Hadrian
Imperator Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus
Bust of Hadrian
Reign	August 10, 117 – July 10, 138
Full name	Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus
Born	24 January 76(76-01-24)
Birthplace	Rome or Italica
Died	July 10, 138 (aged 62)
Place of death	Baiae
Buried	1) Puteoli 2) Gardens of Domitia (Rome) 3) Hadrian's Mausoleum (Rome)
Predecessor	Trajan
Successor	Antoninus Pius
Consort to	Vibia Sabina
Issue	Lucius Aelius, Antoninus Pius (both adoptive)
Dynasty	Nervan-Antonine
Father	Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer
Mother	Domitia Paulina

Publius Aelius P. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 76 was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 This article is about the city in Spain. Italica is also the name of the cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea, commonly known as Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Baiae (in modern Italian only Baia) is a Frazione of the Comune of Bacoli, in the Campania region of Italy Pozzuoli is a city of the Province of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania. For the town with the same name see Castel Sant'Angelo (RI The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as the Castel Sant'Angelo, is a towering Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus ( September 19, 86 &ndash March 7 161) generally known in English as Antoninus Pius Vibia Sabina ( c 86-136 or 137 was a Roman Empress wife and third cousin to Roman Emperor Hadrian. Lucius Aelius Verus Caesar ( January 13, 101 - January 1 138) became the adopted son and intended successor of Roman Emperor Hadrian Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus ( September 19, 86 &ndash March 7 161) generally known in English as Antoninus Pius Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer was a Roman who lived in the 1st century Paulina or Paullina was the name shared by three relatives of the Roman Emperor Hadrian: his mother his elder sister and his niece Also known as the Nervan dynasty the Ulpian dynasty (after their common Gens nomen Ulpius or combined with the subsequent Antonine dynasty to form the Nervan-Antonian Marcus Cocceius Nerva was also the name of a Roman emperor NERVA is an acronym for Nuclear Engine for Rocket Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Lucius Aelius Verus Caesar ( January 13, 101 - January 1 138) became the adopted son and intended successor of Roman Emperor Hadrian Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus ( September 19, 86 &ndash March 7 161) generally known in English as Antoninus Pius f. Serg. Hadrianus^[1]. (January 24, 76 – July 10, 138), as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after his apotheosis, known as Hadrian in English, was emperor of Rome from 117 to 138 AD, as well as a Stoic and Epicurean philosopher. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 76 was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC A member of the gens Aelia, Hadrian was the third of the Five Good Emperors, or the second of the recently proposed ulpio-aelian dynasty ^[2]. In Ancient Rome, a gens (pl gentes) was a Clan, Caste, or group of Families, that shared a common name (the Aelius was the Nomen of the ancient Roman Gens Aelia. Among its members was the Roman Emperor Hadrian The Five Good Emperors is a term that refers to five consecutive emperors of the Roman Empire who represented a line of virtuous and just rule — Nerva, Trajan His reign had a faltering beginning, a glorious middle, and a tragic conclusion^[3].

Hadrian was born Publius Aelius Hadrianus in Italica^[4] or, less probably, in Rome from a well-established family which had originated in Picenum in Italy and had subsequently settled in Italica, Hispania Baetica (the republican Hispania Ulterior). This article is about the city in Spain. Italica is also the name of the cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea, commonly known as Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Picenum was a Region of ancient Roman Italy. Picenum was the birthplace of such notables as Pompey the Great and his father Pompeius Strabo Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the city in Spain. Italica is also the name of the cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea, commonly known as Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar He was a first cousin once removed of his predecessor Trajan (a grandson of Hadrian's father's sister). Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who Trajan never officially designated a successor, but, according to his wife, Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor immediately before his death. Pompeia Plotina Claudia Phoebe Piso (d 121/122 was a Roman Empress and wife of Roman Emperor Trajan. Trajan's wife was well-disposed toward Hadrian, and he may well have owed his succession to her. In spite of this very widespread opinion, the truth is that already between the years 100-108 AD Trajan gave several public samples of his personal favor towards Hadrian, as destining for wife his niece granddaughter Vibia Sabina, designing him quaestor Imperatoris, comes Augusti, giving him the Nerva's diamond "as hope of succession", proposing him for consul suffectus, and other gifts and distinctions. It is necessary bear in mind that the young Hadrian was the only direct familiar male of Trajan, and that the supports of Plotina and of L. Licinius Sura (death in 108 AD) were very important for Hadrian already in this early epoch. ^[5]

Early life

Though there was a late tradition that Hadrian was born in Italica located in the province called Hispania Baetica (the southernmost Roman province in the Iberian Peninsula, comprising modern Spain and Portugal), he himself stated in his autobiography, now lost, that he was born in Rome on 24 January 76 of a family originally Italian but Hispanian for many generations. This article is about the city in Spain. Italica is also the name of the cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea, commonly known as Hispania Baetica was one of three Imperial Roman provinces in Hispania, (modern Iberia) The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 76 was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. However, this may be made up so Hadrian would look like a pure-bred Roman instead of being from the provinces ^[6]. His father was the Hispano-Roman Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer, who as a senator of praetorian rank would spend much of his time in Rome. Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer was a Roman who lived in the 1st century A senate is a Deliberative body, often the Upper house or chamber of a Legislature or Parliament. Praetor was a title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to men acting in one of two official capacities the commander of an Army, either before ^[7] Hadrian’s forefathers came from Hadria, modern Atri, an ancient town of Picenum in Italy, but the family had settled in Italica in Hispania Baetica soon after its founding by Scipio Africanus. Atri ( Greek: or; Latin: Adria, Atria, Hadria, or Hatria) is a Comune in the Province of Teramo This article is about the city in Spain. Italica is also the name of the cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea, commonly known as Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major ( Latin: P·CORNELIVS·P·F·L·N·SCIPIO·AFRICANVS ¹) (236&ndash183 Afer was a paternal cousin of the future Emperor Trajan. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who His mother was Domitia Paulina who came from Gades (Cádiz). Paulina or Paullina was the name shared by three relatives of the Roman Emperor Hadrian: his mother his elder sister and his niece Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight Paulina was a daughter of a distinguished Hispano-Roman Senatorial family. Hadrian’s elder sister and only sibling was Aelia Domitia Paulina, married with the triple consul Iulius Ursus Servianus, his niece was Iulia Serviana Paulina and his great-nephew was Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator, from Barcino. Paulina or Paullina was the name shared by three relatives of the Roman Emperor Hadrian: his mother his elder sister and his niece Paulina or Paullina was the name shared by three relatives of the Roman Emperor Hadrian: his mother his elder sister and his niece Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia His parents died in 86 when Hadrian was ten, and the boy then became a ward of both Trajan and Publius Acilius Attianus (who was later Trajan’s Praetorian Prefect). For the processor see Intel 8086. Year 86 was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian Publius Acilius Attianus (1st &ndash 2nd century AD was a powerful Roman official who played a significant though obscure role in the transfer of the imperial power from Trajan ^[8] Hadrian was schooled in various subjects particular to young aristocrats of the day, and was so fond of learning Greek literature that he was nicknamed Graeculus ("Little Greek"). Aristocracy is a form of Government, where rule is established through an internal struggle over who has the most status and influence over society and internal relations Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία

