| Haematoxylin | |
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| IUPAC name | 6,6a,7,11b-tetrahydroindeno
[2,1-c]chromene-3,4,6a,8,9-pentaol |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [517-28-2] |
| PubChem | |
| MeSH | |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C16H14O6 |
| Molar mass | 302. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 279 |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Haematoxylin, hematoxylin, Natural Black 1, or C. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Hematein or haematin is an oxidized derivative of Haematoxylin, used in staining I. 75290 is extracted from the wood of the logwood tree. Logwood ( Haematoxylum campechianum) is a tree in the legume family that has been and to a lesser extent remains of great economic importance When oxidised it forms haematein, a compound with rich blue-purple color, and is used, together with a suitable mordant (most commonly Fe(III) or Al(III) salts), to stain cell nuclei prior to examination under a microscope. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Hematein or haematin is an oxidized derivative of Haematoxylin, used in staining A mordant is a substance used to set Dyes on fabrics by forming an insoluble compound with the dye Staining is an auxiliary Technique used in Microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image A microscope ( Greek: ( micron) = small + ( skopein) = to look or see is an instrument for viewing objects that are Structures that stain with haematoxylin are called basophilic. Basophilic is a technical term used by histologists. It describes the microscopic appearance of cells and tissues as seen down the Microscope,
Its CAS number is [] and its SMILES structure is OC(C(O)=C4)=C C1=C4CC3(O) C1C2=CC=C(O) C(O)=C2OC3. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to
Haematoxylin and eosin stain is one of the most commonly used stains in histology. H&E stain, HE stain or hematoxylin and eosin stain, is a popular Staining method in Histology. Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and It is a permanent stain as opposed to temporary stains (e. g. iodine solution in KI).
Other common stain is phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin, a mix of haematoxylin with phosphotungstic acid. Phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin ( PTAH) is a mix of Haematoxylin with Phosphotungstic acid, used in Histology for Staining. Phosphotungstic acid ( PTA) tungstophosphoric acid ( TPA) is a Heteropoly acid with the chemical formula 3 1240
In 1970s, due to clear felling of forests in Brazil and Central America, there was a shortage of logwood and therefore of haematoxylin. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Its price went to record heights, which affected the cost of diagnostic histopathology, and prompted a search for alternative nuclear stains. Histopathology (from the Greek histos (tissue and pathos (suffering refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations Before the use of any alternatives became firmly established, haematoxylin returned to the market, though at a higher price, and resumed its place in histopathology. There were several dyes recommended as replacements: Celestine blue B (CI 51050), Gallocyanin (CI 51030), Gallein (CI 45445) and Solochrome cyanin (CI 43820). All four used Fe(III) as the mordant. A mordant is a substance used to set Dyes on fabrics by forming an insoluble compound with the dye Another alternative is the red dye brazilin, which differs from haematoxylin by only one hydroxyl group. Brazilin is a red pigment obtained from the wood of the Brazilwood family ( Caesalpinia sp) and is also known as Natural red 24.
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Haematoxylin staining solutions
These stains are commonly employed for histologic studies. The mordants used to demonstrate nuclear and cytoplasmic structures are alum and iron, forming lakes or colored complexes (dye-mordant-tissue complexes), the color of which will depend on the salt used. A mordant is a substance used to set Dyes on fabrics by forming an insoluble compound with the dye For the purely-slang term alum meaning "graduate" see Alumnus. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Aluminium salt lakes are usually colored blue white while ferric salt lakes are colored blue-black.
Aluminium haematoxylin solutions
The two main alum haematoxylin solutions employed are Ehrlich's haematoxylin and Harris haematoxylin. Alum haematoxylin solutions impart on the nucleus a light transparent blue stain which rapidly turns red in the presence of an acid.
Alum or potassium aluminium sulfate used as the mordant usually dissociates in an alkaline solution, combining with OH− of water to form insoluble aluminium hydroxide. In the presence of excess acid, aluminium hydroxide cannot be formed thus failure of aluminium haematoxylin dye-lake to form, due to lack of OH− ions. Hence, acid solutions of alum haematoxylin become red. During staining alum haematoxylin stained sections are usually passed on to an alkaline solution (e. g. 1% hydroxide) in order to neutralize the acid and free the OH group, to form an insoluble blue aluminium haematin-tissue lake. Such procedure is known as blueing.
When tap water is not sufficiently alkaline, or is even acid and is unsatisfactory for blueing haematoxylin, tap water substitute consisting of 33. 5 g NaHCO3 and 20 g MgSO4 in one liter of water with thymol (to inhibit formation of molds), is used to accelerate blueing of thin paraffin sections. Use of very cold water slows down the process while warming accelerates it. In fact, the use of very cold water below 10 °C for blueing sections may even produce pink artifact discolorations on the tissue.
See also
- staining (biology)
- Histology
- Eosin
- H&E stain
- Haematin
External links
References
Jocelyn H. Staining is an auxiliary Technique used in Microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image Histology (from the Greek = 'tissue' is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of Plants and Eosin is a Fluorescent red Dye resulting from the action of Bromine on Fluorescein. H&E stain, HE stain or hematoxylin and eosin stain, is a popular Staining method in Histology. Bruce-Gregorios, M. D. : Histopathologic Techniques, JMC Press Inc. , Quezon City, Philippines, 1974.
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