Citizendia

For other uses of "Hafez" see Hafiz (disambiguation).
Persia
Medieval era
Hafez, detail of an illumination in a Persian manuscript of the Divan of Hafez, 18th century
Name
Hāfez-e Šīrāzī
Birthc. 1310/1337 CE
School/traditionPersian poetry, Persian Mysticism, Irfan
Main interestsPoetry, Mysticism, Sufism, Metaphysics, ethics
Notable ideasHafez's work has been translated by a number of major Western poets

Khwāja Šams ud-Dīn Muhammad Hāfez-e Šīrāzī, or simply Hāfez (Persian: خواجه شمس‌الدین محمد حافظ شیرازی), was a Persian mystic and poet. Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Irfan also spelt eerfan ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: عرفان) literally means knowing. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" He was born sometime between the years 1310 and 1337 in Shiraz, Medieval Persia. Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia John Payne, who has translated the Diwan Hafez, regards Hafez as the greatest poet of the world. John Payne (1842 - 1916 was an English Poet and translator, from Devon. [1]

His lyrical poems, known as ghazals, are noted for their beauty and bring to fruition the love, mysticism, and early Sufi themes that had long pervaded Persian poetry. In Poetry, the ghazal ( Arabic / Persian / Urdu: غزل; Hindi: ग़ज़ल Turkish gazel) is a Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Persian literature ( spans two and a half millennia though much of the pre- Islamic material has been lost Moreover, his poetry possessed elements of modern surrealism. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members [2]

Contents

Life

Very little credible information is known about Hafez's life, particularly its early part; there is a great deal of more or less mythical anecdote. Judging from his poetry, he must have had a good education, or else found the means to educate himself. Scholars generally agree on the following:

His father Baha-ud-Din is said to have been a coal merchant who died when Hafez was a child, leaving him and his mother in debt. Merchants function as professionals who deal with Trade, dealing in commodities that they do not produce themselves in order to produce Profit. It seems probable that he met with Attar of Shiraz (Zayn al-Attar), a somewhat disreputable scholar, and became his disciple. Ali ibn Husayn Ansari Shirazi, known as Hajji Zayn al-‘Attar, was a 14th century Persian physician DISCiPLE, Miles Gordon Technology 's first product was a Floppy disk interface for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computer He is said to have later become a poet in the court of Abu Ishak, and so gained fame and influence in his hometown. It is possible that Hafez gained a position as teacher in a Qur'anic school at this time.

In his early thirties Mubariz Muzaffar captured Shiraz and seems to have ousted Hafez from his position. Hafez apparently regained his position for a brief span of time after Shah Shuja took his father, Mubariz Muzaffar, prisoner. Shah Shuja was a 14th-century Muzaffarid ruler of Southern Iran. But shortly afterwards Hafez was forced into self-imposed exile when rivals and religious characters he had criticized began slandering him. Another possible cause of his disgrace can be seen in a love affair he had with a beautiful woman, Shakh-e Nabat. Hafez fled from Shiraz to Isfahan and Yazd for his own safety. Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, Old Persian: Aspadana, Middle Persian: Spahān Yazd (pronounced /jæzd/ (In Persian: یزد is the capital of Yazd province, "the second most ancient and historic city in the world" and a centre

At the age of fifty-two, Hafez once again regained his position at court, and possibly received a personal invitation from Shah Shuja, who pleaded with him to return. He obtained a more solid position after Shah Shuja's death, when Shah Shuja ascended the throne for a brief period, before being defeated and killed by Tamerlane. Shah Shuja was a 14th-century Muzaffarid ruler of Southern Iran. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among

When an old man, he apparently met Tamerlane to defend his poetry against charges of blasphemy.

It is generally believed that Hafez died at the age of 69. His tomb is located in the Musalla Gardens of Shiraz (referred to as Hafezieh). Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province.

Hafez took ear to his immense popularity during his lifetime, and agreed with many others (then and now) when he wrote:

نديدم خوشتر از شعر تو حافظ
به قرآنى كه اندر سينه دارى
I have never seen any poetry sweeter than thine, O Hafez,
I swear it by that Koran which thou keepest in thy bosom.

Translation by Edward Granville Browne

Legends of Hafez

Many semi-miraculous mythical tales were woven around Hafez after his death. Edward Granville Browne (1862&ndash1926 born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, England was a British Orientalist who published Four of them are:

Hāfez Tomb in Shiraz
Hāfez Tomb in Shiraz
اگر آن ترک شیرازی بدست‌آرد دل مارا
به خال هندویش بخشم سمرقند و بخارا را
If belle of Shiraz, grabs a hold of my heart,
just for her Hindu-like mole, I would give
All of Samarkand, all of Bokhara. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among Shiraz ( شیراز Shīrāz) is the fifth most populated city in Iran and the capital of Fars Province. . .