Hadrian visited Italica when (or never left it until) he was 14, when was recalled by Trajan who thereafter looked after his development. This article is about the city in Spain. Italica is also the name of the cultivar group of the species Brassica oleracea, commonly known as He never returned to Italica although it was later made a colonia in his honour^[9]. A Roman colonia (plural coloniae) was originally a Roman outpost established in conquered territory to secure it His first military service was as a tribune of the Legio II Adiutrix. Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Byzantine Greek form τριβούνος) was a title shared by 2–3 elected magistracies in the Legio II Adiutrix Pia Fidelis ( supporter, faithful and loyal) was a Roman legion levied by emperor Vespasian in 70 Later, he was to be transferred to the Legio I Minervia in Germany. Legio I Minervia (Latin prima minérvia) was a Roman legion levied by emperor Domitian in 82, for the campaign against Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. When Nerva died in 98, Hadrian rushed to inform Trajan personally. Marcus Cocceius Nerva was also the name of a Roman emperor NERVA is an acronym for Nuclear Engine for Rocket He later became legate of a legion in Upper Pannonia and eventually governor of said province. A legatus (often anglicized as legate) was a general in the Roman army, equivalent to a modern general officer For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, He was also archon in Athens for a brief time, and was elected an Athenian citizen^[10]. Archon (Gr ἄρχων pl ἄρχοντες is a Greek word that means "ruler" frequently used as the title of a specific public office Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's

His career as a privatus follows: decemvir stlitibus iudicandis - sevir turmae equitum Romanorum - praefectus Urbi feriarum Latinarum - tribunus militum legionis II Adiutricis Piae Fidelis (95, in Pannonia Inferior) - tribunus militum legionis V Macedonicae (96, in Moesia Inferior) - tribunus militum legionis XXII Primigeniae Piae Fidelis (97, in Germania Superior) - quaestor (101) - ab actis senatus - tribunus plebis (105) - praetor (106) - legatus legionis I Minerviae Piae Fidelis (106, in Germania Inferior) - legatus Augusti pro praetore Pannoniae Inferioris (107) - consul suffectus (108) - septemvir epulonum (before 112) - sodalis Augustalis (before 112) - archon Athenis (112/13) - legatus Syriae (117)^[11]

Hadrian was active in the wars against the Dacians (as legate of the V Macedonica) and reputedly won awards from Trajan for his successes. Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " Legio V Macedonica ("Macedonian" was a Roman legion. It was probably originally levied by Consul Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Due to an absence of military action in his reign, Hadrian's military skill is not well attested, however his keen interest and knowledge of the army and his demonstrated skill of administration show possible strategic talent.

Hadrian joined Trajan's expedition against Parthia as a legate on Trajan’s staff. ^[12] Neither during the initial victorious phase, nor during the second phase of the war when rebellion swept Mesopotamia did Hadrian do anything of note. However when the governor of Syria had to be sent to sort out renewed troubles in Dacia, Hadrian was appointed as a replacement, giving him an independent command. Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic ^[13] Trajan, seriously ill by that time, decided to return to Rome while Hadrian remained in Syria to guard the Roman rear. Syria was a Roman province, conquered in 64 BC by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence after pursing victory in the Third Mithridatic Trajan only got as far as Selinus before he became too ill to go further. Selinunte ( Greek:; Latin: Selinus) is an ancient Greek archaeological site situated on the south coast of Sicily between While Hadrian may have been the obvious choice as successor, he had never been adopted as Trajan's heir. As Trajan lay dying, nursed by his wife, Plotina (a supporter of Hadrian), he at last adopted Hadrian as heir. Then he died. Allegations that the order of events was the other way round have never quite been resolved fully. ^[14]

Emperor

Securing Power

Marble statue of Emperor Hadrian (Istanbul Archeological Museum).

Hadrian quickly secured the support of the legions — one potential opponent, Lusius Quietus, was instantly dismissed. Lusius Quietus was a Roman General and Governor of Iudaea in 117 ^[15] The Senate's endorsement followed when possibly falsified papers of adoption from Trajan were presented (although he had been the ward of Trajan). The rumor of a falsified document of adoption carried little weight — Hadrian's legitimacy arose from the endorsement of the Senate and the Syrian armies.

Hadrian did not at first go to Rome — he was busy sorting out the East and suppressing the Jewish revolt that had broken out under Trajan, then moving on to sort out the Danube frontier. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Instead, Attianus, Hadrian's former guardian, was put in charge in Rome. There he "discovered" a plot involving four leading Senators including Lusius Quietus and demanded of the Senate their deaths. There was no question of a trial — they were hunted down and killed out of hand. Because Hadrian was not in Rome at the time, he was able to claim that Attianus had acted on his own initiative. According to Elizabeth Speller the real reason for their deaths was that they were Trajan's men. ^[16]

Hadrian and the military

Extent of the Roman Empire under Hadrian.

