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This article is about the people. For their government, see Council of the Haida Nation. The Council of the Haida Nation is the Tribal Council of the Haida. For the tribal class ship of the Canadian Navy, see HMCS Haida (G63). Design history From 1926 all Royal Navy destroyers had descended from a common lineage based upon the prototypes ''Amazon'' and ''Ambuscade''. Construction Haida was among the first batch of Tribal class destroyers ordered by the RCN in 1940-1941
Haida
Haida carver Saaduuts, 2007
Total population

c. 2,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
Canada (British Columbia), United States (Alaska)
Languages
English, Haida
Religions

The Haida are an Indigenous nation of the west coast of North America. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Haida language ( X̲aat Kíl X̲aadas Kíl X̲aayda Kil) is the language of the Haida people The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are the Pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest Coast, their descendants and many Ethnic groups The Haida territories comprise the Queen Charlotte Islands archipelago, which Haida prefer calling Haida Gwaii, off the coast of British Columbia, and part of Prince of Wales Island in the southernmost Alaska Panhandle. The Queen Charlotte Islands or Haida Gwaii ("Islands of the People" and originally in Haida, Xhaaidlagha Gwaayaai ("islands on The Queen Charlotte Islands or Haida Gwaii ("Islands of the People" and originally in Haida, Xhaaidlagha Gwaayaai ("islands on British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Prince of Wales Island may refer to Prince of Wales Island (Alaska, USA Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut, Canada Prince The Alaska Panhandle, sometimes referred to as Southeast Alaska, is the southeastern portion of the U The term "Haida Nation" can and does refer to both the people and their government, the Council of the Haida Nation. The Council of the Haida Nation is the Tribal Council of the Haida. Their ancestral language is the Haida language, which has never been adequately classified by linguists because of its uniqueness. The Haida language ( X̲aat Kíl X̲aadas Kíl X̲aayda Kil) is the language of the Haida people In addition to those Haida residing on Haida Gwaii and in Alaska, there are also many Haidas in various urban areas in the western United States and Canada.

Contents

History

The Haida people differed from many other native tribes. Haida oral narratives record journeys as far north as the Bering Sea, and one account implies that even Asia was visited by Haidas before Europeans entered the Pacific. The Bering (or Imarpik) Sea is a body of water in the Pacific Ocean that comprises a deep water basin (the Aleutian Basin) which rises through The Haida's ability to travel was dependent upon a supply of ancient Western Red cedar trees that were carved and shaped into their famous Pacific Northwest Canoes. Western redcedar ( Thuja plicata) is a species of Thuja, an Evergreen coniferous Tree in the cypress family Masterfully designed canoes of many sizes and forms were made on the Pacific Northwest by carving from solid logs usually of red cedar but in some areas of Sitka spruce Carved from a single red cedar tree, a vessel could sleep 15 adults head to toe, and was propelled by up to 60 paddlers (who often included women). In the event of a battle at sea, paddlers were armed with heavy stone rings (18 to 23 kg) attached to woven tree root or bark ropes. These devices, are thrown at enemy canoes, inflicting substantial damage. Haida warriors entered battle with red cedar armor, wooden shields, stone maces and atlatls. An atlatl (from Nahuatl ahtlatl; in English pronounced or) or spear-thrower is a Tool that uses Leverage to achieve greater velocity War helmets were carved. These techniques are unknown to anyone other than the Haida people as they have kept it secret for many years. It is still unknown how the Haida would carve their war helmets and how they looked.

The Haida were feared along the coast because of their practice of making lightning raids against which their enemies had little defence. Their great skills of seamanship, their superior craft and their relative protection from retaliation in their island fortress added to the aggressive posture of the Haida towards neighbouring tribes. Diamond Jenness, an early anthropologist at the Canadian Museum of Civilization, caught their essence in his description of the Haida as the "Indian Vikings of the North West Coast":

Those were stirring times, about a century ago, when the big Haida war canoes, each hollowed out of a single cedar tree and manned by fifty or sixty warriors, traded and raided up and down the coast from Sitka in the north to the delta of the Fraser River in the south. The Canadian Museum of Civilization (CMC is Canada’s national museum of human history and the most-visited museum in the country A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas For other uses of this name see Fraser River (disambiguation. Each usually carried a shaman or medicine man to catch and destroy the souls of enemies before an impending battle; and the women who sometimes accompanied the warriors fought as savagely as their husbands. " Medicine man " is an English term used to describe Native American spiritual figures such individuals are often viewed by scholars concerned with these

The Haida went to war to acquire objects of wealth, such as coppers and Chilkat blankets, that were in short supply on the islands, but primarily for slaves, who enhanced their productivity or were traded to other tribes. High-ranking captives were also the source of other property received in ransom such as crest designs, dances and songs.