With Samarkand being Timur's capital and Bokhara his kingdom's finest city. Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky "With the blows of my lustrous sword," Timur complained, "I have subjugated most of the habitable globe. . . to embellish Samarkand and Bokhara, the seats of my government; and you, would sell them for the black mole of belle of Shiraz!". Hafez, so the tale goes, bowed deeply and replied "Alas, O Prince, it is this prodigality which is the cause of the misery in which you find me".

So surprised and pleased was Timur with this response that he dismissed Hafez with handsome gifts.

Translated by Clarence Streit

Works and influence

Hāfez Tomb at Night
Hāfez Tomb at Night
A Close-Up of Hāfez Tomb
A Close-Up of Hāfez Tomb

Not much acclaimed in his own day and often exposed to the reproaches of orthodoxy, he greatly influenced subsequent Persian poets and has become the most beloved poet of Persian culture. Clarence Kirschmann Streit (name rhymes with "fight" ( January 21, 1896 California Missouri - July 6, 1986 Washington It is said that if there is one book in a house where Persian is spoken, it will be the Qur'an; if two, the Qur'an and the Divan of Hafez. Much later, the work of Hafez would leave a mark on such important Western writers as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Goethe. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer His work was first translated into English in 1771 by William Jones. Year 1771 ( MDCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a William Jones is the name of Academics and authors William Jones (mathematician (1675&ndash1749 Welsh mathematician who proposed the use of

There is no definitive version of his collected works (or diwan); editions vary from 573 to 994 poems. Diwan ( Persian دیوان also transliterated as Deewan or Divan, is a Persian word used also into Arabic (الدیوان and Turkish In Iran, his collected works have come to be used as an aid to popular divination. Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining Only since the 1940s has a sustained scholarly attempt - by Mas'ud Farzad, Qasim Ghani and others in Iran - been made to authenticate his work, and remove errors introduced by later copyists and censors. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. However, the reliability of such work has been questioned (Michael Hillmann in 'Rahnema-ye Ketab' No. 13 (1971), "Kusheshha-ye Jadid dar Shenakht-e Divan-e Sahih-e Hafez"), and in the words of Hafez scholar Iraj Bashiri. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Iraj Bashiri (born July 31, 1940) is Professor of History at the University of Minnesota USA‎ and one of the leading scholars in the fields of Central Asian . . . "there remains little hope from there (i. e. : Iran) for an authenticated diwan".

The history of the translation of Hafez has been a complicated one, and few English translations have been truly successful, in large part due to the fact that the figurative gesture for which he is most famous is ambiguity, and therefore interpreting of him correctly requires intuitive perception. Most recently, The Gift: Poems by Hafez the Great Sufi Master, a collection of poems by Daniel Ladinsky published in 1999 by Penguin Books, has been both commercially successful and a source of controversy. Daniel Ladinsky is an American poet best known for his interest in spiritual traditions around the world particularly Hinduism, Islam and Sufism. Ladinsy does not speak or read Persian, and critics such as Murat Nemet-Nejat, a poet, essayist and translator of modern Turkish poetry, have asserted that his translations are Ladinsky's own inventions. [3]

Though Hafez’s poetry is influenced by his Islamic faith, he is widely respected by Hindus, Christians and others. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Indian sage of Iranian descent Meher Baba, who syncretized elements of Sufism, Hinduism and Christian mysticism, would recite Hafez's poetry until his dying day. Meher Baba ( Devanāgarī: मेहेर बाबा) (February 25 1894 Merwan Sheriar Irani – January 31 1969 was an Indian mystic and spiritual Christian Mysticism is traditionally practised through the disciplines of Prayer (including oratio meditation and Contemplation [4]

The (instructive) poetry of Sufi schools (for reasons shared with other hermetic schools), liberally employ metaphorical language to mask the real meaning intended for a select audience, under a strict pedagogical spiritual regime in which the seeker is (sometimes literally) subject to the Pir or Master.

Hafez's poetry is no exception in this regard and is heavily laced with coded phrases (wine, wind, hand), objects and instruments (cups, reeds, harps), places and occupants (tavern, winekeeper, cup-bearer), and of course a variety of flowers and birds (rose, narcissus, nightingale),etc.