Despite his own great stature as a military administrator, Hadrian's reign was marked by a general lack of major military conflicts, apart from the Second Roman-Jewish War. He surrendered Trajan's conquests in Mesopotamia, considering them to be indefensible. Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding There was almost a war with Parthia around 121, but the threat was averted when Hadrian succeeded in negotiating a peace. Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran

The peace policy was strengthened by the erection of permanent fortifications along the empire's borders (limites, sl. limes). In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" The most famous of these is the massive Hadrian's Wall in Great Britain, and the Danube and Rhine borders were strengthened with a series of mostly wooden fortifications, forts, outposts and watchtowers, the latter specifically improving communications and local area security. Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for A watchtower is a type of Fortification used in many parts of the world To maintain morale and keep the troops from getting restive, Hadrian established intensive drill routines, and personally inspected the armies. Although his coins showed military images almost as often as peaceful ones, Hadrian's policy was peace through strength, even threat. ^[17]

The Second Roman-Jewish War

Further information: Bar Kokhba revolt

In 130, Hadrian visited the ruins of Jerusalem left after the First Roman-Jewish War of 66–73. Background After the failed Great Jewish Revolt in the year 70 the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the He promised to rebuild the city, but planning it as a pagan metropolis to be called Aelia Capitolina. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world Aelia Capitolina ( Latin in full Colonia Aelia Capitolina) was a city built by the emperor Hadrian in the year 131, and occupied A new pagan temple on the ruins of the Second Temple was to be dedicated to Jupiter. The Second Temple (בית המקדש romanized 'Beit HaMikdash' meaning 'Holy House' was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BCE and 70 CE In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. ^[18] In addition, Hadrian abolished circumcision (brit milah), which he, as an avid Hellenist, viewed as mutilation. It has been variously proposed that male Circumcision began as a religious Sacrifice, as a Rite of passage marking a boy's entrance into adulthood Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently subjected to vandalism and the insertion of personal opinions Hellenization (or Hellenisation) is a term used to describe the spread of Greek culture. Mutilation or maiming is an act or physical injury that degrades the appearance or function of the (human body usually without causing death ^[19] A Roman coin inscribed Aelia Capitolina was issued in 132. Hadrian's policies triggered the massive Jewish uprising (132–135), led by Bar Kokhba and Akiba ben Joseph. Background After the failed Great Jewish Revolt in the year 70 the Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province Akiva redirects here For other people and things with this name see Akiva (disambiguation. Following the outbreak of the revolt, Hadrian called his general Sextus Julius Severus from Britain, and troops were brought from as far as the Danube. Sextus Julius Severus was an accomplished Roman General of the 2nd century. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Roman losses were very heavy, and it is believed that an entire legion, the XXII Deiotariana was destroyed. Legio XXII Deiotariana ( légio vigésima secúnda) was a Roman legion, levied approximately in 48 BC and destroyed in the Bar Kokhba revolt ^[20] Roman losses were so heavy that Hadrian's report to the Roman Senate omitted the customary salutation "I and the legions are well" ^[21]. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. Hadrian's army eventually defeated the revolt however. According to Cassius Dio, during the war 580,000 Jews were killed, 50 fortified towns and 985 villages razed. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was After the end of the war, Hadrian continued the religious persecution of Jews, according to the Babylonian Talmud^[22]. The Talmud ( Hebrew: he תַּלְמוּד is a record of Rabbinic discussions pertaining to Jewish law, ethics, customs and history He attempted to root out Judaism, which he saw as the cause of continuous rebellions, prohibited the Torah law, the Hebrew calendar and executed Judaic scholars. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut term " Torah " ( Hebrew: תּוֹרָה "teaching" or "instruction" sometimes translated as "Law" most commonly refers to The Hebrew calendar (הלוח העברי ha'luach ha'ivri) or Jewish calendar is a Lunisolar calendar used by Jews for predominantly religious The sacred scroll was ceremoniously burned on the Temple Mount. The Temple Mount ( הַר הַבַּיִת, Har haBáyit) also called the Noble Sanctuary ( الحرم القدسي الشريف, al-haram At the former Temple sanctuary, he installed two statues, one of Jupiter, another of himself. In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. In an attempt to erase any memory of Judea, he removed the name from the map and replaced it with Syria Palaestina, after the Philistines, the ancient enemies of the Jews. Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised The History of Palestine is the account of events in the greater geographic area in the Southern Levant known as Palestine, which includes not just the West Bank The Philistines ( Hebrew פלשתים plishtim) (see "other uses" below were a people who inhabited the southern coast of Canaan, He re-established Jerusalem as the Roman pagan polis of Aelia Capitolina, and Jews were forbidden from entering it. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a Aelia Capitolina ( Latin in full Colonia Aelia Capitolina) was a city built by the emperor Hadrian in the year 131, and occupied

Cultural pursuits and patronage

Castel Sant'Angelo, the ancient Hadrian Mausoleum. For the town with the same name see Castel Sant'Angelo (RI The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as the Castel Sant'Angelo, is a towering A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons

Hadrian has been described, by Ronald Syme among others, as the most versatile of all the Roman Emperors. He also liked to display a knowledge of all intellectual and artistic fields. Above all, Hadrian patronized the arts: Hadrian's Villa at Tibur (Tivoli) was the greatest Roman example of an Alexandrian garden, recreating a sacred landscape, lost in large part to the despoliation of the ruins by the Cardinal d'Este who had much of the marble removed to build Villa d'Este. The Hadrian's Villa ( Villa Adriana in Italian) is a large Roman Archaeological complex at Tivoli, Italy. Tivoli, the classical Tibur, is an ancient Italian town in Lazio, about 30 km from Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ippolito (II d'Este ( 1509 - December 2, 1572) was an Italian cardinal. The Villa d'Este is a Villa situated at Tivoli, near Rome. Listed as a UNESCO world heritage site, it is a masterpiece of Italian In Rome, the Pantheon, originally built by Agrippa but destroyed by fire in 80, was rebuilt under Hadrian in the domed form it retains to this day. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome Agrippa redirects here For other uses of the name see Agrippa (disambiguation. It is among the best preserved of Rome's ancient buildings and was highly influential to many of the great architects of the Italian Renaissance and Baroque periods. The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc

