Film

Haiku competitions are featured in the movie "Koi wa Go Shichi Go". John Cooper Clarke (born January 25, 1949) is an English Performance poet from Salford, Greater Manchester; he is often Senryū (川柳 literally 'river willow' is a Japanese form of short Poetry similar to Haiku in construction three lines with 17 or fewer " on Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar)
The film Wayne's World features a dialogue about a supposed haiku. Wayne's World was one of the most popular recurring sketches to come from the NBC Television series Saturday Night Live.

Novels

Neal Stephenson's novel Cryptonomicon opens with a "haiku" narrated by Bobby Shaftoe, one of the main characters. Neal Town Stephenson (born October 31, 1959) is an American writer known primarily for his Science fiction works in the Postcyberpunk genre Cryptonomicon is a 1999 novel by Neal Stephenson. It concurrently follows the exploits of World War II -era Cryptographers affiliated with Throughout the course of the novel, Bobby Shaftoe writes many "haiku" describing his experiences in World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

In Dean Koontz's False Memory (novel), The nemesis: Dr. Dean Ray Koontz (born July 9 1945 is an American Author. Best known for his Novels that could broadly be described as Suspense thrillers Koontz False Memory is a novel by the best-selling author Dean Koontz, released in 1999. Mark Ahriman uses haiku to put his hypnotized subjects into their "chapel". He chooses a "haiku" based on the subject's personality and the local environment that he works in.

In Chuck Palahniuk's novel Fight Club the unnamed protagonist utilizes haiku poems to illustrate his beliefs on modern consumerism and his own zen-ness which he disseminates to his co-workers through the use of intra-office email. Charles Michael "Chuck" Palahniuk (ˈpɑːlənɪk born February 21 1962) is an American Transgressional fiction Novelist Fight Club is a 1996 novel by Chuck Palahniuk, chronicling the experiences of an anonymous Protagonist who is struggling with a growing discomfort

In Stephen King's It, Ben Hanscomb writes a "haiku" to Beverly Marsh. Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American Author, Screenwriter, Musician, Columnist,

Ian Fleming's James Bond novel You Only Live Twice is titled after a "haiku" composed by 007 in the story. Ian Lancaster Fleming ( May 28, 1908 – August 12, 1964) was a British author, Journalist and Second World War You Only Live Twice is the twelfth novel in Ian Fleming 's James Bond series Mr Fleming credits the haiku in the novel's dedication page as being based on or in the style of Basho.

Startide Rising by David Brin features a haiku-esque language as a medium between the advanced humans and evolved dolphins. Startide Rising is a 1983 Science fiction novel by David Brin and the second book of six set in his Uplift Universe (preceded Glen David Brin, PhD (born October 6, 1950) is an American scientist and award-winning author of Science fiction.

In Rick Riordan's Percy Jackson and the Titan's Curse, the god, Apollo, creates a "haiku". Rick Riordan (born June 5, 1964) is an American author from Texas famous for his Percy Jackson and the Olympians series

Bill Watterson 's popular comic Calvin and Hobbes included a strip in which Calvin approached Hobbes with the following "alliterative haiku": Twitching tufted tail, a toasty, tawny tummy: a tired tiger. William B "Bill" Watterson II (born July 5, 1958) an American Cartoonist, is the author of the Comic strip Calvin and Hobbes Calvin and Hobbes is a Comic strip written and illustrated by Bill Watterson, following the humorous antics of Calvin, an imaginative

Video games

The character Bowser in the game Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars, for the Super Nintendo, had his own Haiku. Bowser, also known as King Koopa, is a Video game character and the main antagonist of Nintendo 's ''Mario'' series. Super Mario RPG Legend of the Seven Stars, released as simply in Japan is a hybrid adventure / Console role-playing game developed and published by The Super Nintendo Entertainment System or Super NES (also called SNES and Super Nintendo) is a 16-bit Video game console that was

Characters located in one level of Spyro: Year of the Dragon, for the Sony PlayStation, speak exclusively in freestyle haiku. Spyro Year of the Dragon is a Platform game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment is a multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan, and one of the world's largest Media conglomerates with The PlayStation (abbreviated PS, PSone, PS1, or informally as PSX) is a 32-bit fifth generation Video game console

Slayer from Guilty Gear says that he enjoys haiku; even in his Instant Kill he'll say a haiku. is a series of sprite -based Fighting games by Arc System Works and designed by artist Daisuke Ishiwatari.

In "Destroy All Humans 2" there are ninjas in the game who speak in haiku. When questioned "Why are there ninjas in the game?" most characters usually answer "Everyone loves ninjas!"

In the online game Kingdom of Loathing, there is a chat channel which requires that players communicate exclusively in haiku form. Kingdom of Loathing ( KoL) is a Humorous browser-based, multiplayer Role playing game, designed and operated by Asymmetric Entry privileges can be won by completing the Ultimate Haiku Challenge event in-game.

In the end credits of Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, Deadpool can be heard reading a haiku "by my good friend, Oz" ("Oz" being Mike Schulenberg, a designer at Raven Software). Marvel Ultimate Alliance is an Action role-playing game released in 2006 Deadpool is a fictional Comic book character sometimes depicted as a Mercenary or Antihero; he appears in books published by Marvel Raven Software is a Video game developer based in Middleton Wisconsin.

In Final Fantasy VII, the music heard while traveling via the airship is titled "Haiku" - The notes follow a 5-7-5(-7-5, etc. ) pattern through a majority of the piece (title seen when the MIDI file is ripped from a game disc).

The character Frost Tiger from Viewtiful Joe 2 speaks entirely in Haiku. Viewtiful Joe 2 is a Video game and Sequel to Viewtiful Joe. The game was developed by Clover Studio and published by

In Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan! and its sequel Moero! Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan 2 uses haiku in its game over sequence. sometimes referred to as simply Ouendan, is a rhythm Video game developed by INiS and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS is a rhythm Video game developed by INiS and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console.