Even prehistorically, the Haida engaged in sea battles. They tied cedar bark ropes to heavy stone rings that were hurled to smash enemy canoes and that could quickly be retrieved for subsequent throws. A stone weighing 18 to 23 kg (40 to 50 pounds) could shatter the side of a dugout canoe and cause it to founder. Most tribes avoided sea battles with the Haida and tried to lure them ashore for a more equitable fight. The Tsimshian developed a signal-fire system to alert their villages on the Skeena River as soon as Haida invaders reached the mainland. The Tsimshian ( Sm'algyax: Ts’msyan) /'sɪmʃiæn/ are an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast. The Skeena River is the second longest river entirely in British Columbia, Canada.

The incidence of warfare was undoubtedly accelerated in the half century from 1780 to 1830, when the Haida had no effective enemies except the many European and American traders on their shores who would rather trade than fight. During this period, the Haida successfully captured more than half a dozen ships. One was the ship Eleanora, taken by chiefs of the village of Skungwai (or Ninstints) in retaliation for the maltreatment Chief Koyah had received from its captain. Ninstints is the usual name in English for SGang Gwaay Llanagaay - "Red Cod Island Village", a village site of the Haida people and part An even more spectacular event was the capture of the ship Susan Sturgis by Chief Weah (Matthews) of Masset and the rescue of its crew by Albert Edward Edenshaw. Masset ( is a village in the Queen Charlotte Islands ( Haida Gwaii) in British Columbia, Canada.

In such conflicts, the Haida quickly learned the newcomers' fighting tactics, which they used to good effect in subsequent battles, as Jacob Brink notes:

As early as 1795, a British trading ship fired its cannons at a village in the central part of the archipelago because some of the crew had been killed by the inhabitants, and the survivors had to put hastily to sea when the Indians fired back at them. They found out later that the Indians had used a cannon and ammunition pilfered from an American Schooner a few years earlier.

Swivel guns were added to many Haida war canoes, although initially the recoil on discharge caused the hulls of many craft to split.

Fortified sites were part of the defensive strategy of all Northwest Coast groups for at least 2,000 years. Captain James Cook was so impressed with one Haida fort off the west coast of Graham Island that he called it Hippah Island after the Maori forts he had seen in New Zealand. Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and See also Graham Island (disambiguation. Graham Island is the largest of the Queen Charlotte Islands (aka Haida Gwaii This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Military defences at Haida forts included stout palisades, rolling top-log defences, heavy trapdoors and fighting platforms supplied with stores of large boulders to hurl at invaders.

1774 and after

The archipelago was visited in 1776 by Juan Pérez (at Langara Island) and in 1778 by Captain James Cook. Juan José Pérez Hernández (ca 1725 - November 3, 1775) often simply Juan Pérez, was an 18th century Spanish explorer Langara Island is the northernmost Island of the Queen Charlotte Islands in British Columbia, Canada. Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and In 1787 the islands were surveyed by Captain George Dixon. Captain George Dixon RN (1755? &ndash 1800 was an English sea captain and explorer The islands were named by Captain Dixon after one of his ships, the Queen Charlotte, which was named after the wife of King George. Queen Charlotte, (née Duchess Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; 19 May 1744 – 17 November 1818) was the George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places The first furbuying ships arrived in 1774. The hunting of sea otter in Haida Gwaii serviced an international trading circuit: ships leaving the islands brought the pelts to China where they were traded for oriental goods; the ships then returned to the west, selling their cargo for substantial profit. The sea otter ( Enhydra lutris) is a Marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Within a century, sea otter were in danger of extinction.

European diseases

Site of the former Haida village SGang Gwaay
Site of the former Haida village SGang Gwaay

At the time of colonial contact, Haida Gwaii's population was roughly 10000-12000 people residing in several dozen towns. During the 1800s, smallpox reduced the population by ninety percent; other diseases arrived as well, including typhoid, measles, and syphilis, affecting more. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium Measles (rubeola is a Disease caused by a virus specifically a Paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. The worst single smallpox outbreak occurred in 1862, when the population fell by more than half. In 1900, 700 people remained. Towns were abandoned as people fled their homes for the mission towns of Skidegate and Masset, cannery towns on the mainland, or for Vancouver Island. Skidegate (/ˈskɪdəgət/ is a Haida community in the Queen Charlotte Islands ( Haida Gwaii) in Vancouver Island is a large Island in British Columbia, Canada, one of several North American regions named after George Vancouver, the British Some 3500 people live on the islands today. Indigenous people (Haida) live throughout the islands, and maintain two exclusive communities in Skidegate and Old Masset, each with a population of around 300 people. Skidegate (/ˈskɪdəgət/ is a Haida community in the Queen Charlotte Islands ( Haida Gwaii) in Masset ( is a village in the Queen Charlotte Islands ( Haida Gwaii) in British Columbia, Canada.