From well before his reign, Hadrian displayed a keen interest in architecture, but it seems that his eagerness was not always well received. For example, Apollodorus of Damascus, famed architect of the Forum of Trajan, dismissed his designs. History The forum was built on the order of Emperor Trajan with the spoils of war from the conquest of Dacia, which ended in 106. When Trajan, predecessor to Hadrian, consulted Apollodorus about an architectural problem, Hadrian interrupted to give advice, to which Apollodorus replied, "Go away and draw your pumpkins. Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, commonly known as Trajan ( September 18 53 &ndash August 9 117) was a Roman Emperor who You know nothing about these problems. " "Pumpkins" refers to Hadrian's drawings of domes like the Serapeum in his Villa. It is rumored that once Hadrian succeeded Trajan to become emperor, he had Apollodorus exiled and later put to death. It is very possible that this later story was a later attempt to defame his character, as Hadrian, though popular among a great many across the empire, was not universally admired, either in his lifetime or afterward.

This famous statue of Hadrian in Greek dress was revealed in 2008 to have been forged in the Victorian era by cobbling together a head of Hadrian and an unknown body. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities For years the statue had been used by historians as proof of Hadrian's love of Hellenic culture. ^[23]

Hadrian wrote poetry in both Latin and Greek; one of the few surviving examples is a Latin poem he reportedly composed on his deathbed (see below). He also wrote an autobiography – not, apparently, a work of great length or revelation, but designed to scotch various rumours or explain his various actions. The work is lost but was apparently used by the writer — whether Marius Maximus or someone else – on whom the Historia Augusta principally relied for its vita of Hadrian: at least, a number of statements in the vita have been identified (by Ronald Syme and others) as probably ultimately stemming from the autobiography. Marius Maximus was a Roman Biographer, writing in Latin, who in the early decades of the 3rd century AD wrote a series of biographies of twelve Emperors imitating Sir Ronald Syme OM ( 11 March, 1903 &ndash 4 September, 1989) New Zealand -born Historian, was an eminent

Another of Hadrian's contributions to the arts was the beard. The portraits of emperors up to this point were all clean shaven, idealized images of Greek athletes. Hadrian wore a beard as evidenced by all his portraits. Subsequent emperors would be portrayed with beards for more than a century and a half.

Hadrian was a humanist and deeply Hellenophile in all his tastes. This article focuses on the cultural aspects of the Hellenistic age for the historical aspects see Hellenistic period. He favoured the doctrines of the philosophers Epictetus, Heliodorus and Favorinus and was generally considered an Epicurean, as were some of his friends such as Caius Bruttius Praesens. Epictetus ( Greek:; ca 55&ndashca 135 was a Greek Stoic philosopher. Favorinus of Arelata (ca 80&ndash160 was a Hellenistic Sophist and Philosopher who flourished during the reign of Hadrian. Caius or Gaius Bruttius Praesens Lucius Fulvius Rusticus (68 &ndash 140 was an important Roman senator of the reigns of Roman emperors Trajan, Hadrian At home he attended to social needs. Hadrian mitigated but did not abolish slavery, had the legal code humanized and forbade torture. He built libraries, aqueducts, baths and theaters. Hadrian is considered by many historians to have been wise and just: Schiller called him "the Empire's first servant", and Edward Gibbon admired his "vast and active genius", as well as his "equity and moderation".

While visiting Greece in 125, he attempted to create a kind of provincial parliament to bind all the semi-autonomous former city states across all Greece and Ionia (in Asia Minor). TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those Geography Physical Ionia was of small extent not exceeding 90 geographical miles in length from north to south with a breadth varying from 40 to 55 miles but to this Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black This parliament, known as the Panhellenion, failed despite spirited efforts to instill cooperation among the Hellenes. The Panhellenion or Panhellenium (All Greece was an institution established in the year AD131/2 by the Roman Emperor Hadrian while he was touring the

Hadrian was especially famous for his romance with a Greek youth, Antinous, whom he met in Bythinia in 124 when the boy was thirteen or fourteen. For the constellation see Antinous (constellation; for the Asteroid, see 1863 Antinous; for the mythological figure see Antinous son of Eupeithes Description Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara) Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius While touring Egypt in 130, Antinous mysteriously drowned in the Nile. Ægyptus redirects here See Egypt Province for the province of the Ottoman Empire The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River Deeply saddened, Hadrian founded the Egyptian city of Antinopolis. Antinopolis ( Antinoöpolis) ( Greek:, Coptic Ansena, modern Sheikh 'Ibada) was a city founded at an older Egyptian village by the Hadrian drew the whole Empire into his mourning, making Antinous the last new god of antiquity. See also List of deities A deity is a Postulated Preternatural or Supernatural Being, who is always Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean

Hadrian died at his villa in Baiae. Baiae (in modern Italian only Baia) is a Frazione of the Comune of Bacoli, in the Campania region of Italy He was buried in a mausoleum on the western bank of the Tiber, in Rome, a building later transformed into a papal fortress, Castel Sant'Angelo. A mausoleum ( plural: mausolea is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or persons The Tiber ( Latin Tiberis, Italian Tevere) is the third-longest River in Italy, rising in the Apennine mountains Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 For the town with the same name see Castel Sant'Angelo (RI The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as the Castel Sant'Angelo, is a towering The dimensions of his mausoleum, in its original form, were deliberately designed to be slightly larger than the earlier Mausoleum of Augustus. The Mausoleum of Augustus was a large tomb built by the Roman Emperor Augustus in 28 BC on the Campus Martius in Rome.