Various content matter directly fix the semantic context of his work in both the Abrahamic traditions and Scripture, and, related metaphysical schools (specially references to Maghaan, or the Magi). The Magi (singular Magus, from Latin via Greek μάγος; Old English: Mage; from Persian maguš and Kurdish It is, simply, the Grail Quest, with special shifts in symbolism based on the (overtly) Muslim point of view of the author. The cup, cup-bearer, wine, and the tavern are frequent features of his poetry. Hafez also clearly subscribes to a notion of apparent and hidden (occult) 'Teaching', and in one part, even claims "he was crucified for disclosing secrets". One aspect of the genius of his work then was his ability to weave such understanding in verses that afforded a variety of meaning, from the base (debauchery) to the sublime (drinking the holy wine and entering into holy intoxication. )

An interesting and meaningful aspect of his work is that each poem contains his name. Sometimes 'Hafez' expresses an opinion, and sometimes, the learned voice of the meter instructs the author: "Oh Hafez, when you learn that your concern is the Wine and not the Cup, then will you become a King in both Realms".

Hafez expresses a strong statement regarding the illusory nature of our earthly existence. This existence is generally coded as 'veeraaneh' or 'the ruins', symbolizing the ultimate end of materiality. He then paints a picture of the seeker, himself, having 'homes' in both 'the ruins' and in the other realm. As a mystic, Hafez is a very interesting figure, displaying a restlessness in conjunction with his innate (spiritual) repose, which was literally manifested in his life in both his obsession (with the Houri of the ruins, Shakeh Nabat) and his steadfast resolve on the path. That he expects discipline from himself (and in his station of mystic tutorage of his readers) is clear: "Do not complain to us! The Kingdom for he who will work for it".

In sum, the work in toto represents a sort of spiritual autobiography, and a diary of the Sufi Path, written, in part, as an instructive manual to other 'winged' readers. And perhaps, this acceptance of his work as a veritable expression of a holistic event -- self realization -- is no doubt a basis for the (long standing) insistence by some of the uncanny oracular properties of the Diwan-e Hafez-e Shirazi, a cherished poet and inspired light of the Iranians. It is said in the legend that Hafez was promised immortality, in stead of Shakeh Nabaat. And as of now, it looks like the angel kept his word!

The reader may be interested to learn that Hafez himself announced to "Hafez" in many of his works, that regardless of his crimes, he will find a happy home in the Life beyond the ruins.

The following ghazal (# 360 per Mr. Shahriari) is a fitting summation of the 'works' of Hafez by Hafez himself, indicating a clear goal and function to his poetic output -- the office of the said activity being in the MeyKhaaneh (the tavern) -- and the happy news of the achievement of his primary purpose -- "returning" to his "home" and "birthplace" -- with help from the "minister" of the "king" of his Vataan (or nation):

گر از این مـنزل ویران بـه سوی خانـه روم
دگر آن جا کـه روم عاقـل و فرزانـه روم
زین سـفر گر به سلامت به وطـن بازرسـم
نذر کردم کـه هـم از راه بـه میخانـه روم
تا بگویم که چه کشفم شد از این سیر و سلوک
بـه در صومـعـه با بربـط و پیمانـه روم
آشـنایان ره عـشـق گرم خون بـخورند
ناکـسـم گر بـه شکایت سوی بیگانه روم
بـعد از این دست من و زلف چو زنـجیر نـگار
چـند و چـند از پی کام دل دیوانـه روم
گر بـبینـم خـم ابروی چو مـحرابـش باز
سـجده شـکر کـنـم و از پی شکرانه روم
خرم آن دم کـه چو حافـظ بـه تولای وزیر
سرخوش از میکده با دوست به کاشانـه روم

Sample Translations

The meaning behind the poetry of Hafez must, as with all art, be decided by the patron and observer of the work. Though credited as being "The Interpreter of Mysteries," there remain many mysteries regarding Hafez that have yet to be solved. As the poet himself had said:

Am I a sinner or a saint,
Which one shall it be?
Hafez holds the secret of his own mystery. . .

One of Hafez's greatest fondnesses was for wine, so when the Muzaffarids captured Shiraz in 1353 and declared prohibition it is no surprise that Hafez wrote a mournful elegy for the loss:

اگرچه باده فرح‌بخش و باد گل‌بيزست
به بانگ چنگ مخور مى، كه محتسب تيز است
Though wine gives delight, and the wind distills the perfume of the rose,
Drink not the wine to the strains of the harp, for the constable is alert. The Muzaffarids (آل مظفر in Persian were a Sunni family that came to power in Iran following the breakup of the Ilkhanate in the 14th century
Hide the goblet in the sleeve of the patchwork cloak,
For the time, like the eye of the decanter, pours forth blood.
Wash the wine stain from your dervish cloak with tears,
For it is the season of piety, and the time for abstinence.
در آستین مرقع پیاله پنهان کن
که همچو چشم صراحی، زمانه خونریز است
به آب دیده بشوییم خرقه‌ها از می
که موسم ورع و روزگار پرهیز است

Translation by Edward Browne
Four years afterward, finding prohibition unfeasible for the wine-loving people of Shiraz, the ruler Shah Shuja repealed that act and for that reason Hafez immortalized his name in verse. Edward Granville Browne (1862&ndash1926 born in Stouts Hill, Uley, Gloucestershire, England was a British Orientalist who published Shah Shuja was a 14th-century Muzaffarid ruler of Southern Iran.