Villages

Historical Haida villages were[2]:

Calendar

The Haida's calendar is different from many calendars. New Clew, also Clue, Kloo, Kliew, Klue, Clew Indian Reserve, is a locality and First Nations reserve of the New Clew, also Clue, Kloo, Kliew, Klue, Clew Indian Reserve, is a locality and First Nations reserve of the Ninstints is the usual name in English for SGang Gwaay Llanagaay - "Red Cod Island Village", a village site of the Haida people and part Lyell Island is a large island part of Queen Charlotte Islands on the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada, located at. The Haida (19th C-early 20th C Indigenous nation of the west coast of North America. Prince of Wales Island may refer to Prince of Wales Island (Alaska, USA Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut, Canada Prince The Haida (19th C-early 20th C Indigenous nation of the west coast of North America. Prince of Wales Island may refer to Prince of Wales Island (Alaska, USA Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut, Canada Prince The Haida (19th C-early 20th C Indigenous nation of the west coast of North America. Prince of Wales Island may refer to Prince of Wales Island (Alaska, USA Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut, Canada Prince Kasaan (kəˈsæn is a city in the Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan Census Area in the U The Haida (19th C-early 20th C Indigenous nation of the west coast of North America. Prince of Wales Island may refer to Prince of Wales Island (Alaska, USA Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut, Canada Prince The word Calendar consist of two words 1 Cal ( in Pashto means Year in Hindi and Persian is Sal- also means Year

April/May- Gansgee 7laa kongaas

May/Early June- Wa. aay gwaalgee

June/July- Kong koaas

July/August- Sgaana gyaas

August/September- K'ijaas

September/October- K'alayaa Kongaas

October/November- K'eed adii

November/December- Jid Kongaas

December/January- Kong gyaangaas

January/February- Hlgiduum kongaas

February/March- Taan kongaas

March- Xiid gayaas

April- Wiid gyaas

Culture and society

Haida totem pole at Thunderbird Park in Victoria, BC.
Haida totem pole at Thunderbird Park in Victoria, BC. Totem poles are monumental Sculptures carved from great Trees usually cedar but mostly Western Redcedar, by a number of Indigenous cultures along Thunderbird Park is a Park in Victoria British Columbia next to the Royal British Columbia Museum. Victoria (vɪkˈtɔɹiə is the capital city of British Columbia. [4]

The Haida theory of social structure is based on moiety lineages. Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent That is, the society is divided into two groupings, one called Raven and the other Eagle. There are a variety of subgroups that fall into either of the moieties. The moieties and their subgroups of Clans, or matrilineal lineages, own unique combinations of crests and other intellectual properties such as songs and names. People cannot marry a member of their own moiety.

Potlatches, ceremonies to show wealth or to earn status in a community, were closely linked to a man's moiety. Potlatches would have been a huge celebration, hosted by a wealthy member of the community. A host would have invited hundreds of guests. Guests would have come in best dress and in best canoes, ready for up to 10 days of feasting. Afterwards, all the host's possessions were distributed to guests. However, this would not have bankrupted a host, as they could always rely on getting gifts from a neighbours potlatch, if theirs was up to standard.

Although Haida societal structure is a living process, its roots are in the ancient potlatch system and remain recognizable in contemporary political, economic and legal functions. A potlatch is a festival ceremony practiced by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in North America along Pacific Northwest coast of the United On that portion of Haida territory claimed by Canada, the two communities of Massett and Skidegate have Band Councils that experience varying degrees of influence and control by Canada's federal government. The Canadian Government, formally Her Majesty's Government in Canada, is the Federal government of Canada. The persistence of Haida government can be seen in that the influence of the Band Councils, insofar as they may be seen as agents of Canadian government authority, are regulated by a community governance system of Matriarchs and Lineage authorities. The Haida were hunters and gatherers. Because they lived so near the sea, fishing was crucial to them. Salmon was a main source of food, which was filleted & smoked to keep through the winter. The skeleton of the first salmon caught in a season was always placed back where it was caught. This was an offering, so the Salmon would return the following season.