According to Cassius Dio a gigantic equestrian statue was erected to Hadrian after his death. "It was so large that the bulkiest man could walk through the eye of each horse, yet because of the extreme height of the foundation persons passing along on the ground below believe that the horses themselves as well as Hadrian are very small. "

Hadrian's travels

Purpose

This aureus by Hadrian celebrates the games held in honor of the 874th birthday of Rome. The aureus (pl aurei) was a Gold coin of Ancient Rome valued at 25 silver denarii. The founding of Rome is reported by many legends which in recent times are beginning to be supplemented by more scientific reconstructions

The Stoic-Epicurean Emperor traveled broadly, inspecting and correcting the legions in the field. Even prior to becoming emperor, he had traveled abroad with the Roman military, giving him much experience in the matter. More than half his reign was spent outside of Italy. Other emperors often left Rome to simply go to war, returning soon after conflicts concluded. A previous emperor, Nero, once traveled through Greece and was condemned for his self indulgence. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called Hadrian, by contrast, traveled as a fundamental part of his governing, and made this clear to the Roman senate and the people. He was able to do this because at Rome he possessed a loyal supporter within the upper echelons of Roman society, a military veteran by the name of Marcius Turbo. Quintus Marcius Turbo Fronto Publicius Severus, commonly referred to as Marcius Turbo, was a Roman General during the 2nd century who served Also, there are hints within certain sources that he also employed a secret police force, the frumentarii, to exert control and influence in case anything should go wrong while he journeyed abroad. Secret police (sometimes political police) are a Police agency which operates in Secrecy to maintain National security against internal The frumentarii were the Secret service of the Roman Empire. It had been long-standing policy of the Roman legions and armies of occupation to utilize informers

Hadrian's visits were marked by handouts which often contained instructions for the construction of new public buildings. Hadrian was willful of strengthening the Empire from within through improved infrastructure, as opposed to conquering or annexing perceived enemies. This was often the purpose of his journeys; commissioning new structures, projects and settlements. His almost evangelical belief in Greek culture strengthened his views: like many emperors before him, Hadrian's will was almost always obeyed. His traveling court was large, including administrators and likely architects and builders. An architect is a licensed individual who leads a design team in the Planning and Design of buildings and participates in oversight of Building Construction The burden on the areas he passed through were sometimes great. While his arrival usually brought some benefits it is possible that those who had to carry the burden were of different class to those who reaped the benefits. For example, huge amounts of provisions were requisitioned during his visit to Egypt, this suggests that the burden on the mainly subsistence farmers must have been intolerable, causing some measure of starvation and hardship. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Subsistence agriculture is self-sufficient farming in which farmers grow only enough food to feed the family and to pay taxes or feudal dues Starvation (also called inanition) is a severe reduction in Vitamin, Nutrient, and Energy intake and is the most extreme form of ^[24] At the same time, as in later times all the way through the European Renaissance, kings were welcomed into their cities or lands, and the financial burden was completely on them, and only indirectly on the poorer class.

Hadrian's first tour came in 121 and was initially aimed at covering his back to allow himself the freedom to concern himself with his general cultural aims. He traveled north, towards Germania and inspected the Rhine-Danube frontier, allocating funds to improve the defenses. Germania was the Latin Exonym for However it was a voyage to the Empire's very frontiers that represented his perhaps most significant visit; upon hearing of a recent revolt, he journeyed across the sea to Britannia.

Britannia

Hadrian's Wall, a fortification in Northern England (viewed from Vercovicium)

Prior to Hadrian's arrival on Great Britain there had been a major rebellion in Britannia, spanning roughly two years (119–121). Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman Vercovicium (or Housesteads Roman Fort) was an auxiliary Castra on Hadrian's Wall, in the Roman province of Britannia. Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410 ^[25] It was here where he initiated the building of Hadrian's Wall during 122. Hadrian's Wall ( Latin: perhaps Vallum Aelium, "the Aelian wall" is a stone and turf Fortification built by the Roman The purpose of the wall is academically debated. In 1893, Haverfield stated categorically that the Wall was a means of military defence. Francis John Haverfield (1860&ndash1919 was a British historian and archaeologist This prevailing, early 20th century view was challenged by Collingwood in 1922. Since then, other points of view have been put forwards; the wall has been seen as a marker to the limits of Romanitas^[26], as a monument to Hadrian to gain glory in lieu of military campaigns, as work to keep the Army busy and prevent mutiny and waste through boredom, or to safeguard the frontier province of Britannia, by preventing future small scale invasions and unwanted immigration from the northern country of Caledonia (now modern day Scotland). Caledonia is the Latin name given by the Roman Empire to a northern area of the island of Great Britain. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Caledonia was inhabited by tribes known to the Romans as Caledonians. The Caledonians ( Latin: Caledonii) or Caledonian Confederacy, is a name given by historians to a group of the Indigenous Hadrian realized that the Caledonians would refuse to cohabitate with the Romans. He also was aware that although Caledonia was valuable, the harsh terrain and highlands made its conquest costly and unprofitable for the Empire at large. Thus, he decided instead on building a wall. Unlike the Germanic limes, built of wood palisades, the lack of suitable wood in the area required a stone construction ^[27]; nevertheless, the Western third of the wall, from modern-day Carlisle to the River Irthing, was built of turf because of the lack of suitable building stone. This problem also led to the narrowing of the width of the wall, from the original 12 feet to 7, saving masonry. ^[28] Hadrian is perhaps most famous for the construction of this wall whose ruins still span many miles and to date bear his name. In many ways it represents Hadrian's will to improve and develop within the Empire, rather than waging wars and conquering. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

Under him, a shrine was erected in York to Britain as a Goddess, and coins were struck which introduced a female figure as the personification of Britain, labeled BRITANNIA ^[29] By the end of 122 he had concluded his visit to Britannia, and from there headed south by sea to Mauretania. York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. Britannia was the term originally used by the Romans to refer first to the British Isles, and later to the island of Great Britain. In Antiquity Mauretania was originally an independent Berber kingdom on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa (named after the