Music and Dance

Ed Bennett and Ryland Angel composed a song based on Bashō's haiku 五月雨をあつめて早し最上川 (samidare o atsumete hayashi mogamigawa: with all the summer rain/ it flows along so swiftly--/ the River Mogami). Sung by Ryland Angel, the song accompanied the dance choreographed by Kayoko Sakoh; in 2007, she danced in it with Jamal Green[14].

The American band Tally Hall wrote a song about writing a haiku. Tally Hall is an American rock band formed in December 2002 based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, now under the Atlantic Records Most of the verses are actually written in 5-7-6, except the actual "haiku" the song is about, which is a 5-7-5 haiku.

Famous writers

Pre-Shiki period

Shiki and later

  • Hino Sojo
  • Mizuhara Shuoshi
  • Yamaguchi Seishi
  • Tomiyasu Fusei
  • Kawabata Bosha
  • Ishida Hakyo
  • Kato Shuson
  • Saito Sanki
  • Tomizawa Kakio
  • Matsuo Takahashi
  • Kaneko Tota

(see Modern Japanese Haiku: An Anthology, compiled and translated by Makoto Ueda: University of Toronto Press 1976)

Non-Japanese poets

Although all of the poets below have some haiku in print, only Virgilio--and perhaps Roseliep and Swede--are known primarily for haiku. was the most famous poet of the Edo period in Japan During his lifetime Bashō was recognized for his works in the collaborative haikai no renga form today Year 1738 ( MDCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Yosa Buson, or Yosa no Buson (与謝蕪村 1716 &ndash December 25, 1784) was a Japanese Poet and painter from the Year 1716 ( MDCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1783 ( MDCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or ( June 15, 1763 - January 5, 1828) Japanese poet and Buddhist priest known for his Haiku poems and journals Year 1763 ( MDCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common was the Pen-name of a Japanese author, Poet, Literary critic, and Journalist in Meiji period Japan Year 1867 ( MDCCCLXVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was a Japanese poet active in Shōwa period Japan. His real name was Kiyoshi Kyoshi was a Pen name. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. was the Pen-name of a Japanese author and Haiku Poet. He is known for his Free verse haiku. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1962 ( MCMLXII) was a Common year starting on Monday (the link is to a full 1962 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1901 ( MCMI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) was the haigo (haikai Pen name) of Ozaki Hideo a Japanese Poet of the late Meiji period and Taishō period. was the Pen-name of a Japanese Haiku poet active in Taishō and Showa period Japan. was the Pen name of, who is widely considered to be the foremost Japanese novelist of the Meiji Era (1868-1912 (March 1 1892 - July 24 1927 was a Japanese writer active in Taishō period Japan The others wrote more or less haiku-like poems. Amiri Baraka recently authored a collection of what he calls "low coup," his own variant of the haiku form. Poet Sonia Sanchez is also known for her unconventional blending of haiku and the blues musical genre.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Earl Miner, Japanese Linked Poetry. Haibun (俳文 haikai writings) is a combination of brief prose and Haiku, often autobiographical or written in the form of a travelogue Senryū (川柳 literally 'river willow' is a Japanese form of short Poetry similar to Haiku in construction three lines with 17 or fewer " on See Waka and Tanka (disambiguation for other usages Waka (和歌 or Yamato uta is a genre of Japanese poetry Scifaiku ( science fiction haiku) is a form of Science fiction poetry first announced by Tom Brinck with his 1995 Scifaiku Manifesto Jewish haiku are poetic parodies combining the style and conventions of ancient Japanese Haiku with traditional Jewish Noodging. Fixed verse forms are a kind of Template or Formula that Poetry can be composed in Princeton University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-691-01368-3 pbk.
  2. ^ T. Kondo, "In support of onji rather than jion," Frogpond: Journal of the Haiku Society of America', 1:4, 30-31 (1978).
  3. ^ a b Richard Gilbert, Stalking the Wild Onji
  4. ^ see: Matsuo Bashō: Frog Haiku (Thirty Translations and One Commentary), including commentary from Robert Aitken’s A Zen Wave: Bashô’s Haiku and Zen (revised ed. , Shoemaker & Hoard, 2003).
  5. ^ Etsuko Yanagibori, BASHO'S HAIKU ON THE THEME OF MT. FUJI: FROM THE PERSONAL NOTEBOOK OF Etsuko Yanagibori, link
  6. ^ Haibun Defined: Anthology of Haibun Definitions
  7. ^ Banana Skies, a dramatic adaptation of Basho's Oku no Hosomichi
  8. ^ Suiter 2002, pg. 47
  9. ^ As documented in Makoto Ueda's Literary and Art Theories in Japan (Press of Western Reserve U. , 1967).
  10. ^ Some of which is documented in A Haiku Path: The Haiku Society of America 1968–1988, published by the society in 1994.
  11. ^ Modern Haiku (“A Divergery of Haiku, ToxanAtomyzd,”) 34:2, 2003, 20–26
  12. ^ Jane Reichhold's Shell Game
  13. ^ Salon.com's "computer haiku" contest results
  14. ^ Ed Bennett's video clip of Samidare Wo

References

External links

Haiku

Haibun


Haiku journals

Dictionary

haiku

-noun

  1. A Japanese poem of a specific form, consisting of three lines, the first and last consisting of five morae, and the second consisting of seven morae, usually with an emphasis on the season or a naturalistic theme.
  2. A three-line poem in any language, with five syllables in the first and last lines and seven syllables in the second, usually with an emphasis on the season or a naturalistic theme.
  3. A short poem in the style of a translation of a Japanese haiku.
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