The Haida people are well known as skilled artisans of wood, metal and design. They have also shown much perseverance and resolve in the area of forest conservation. These vast forests of cedar and spruce where the Haida make their home are on pre-glacial land which is believed to be almost 14,000 years old. Haida communities located in Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, and the Queen Charlotte Islands also share a common border with other indigenous peoples such as the Tlingit and the Cape Fox tribes of the Tsimshian. Prince of Wales Island may refer to Prince of Wales Island (Alaska, USA Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut, Canada Prince Not to be confused with the Turkic Telengit people The Tlingit (ˈklɪŋkɪt in English also /-gɪt/ or Tlinkit /ˈtlɪŋkɪt/ which The Tsimshian ( Sm'algyax: Ts’msyan) /'sɪmʃiæn/ are an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast. The Tlingit called the Haida Deikeenaa, "far out to sea people", from the distance separating Haida Gwaii from the mainland and the Alexander Archipelago. The Alexander Archipelago is a three-hundred-mile-long Archipelago, or group of islands off the southeastern coast of Alaska.

Like all Indigenous peoples of the northwest coast of North America, the Haida make extensive use of red cedar bark, which is still used both as a textile for clothing, ropes and sails, and in its raw form, as a building material or even armor. The Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast are the Pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest Coast, their descendants and many Ethnic groups Cedar bark textile was used by indigenous people in the Pacific Northwest region of modern-day Canada and the United States. Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather A rope is a length of Fibers twisted or Braided together to improve strength for pulling and Connecting. A sail is any type of surface intended to generate Thrust by being placed in a Wind &mdashin essence a vertically-oriented Wing. Armour (or armor) is protective covering most commonly manufactured from metals to prevent damage from being inflicted to an individual or a vehicle through use of direct contact Most goods were fashioned from the wood of the Western Red cedar, Nootka Cypress, Western Hemlock and Sitka Spruce. Western redcedar ( Thuja plicata) is a species of Thuja, an Evergreen coniferous Tree in the cypress family Nootka Cypress ( Callitropsis nootkatensis) formerly Cupressus nootkatensis Xanthocyparis nootkatensis or Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, is Tsuga (from ツガ ja 栂 the name for Tsuga sieboldii) is a genus of conifers in the family Pinaceae. The Sitka Spruce ( Picea sitchensis) is a large Coniferous Evergreen Tree growing to 50-70 m tall exceptionally to 100 m tall and Highly prized plant bark and root weavers still create an array of clothing including hats and containers. The ancient Naahinn form of weaving – also called Chilkat – continues, although commercially produced wool is used instead of mountain goat. The famous Haida totem poles were also carved on the trunks of Red Cedar trees.

Clans

The Haida society is broken into two clans: the raven and the eagle. Among the clans (which also has a name, like a Family name) which hold a lot of crests such as killer-whale, frog, moon, hummingbird, bear, and so forth. In this "moiety" society, one cannot marry someone from the same clan, and must marry outside of their own clan. Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent When a child is born they automatically join the clan that their Mother was a member of. There were generally arranged marriages held among the families holding Chieftanship to keep it among the same family.

Pre-contact distribution of Haida.
Pre-contact distribution of Haida.

Potlatch

Main article: Potlatch

The Potlatch ceremony was a ritual based event which involved feasting and the exchange of gifts between chiefs and surrounding clans. A potlatch is a festival ceremony practiced by Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in North America along Pacific Northwest coast of the United The celebration was a time of plenty and was a way of re-iterating bonds between groups. The potlatch ceremony was based on the concepts of reciprocity and indebtedness. Many would be held and the larger and more grandiose the occasion the more respect was given. The social bonds and coherence was also a substantial part of the potlatch ceremony, something which the western world failed to take into consideration when they tried to ban it in the late 19th century as it was seen to rival Christmas. Nobles, from the towns, get everyone together and have a party. The purpose for these potlatch ceremonies, is to show off their wealth. The nobles would give, everything they own, away. They would also have huge feasts and dance around a fire.

European people once banned these ceremonies. They forbade the people to celebrate these rituals. If a person was to take part in a potlatch, they would be sentenced to jail. A person had a minimum of 2 months, and a maximum of 6 months in jail.

Art

Haida art consists of two dimensional painting and three-dimensional sculptural works. Painting was accomplished through the use of brushes made from porcupine quills. Before contact with European traders, the Haida derived pigments from natural sources. Lignite or charcoal produced black, ochre a brownish-red and copper minerals provided greenish tones. In the early nineteenth century vermilion was introduced through trade with ships returning to the Northwest Coast from China. Pigments were mixed with a medium derived from salmon eggs.