Parthia and Anatolia

In 123, he arrived in Mauretania where he personally led a campaign against local rebels. In Antiquity Mauretania was originally an independent Berber kingdom on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa (named after the ^[30] However this visit was to be short, as reports came through that the Eastern nation of Parthia was again preparing for war, as a result Hadrian quickly headed eastwards. Parthia ( Middle Persian: اشکانیان Ashkâniân) was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeastern part of modern Iran On his journey east it is known that at some point he visited Cyrene during which he personally made available funds for the training of the young men of well bred families for the Roman military. Cyrene (in Greek, Κυρήνη &ndash Kurene) was an ancient Greek Colony in present-day Libya, the oldest and most This might well have been a stop off during his journey East. Cyrene had already benefited from his generosity when he in 119 had provided funds for the rebuilding of public buildings destroyed in the recent Jewish revolt. ^[31]

Hadrian's Gate, in Antalya, southern Turkey was built to honour Hadrian who visited the city in 130 AD. The Hadrian's Gate (or Hadrianus Gate or The Three Gates (meaning "Üçkapılar" in Turkish) is a Triumphal arch which was built

When Hadrian arrived on the Euphrates, he characteristically solved the problem through a negotiated settlement with the Parthian king Osroes I. The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Osroes I of Parthia ruled the Parthian Empire c 109–129 He succeeded his brother Pacorus II. He then proceeded to check the Roman defenses before setting off West along the coast of the Black Sea. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey ^[32] He probably spent the winter in Nicomedia, the main city of Bithynia. Nicomedia ( Greek: Νικομήδεια modern İzmit) was founded by Nicomedes I of Bithynia at the head of the Gulf of Astacus which opens Description Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara) Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius As Nicomedia had been hit by an earthquake only shortly prior to his stay, Hadrian was generous in providing funds for rebuilding. Thanks to his generosity he was acclaimed as the chief restorer of the province as a whole. It is more than possible that Hadrian visited Claudiopolis and there espied the beautiful Antinous, a young boy who was destined to become the emperor's eromenos — his pederastic beloved. For the constellation see Antinous (constellation; for the Asteroid, see 1863 Antinous; for the mythological figure see Antinous son of Eupeithes In the pederastic tradition of Classical Athens, the eromenos ( Greek ἐρώμενος pl Greek Pederasty, as idealised by the Greeks from archaic times onward was a relationship and bond between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside Sources say nothing about when Hadrian met Antinous, however, there are depictions of Antinous that shows him as a young man of 20 or so. As this was shortly before Antinous's drowning in 130 Antinous would more likely have been a youth of 13 or 14. ^[33] It is possible that Antinous may have been sent to Rome to be trained as page to serve the emperor and only gradually did he rise to the status of imperial favorite. A page or page boy is a traditionally young male servant. The medieval page In medieval times, a page was an attendant to a Knight ^[34]

After meeting Antinous, Hadrian traveled through Anatolia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The route he took is uncertain. Various incidents are described such as his founding of a city within Mysia, Hadrianutherae, after a successful boar hunt. (The building of the city was probably little more than a mere whim — lowly populated wooded areas such as the location of the new city were already ripe for development). Some historians dispute whether Hadrian did in fact commission the city's construction at all. At about this time, plans to build a temple in Asia minor were written up. The new temple would be dedicated to Trajan and Hadrian and built with dazzling white marble. ^[35]

Greece

Temple of Zeus in Athens.

The climax of this tour was the destination that the hellenophile Hadrian must all along have had in mind, Greece. He arrived in the autumn of 124 in time to participate in the Eleusinian Mysteries. The Eleusinian Mysteries (Ἐλευσίνια Μυστήρια were initiation ceremonies held every year for the cult of Demeter and Persephone By tradition at one stage in the ceremony the initiates were supposed to carry arms but this was waived to avoid any risk to the emperor among them. At the Athenians' request he conducted a revision of their constitution — among other things a new phyle (tribe) was added bearing his name. For the suburb of Athens see Fyli. For the Geometer moth Genus, see Phyle (moth. ^[36]

During the winter he toured the Peloponnese. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula His exact route is uncertain, however Pausanias reports of tell-tale signs, such as temples built by Hadrian and the statue of the emperor built by the grateful citizens of Epidaurus in thanks to their "restorer". Pausanias ( Greek:) was a Greek traveller and Geographer of the 2nd century CE, who lived in the times of Hadrian, Antoninus Epidaurus (Ἐπίδαυρος Epidavros) was a small city ( Polis) in ancient Greece, at the Saronic Gulf. He was especially generous to Mantinea which supports the theory that Antinous was in fact already Hadrian's lover because of the strong link between Mantinea and Antinous's home in Bithynia. Mantineia ( Greek: Μαντίνεια formerly also Antigonia - Αντιγόνεια was a city in ancient Arcadia in the central Peloponnese Description Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara) Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius ^[37]

By March 125, Hadrian had reached Athens presiding over the festival of Dionysia. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The Dionysia was a large religious festival in ancient Athens in honor of the god Dionysus, the central event of which was the performance of tragedies The building program that Hadrian initiated was substantial. Various rulers had done work on building a temple to Olympian Zeus — it was Hadrian who ensured that the job would be finished. Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology He also initiated the construction of several public buildings on his own whim and even organized the building of an aqueduct. ^[38]

Return to Italy

The Pantheon was rebuilt by Hadrian. The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome

On his return to Italy, Hadrian made a detour to Sicily. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Coins celebrate him as the restorer of the island though there is no record of what he did to earn this accolade. ^[39]

Back in Rome he was able to see for himself the completed work of rebuilding the Pantheon. The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome Also completed by then was Hadrian's villa nearby at Tibur a pleasant retreat by the Sabine Hills for whenever Rome became too much for him. Tivoli, the classical Tibur, is an ancient Italian town in Lazio, about 30 km from Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it For the Roman Catholic Saint see at the Basilica of Santa Sabina, and for Hadrian 's wife see Vibia Sabina. At the beginning of March 127 Hadrian set off for a tour of Italy. Once again, historians are able to reconstruct his route by evidence of his hand-outs rather than the historical records. For instance, in that year he restored the Picentine earth goddess Cupra in the town of Cupra Maritima. Cupra is the name of two ancient Italian municipia in Picenum. Cupra is the name of two ancient Italian municipia in Picenum. At some unspecified time he improved the drainage of the Fucine lake. The Fucine Lake ( Italian: Lago Fucino or Lago di Celano) was a large Lake in central Italy. Less welcome than such largesse was his decision to divide Italy into 4 regions under imperial legates with consular rank. Being effectively reduced to the status of mere provinces did not go down well and this innovation did not long outlive Hadrian. ^[40]