Of course, Hafez's fondness for wine was overshadowed by that of love:

I said I long for thee
You said your sorrows will end.
Be my moon, rise up for me
Only if it will ascend.
گفتم غم تو دارم، گفتا غمت سرآید
گفتم که ماه من شو، گفتا اگر برآید
I said, from lovers learn
How with compassion burn
Beauties, you said in return
Such common tricks transcend.
گفتم ز مهرورزان رسم وفا بیاموز
گفتا ز خوبرویان این کار کمتر آید
Your visions, I will oppose
My mind's paths, I will close
You said, this night-farer knows
Another way will descend.
گفتم که برخیالت راه نظر ببندم
گفتا که شبروست او، از راه دیگر آید
With the fragrance of your hair
I'm lost in my world's affair
You said, if you care, you dare
On its guidance can depend.
گفتم که بوی زلفت گمراه عالـمم کرد
گفتا اگر بدانی هم‌اوت رهبر آید
I said hail to that fresh air
That the morning breeze may share
Cool is that breeze, you declare
With beloved's air may blend.
گفتم خوشا هوایی کز باد صبح خیزد
گفتا خنک نسیمی کز کوی دلبر آید
I said, your sweet and red wine
Granted no wishes of mine
You said, in service define
Your life, and your time spend.
گفتم که نوش لعلت ما را به آرزو کشت
گفتا تو بندگی کن، کو بنده‌پرور آمد
I said, when will your kind heart
Thoughts of friendship start?
Said, speak not of this art
Until it's time for that trend.
گفتم دل رحیمت کی عزم صلح دارد
گفتا مگوی با کس تا وقت آن درآید
I said, happiness and joy
Passing time will destroy.
Said, Hafez, silence employ
Sorrows too will end my friend.
گفتم زمان عشرت دیدی که چون سرآمد؟
گفتا خموش حافظ کاین قصه هم سرآید

Translation by Shahriar Shahriari.

I have learned so much from God
That I can no longer call myself

The meaning of the poetry of Hafez must, as with all art, must be decided by the patron and observer of the work. Though credited as being "The Interpreter of Mysteries," there remain many mysteries regarding Hafez that have yet to be solved. As the poet himself had said:

Am I a sinner or a saint,
Which one shall it be?
Hafez holds the secret of his own mystery. . .

As with many poets, there are also allusions to love for a beautiful boy, though it is not always clear whether these are based on life or on literary convention (ultimately derived from Theocritus):

My sweetheart is a beauty and a child, and I fear that in play one day
He will kill me miserably and he will not be accountable according to the holy law. Theocritus ( Greek: Θεόκριτος the creator of Ancient Greek Bucolic Poetry, flourished in the 3rd century BC
دلبرم شاهد و طفل است و به بازی روزی
بكشد زارم و در شرع نباشد گنهش
I have a fourteen year old idol, sweet and nimble
For whom the full moon is a willing slave.
چارده ساله بتی چابک و شیرین دارم
که به جان حلقه بگوش است مه چارده اش
His sweet lips have (still) the scent of milk
Even though the demeanor of his dark eyes drips blood. (Hafez, Divan, no 284)
بوی شیر از لب همچون شکرش می آید
گرچه خون میچکد از شیوه چشم سیهش
And about the Magian baccha:
If the wine-serving magian boy would shine in this way
I will make a broom of my eyelashes to sweep the entrance of the tavern. (Divan, no 9)
گر چنين جلوه كند مغبچه‌ى باده‌فروش
خاكروب در ميخانه كنم مژگان را
Without the beloved’s face, the rose is not pleasant.
Without wine, spring is not pleasant.
گل بى‌رخ يار خوش نباشد
بى‌باده بهار خوش نباشد
breezing in the prairie and going around the garden.
Is no fun without a blushed beauty.
طرف چمن و طواف بستان
بى‌لاله‌عذار خوش نباشد
Dance of Cypress, form of a flower.
Is no fun without a nightingale's singing.
رقصيدن سرو و حالت گل
بى صوت هزار خوش نباشد
being with a sweet lips, knock out beauty,
Is no fun without making out.
با يار شكرلب گل‌اندام
بى‌بوس و كنار خوش نباشد
Any painting made by wisdom,
Is no good if it is not a painting of the sweetheart.
هر نقش كه دست عقل بندد
جز نقش نگار خوش نباشد
جان نقد محقر است حافظ
از بهر نثار خوش نباشد