Painting and two dimensional art usually makes use of formlines that outline basic shapes, often ovoid, in heavy dark outline. Images can be built up from the positioning of formline defined shapes embellished with mouths, beaks, claws, horns or other attributes of the person or animal being depicted. Painting and sculpture both focussed greatly on natural fauna. Charles Edenshaw was an important artist active in the late nineteenth century. Charles Edenshaw ( ca 1839-1920 was a Canadian artist of Haida First Nations ancestry known for his work with anthropologists

The substitution of carved surfaces for painting represents a step toward sculpture. Incised lines define the basic formline structures. A particularly fine example is a carved Haida bent bowl from about 1860 (Royal British Columbia Museum Catalogue No. The Royal British Columbia Museum is a history Museum located in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, founded in 1886 4114) that likely would have held food for honoured guests at potlatches.

In sculpture Haida masks are similar with those of other Northwest Coast First Nations such as Tlingit or Tsimshian. Haida carving on totem poles is more readily distinguishable. The last early Haida totem poles were carved in the villages of Tanu and Skedans in the late 1870s. Stress on the culture resulted in a near abandonment of traditional forms of art in the early 20th century. Bill Reid, a sculptor born in 1920, began exploring Haida art in the 1950s, influenced by old jewelry worn by members of his mothers family, who were Haidapoo. William (Bill Ronald Reid ( January 12, 1920 – March 13, 1998) was a Canadian artist whose works included jewelry sculpture

In ancient times, valuable items were also fashioned from copper. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Haida culture places high value on a sophisticated and abstract iconic art form. Although most impressively expressed in large monumental totem poles, this highly disciplined design is applied to a wide range of materials, including the human body through tattooing. The diversity of Haida design today can be seen, among other things, in its expression through Haida Manga. Haida Manga is a new concept in contemporary graphic literature

Notable Haidas

Anthropologists and scholars

Below if a brief list of anthropologists and scholars who have worked with the Haida. Florence Edenshaw Davidson (1896-1993 was a Canadian First Nations artist from the Haida nation who created traditional basketry and button-blankets and Reg Davidson (born 1954 is a Canadian First Nations carver and a member of the Haida nation Robert Charles Davidson CM, OBC, DFA (Hon (born 4 November 1946 in Hydaburg Alaska) is a Canadian Freda Diesing ( June 2, 1925 - December 4, 2002) was one of very few female carvers of Northwest Coast Totem poles and a member of Charles Edenshaw ( ca 1839-1920 was a Canadian artist of Haida First Nations ancestry known for his work with anthropologists Gerry Marks is a Canadian First Nations artist of Haida ancestry William (Bill Ronald Reid ( January 12, 1920 – March 13, 1998) was a Canadian artist whose works included jewelry sculpture Jay Simeon (b July 27 1976 is a Canadian artist of Haida heritage Skaay was a blind crippled mythteller of the Haida village of Ttanuu born c Guujaaw, full name Giindajin Haawasti Guujaaw, also known as Gary Edenshaw, is a Canadian wood carver, musician Traditional medicine practitioner

See also

Further reading

Notes

  1. ^ Ethnologue. (2005). "Language Family Trees: Na-Dene, Haida." In Gordon, Raymond G. , Jr. (ed. ), Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. Dallas, TX: SIL International. Online (2007). Retrieved on 2007-06-01. Follow links for ethnic population figures, as follows: Northern Haida — 1,700 (1,100 in Canada, 600 in US); Southern Haida — 500 (all in Canada).
  2. ^ Canadian Museum of Civilization webpage on Haida villages
  3. ^ Parks Canada website
  4. ^ Thunderbird Park – A Place of Cultural Sharing. Royal British Columbia Museum. The Royal British Columbia Museum is a history Museum located in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, founded in 1886 Retrieved on 2006-06-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place "Haida Pole, 1955. Carvers: Mungo Martin, David Martin and Henry Hunt. Based on: Haida Memorial Pole. This is a version of a pole that was purchased by Charles F. Newcombe at t'anuu 'llnagaay (eelgrass town) in 1911. It was raised by a man named Checkgath around 1880 as a memorial to his wife and shows some of Checkgath's family crests. The original pole is now in the entrance lobby of the museum. "

References

External links

Dictionary

Haida

-proper noun

  1. an indigenous nation of the Northwest Coast of North America, living primarily in British Columbia and Alaska
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