Hadrian fell ill around this time, though the nature of his sickness is not known. Whatever the illness was, it did not stop him from setting off in the spring of 128 to visit Africa. His arrival began with the good omen of rain ending a drought. A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply Along with his usual role as benefactor and restorer he found time to inspect the troops and his speech to the troops survives to this day. ^[41] Hadrian returned to Italy in the summer of 128 but his stay was brief before setting off on another tour that would last three years. ^[42]

Greece and Asia

In September 128 Hadrian again attended the Eleusinian mysteries. This time his visit to Greece seems to have concentrated on Athens and Sparta — the two ancient rivals for dominance of Greece. Hadrian had played with the idea of focusing his Greek revival round Amphictyonic League based in Delphi but he by now had decided on something far grander. The Amphictyonic League ( Amphictyony) was a form of Greek religious organization that was enjoined to support specific temples or sacred places and His new Panhellenion was going to be a council that would bring together Greek cities wherever they might be found. The meeting place was to be the new temple to Zeus in Athens. Having set in motion the preparations — deciding whose claim to be a Greek city was genuine would in itself take time — Hadrian set off for Ephesus. Ephesus ( Hittite Apasa; Ancient Greek; Turkish Efes) was a city of ancient Anatolia. ^[43]

In October 130, while Hadrian and his entourage were sailing on the Nile, Antinous drowned, for unknown reasons, though accident, suicide, murder or religious sacrifice have all been postulated. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River For the constellation see Antinous (constellation; for the Asteroid, see 1863 Antinous; for the mythological figure see Antinous son of Eupeithes The emperor was grief struck. He ordered Antinous deified, and cities were named after the boy, medals struck with his effigy, and statues erected to him in all parts of the empire. For the constellation see Antinous (constellation; for the Asteroid, see 1863 Antinous; for the mythological figure see Antinous son of Eupeithes Temples were built for his worship in Bithynia, Mantineia in Arcadia, and Athens, festivals celebrated in his honour and oracles delivered in his name. The city of Antinoöpolis or Antinoe was founded on the ruins of Besa where he died (Dio Cassius lix. Antinopolis ( Antinoöpolis) ( Greek:, Coptic Ansena, modern Sheikh 'Ibada) was a city founded at an older Egyptian village by the 11; Spartianus, Hadrian).

Greece, Palestine, Illyricum

Hadrian’s movements subsequent to the founding of Antinoöpolis on October 30, 130 are obscure. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Whether or not he returned to Rome, he spent the winter of 131–32 in Athens and probably remained in Greece or further East because of the Jewish rebellion which broke out in 132. Inscriptions make it clear that he took the field in person against the rebels with his army in 133; he then returned to Rome, probably in that year and almost certainly (judging again from inscriptions) via Illyricum. ^[44]

Final years

Succession

Bust of Hadrian, National Archaeological Museum of Athens

Hadrian spent the final years of his life at Rome. In 134, he took an Imperial salutation for the end of the Jewish War (which was not actually concluded until the following year). In 136, he dedicated a new Temple of 'Venus and Rome' on the former site of Nero's Golden House. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ( December 15, 37 – June 9, 68) born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, also called The Domus Aurea ( Latin for "Golden House" was a large landscaped portico Villa, designed to take advantage of artificially created landscapes

About this time, suffering from poor health, he turned to the problem of the succession. In 136 he adopted one of the ordinary consuls of that year, Lucius Ceionius Commodus, who took the name Lucius Aelius Caesar. Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected Political office of the Roman Republic and the Empire. Lucius Aelius Verus Caesar ( January 13, 101 - January 1 138) became the adopted son and intended successor of Roman Emperor Hadrian He was both the stepson and son-in-law of Gaius Avidius Nigrinus, one of the "four consulars" executed in 118, but was himself in delicate health. Granted tribunician power and the governorship of Pannonia, Aelius Caesar held a further consulship in 137, but died on January 1, 138. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC ^[45]

Following Aelius’s death Hadrian next adopted Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus (the future emperor Antoninus Pius), who had served as one of the four imperial legates of Italy (a post created by Hadrian) and as proconsul of Asia. Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus ( September 19, 86 &ndash March 7 161) generally known in English as Antoninus Pius Ancient Rome In the Roman Republic, a proconsul was a Promagistrate (like a Propraetor) who after serving as Consul, spent a year The Roman province of Asia, also called Phrygia was an administrative unit added to the late Republic. On 25 February 138 Antoninus received tribunician power and imperium. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Imperium in a broad sense translates as power. In Ancient Rome the concept applied to People, and meant something like "power Moreover, to ensure the future of the dynasty, Hadrian required Antoninus to adopt both Lucius Ceionius Commodus (son of the deceased Aelius Caesar) and Marcus Annius Verus (who was the grandson of an influential senator of the same name who had been Hadrian’s close friend; Annius was already betrothed to Aelius Caesar’s daughter Ceionia Fabia). Marcus Annius Verus was a Roman man who lived in the first and second century Hadrian’s precise intentions in this arrangement are debatable. Though the consensus is that he wanted Annius Verus (who would later become the Emperor Marcus Aurelius) to succeed Antoninus, it has also been argued that he actually intended Ceionius Commodus, the son of his own adopted son, to succeed, but was constrained to show favour simultaneously to Annius Verus because of his strong connections to the Hispano-Narbonensian nexus of senatorial families of which Hadrian himself was a part. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor It may well not have been Hadrian, but rather Antoninus Pius — who was Annius Verus’s uncle – who advanced the latter to the principal position. The fact that Annius would divorce Ceionia Fabia and re-marry to Antoninus' daughter Annia Faustina points in the same direction. When he eventually became Emperor, Marcus Aurelius would co-opt Ceionius Commodus as his co-Emperor (under the name of Lucius Verus) on his own initiative. Lucius Aurelius Verus ( December 15 130 &ndash 169 born as Lucius Ceionius Commodus, known simply as Lucius Verus, was Roman co-emperor ^[46]