Translation by Henry Wilberforce-Clarke

The Tomb of Hafez

Twenty years after his death, an elaborate tomb (the Hafezieh) was erected to honor Hafez in the Musalla Gardens in Shiraz. Henry Wilberforce Clarke was the author of a critical translation of The Dīvān of Hafez, printed at his expense at the Central Press of the Government of India Calcutta Inside, Hafez's alabaster tombstone bore one of his poems inscribed upon it - "profoundly religious at last" (Durant):

Hafez-Goethe memorial in Weimar.
Hafez-Goethe memorial in Weimar. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald,
مژده‌ى وصل تو كو كز سر جان برخيزم
طاير قدسم و از دام جهان برخيزم
Where are the tidings of union? that I may arise-
Forth from the dust I will rise up to welcome thee!
My soul, like a homing bird, yearning for paradise,
Shall arise and soar, from the snares of the world set free.
به ولاى تو كه گر بنده‌ى خويشم خوانى
از سر خواجگى كون و مكان برخيزم
When the voice of thy love shall call me to be thy slave,
I shall rise to a greater far than the mastery
Of life and the living, time and the mortal span.
يارب از ابر هدايت برسان بارانى
پيشتر زانكه چو گردى ز ميان برخيزم
Pour down, O Lord! from the clouds of thy guiding grace,
The rain of a mercy that quickeneth on my grave,
Before, like dust that the wind bears from place to place,
I arise and flee beyond the knowledge of man.
بر سر تربت من با مى و مطرب بنشين
تا ببويت ز لحد رقص‌كنان برخيزم
When to my grave thou turnest thy blessed feet,
Wine and the lute thou shalt bring in thine hand to me;
Thy voice shall ring through the fold of my winding-sheet,
And I will arise and dance to thy minstrelsy.
گرچه پيرم، تو شبى تنگ درآغوشم كش
تا سحرگه ز كنار تو جوان برخيزم
Though I be old, clasp me one night to thy breast,
And I, when the dawn shall come to awaken me,
With the flush of youth on my cheek from thy bosom will rise.
خيز و بالا بنما اى بت شيرين‌حركات
كز سر جان و جهان دست‌فشان برخيزم
روز مرگم نفسى مهلت ديدار بده
تا چو حافظ ز سر جان و جهان برخيزم
Rise up! let mine eyes delight in thy stately grace!
Thou art the goal to which all men's endeavor has pressed,
And thou the idol of Hafez's worship; thy face
From the world and life shall bid him come forth and arise!

Translation by Gertrude Bell

Nowadays, the Hafezieh is visited by millions each year and regarded by countless people to be a veritable shrine. Gertrude Margaret Lowthian Bell CBE ( July 14, 1868 – July 12, 1926) was a British writer traveller political analyst

References

Notes

  1. ^ Poetry Portal: Hafez. Self Sponsored. 13 May 2008 <http://www.poetry-portal.com/poets4.html>.
  2. ^ Hafez portrayed surrealism centuries ago
  3. ^ The Gift: Poems by Hafiz the Great Sufi Master,
  4. ^ Kalchuri, Bhau: "Meher Prabhu: Lord Meher, The Biography of the Avatar of the Age, Meher Baba", Manifestation, Inc. 1986. p. 6712

See also

External links

Note: This photo set contains some very rare photographs of Shiraz taken during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar and Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, including those of the old cemetery of Shiraz ([2], [3], [4] — cf. Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar ( July 16, 1831 - May 1, 1896) () was the King and Shah of Persia from September 17 Mozaffar al-Din Shah Qajar, KG ( 25 March 1853 &ndash 7 January 1907) ( was the fifth Qajar dynasty Shah of [5]), later renamed the Mosallah Gardens of Shiraz, also known as Hafezieh. The set contains also the photograph of Bagh-e Takht ([6], [7] — built some 900 years ago), of which no trace survives in today's Shiraz, as well as Rabindranath Tagore's photograph ([8]) taken in Shiraz in the spring of 1932 (1311 AH). The Iranian calendar or Solar Hejri (تقویم هجری شمسی؛ سالنمای هجری خورشیدی Taqwim Hejri Shamsi Salanmay Hejri Khurshidi) is an astronomical


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