The ancient sources present Hadrian's last few years as marked by conflict and unhappiness. The adoption of Aelius Caesar proved unpopular, not least with Hadrian's brother-in-law Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus and Servianus' grandson Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus (45-136 was a Spanish Roman politician Servianus, though now far too old, had stood in line of succession at the beginning of the reign; Fuscus is said to have had designs on the imperial power for himself, and in 137 he may have attempted a coup in which his grandfather was implicated. Whatever the truth, Hadrian ordered that both be put to death. ^[47] Servianus is reported to have prayed before his execution that Hadrian would "long for death but be unable to die". ^[48] The prayer was fulfilled; as Hadrian suffered from his final, protracted illness, he had to be prevented from suicide on several occasions. ^[49]

Death

Hadrian died in 138 on the tenth day of July, in his villa at Baiae at age 62. A Roman villa is a Villa that was built or lived in during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire. Baiae (in modern Italian only Baia) is a Frazione of the Comune of Bacoli, in the Campania region of Italy However, the man who had spent so much of his life traveling had not yet reached his journey's end. He was buried first at Puteoli, near Baiae, on an estate which had once belonged to Cicero. Pozzuoli is a city of the Province of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Soon after, his remains were transferred to Rome and buried in the Gardens of Domitia, close by the almost-complete mausoleum. Upon the completion of the Tomb of Hadrian in Rome in 139 by his successor Antoninus Pius, his body was cremated, and his ashes were placed there together with those of his wife Vibia Sabina and his first adopted son, Lucius Aelius, who also died in 138. For the town with the same name see Castel Sant'Angelo (RI The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as the Castel Sant'Angelo, is a towering Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus ( September 19, 86 &ndash March 7 161) generally known in English as Antoninus Pius Vibia Sabina ( c 86-136 or 137 was a Roman Empress wife and third cousin to Roman Emperor Hadrian. Lucius Aelius Verus Caesar ( January 13, 101 - January 1 138) became the adopted son and intended successor of Roman Emperor Hadrian Antoninus also had him deified in 139 and given a temple on the Campus Martius. The Temple of Hadrian is a temple to the deified Hadrian on the Campus Martius in Rome, built by his adoptive son and successor Antoninus Pius For the pioneer fortification at Marietta Ohio see Campus Martius Marietta For the park in Detroit Michigan, see Campus Martius Park

Poem by Hadrian

According to the Historia Augusta Hadrian composed shortly before his death the following poem:^[50]

Animula, vagula, blandula

Hospes comesque corporis

Quae nunc abibis in loca

Pallidula, rigida, nudula,

Nec, ut soles, dabis iocos. The Augustan History ( Lat Historia Augusta) is a late Roman collection of biographies in Latin of the Roman Emperors their junior . .

P. Aelius Hadrianus Imp.

Little soul, roamer and charmer

Body's guest and companion

Who soon will depart to places

Darkish, chilly and misty

An end to all your jokes. . .

Notes

References

Primary sources

• Cassius Dio or Dio Cassius Roman History. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was Translated by Earnest Cary
• Scriptores Historiae Augustae, Augustan History. The Augustan History ( Lat Historia Augusta) is a late Roman collection of biographies in Latin of the Roman Emperors their junior Translated by David Magie
• Aurelius Victor, Caesares, XIV. Sextus Aurelius Victor (ca 320-ca 390 was an historian and politician of the Roman Empire. Latin [9]
• Anon. , Excerpta of Aurelius Victor: Epitome De Caesaribus, XIII. Sextus Aurelius Victor (ca 320-ca 390 was an historian and politician of the Roman Empire. Latin [10]

Inscriptions:

• Smallwood, E. M. , Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva Trajan and Hadrian, Cambridge, 1966.

Secondary sources

• Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. I, 1776. The Online Library of Liberty [11]
• Yourcenar, Marguerite [1951]. Marguerite Yourcenar was the Pseudonym of French Novelist Marguerite Antoinette Jeanne Marie Ghislaine Cleenewerck de Crayencour ( Brussels Memoirs of Hadrian. Memoirs of Hadrian is a Novel by the French Writer Marguerite Yourcenar about the life and death of Roman Emperor New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-52926-4.  
• Syme, Ronald [1958] (1997). Sir Ronald Syme OM ( 11 March, 1903 &ndash 4 September, 1989) New Zealand -born Historian, was an eminent Tacitus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814327-3.  
• Barnes, T. D. (1967). "Hadrian and Lucius Verus". Journal of Roman Studies 57 (1/2): 65-79.  
• Syme, Ronald (1988). "Journeys of Hadrian" (pdf). Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 73: 159-170.   Reprinted in Syme, Ronald (1991). Roman Papers VI. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 346-357. ISBN 0-19-814494-6.  
• Birley, Anthony R. (1997). Hadrian. The restless emperor. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16544-X.  
• Lambert, Royston (1997). Beloved and God: the story of Hadrian and Antinous. London: Phoenix Giants. ISBN 1-85799-944-4.  
• Dobson, Brian (2000). Hadrian's Wall. London: Penguin.  
• Speller, Elizabeth (2003). Following Hadrian: a second-century journey through the Roman Empire. London: Review. ISBN 0-7472-6662-X.  
• Canto, Alicia M. (2004). "Itálica, patria y ciudad natal de Adriano (31 textos históricos y argumentos contra Vita Hadr. 1, 3". Athenaeum 92. 2: 367-408. [12].  

Further reading

• Bernard W. Henderson, Life and Principate of the Emperor Hadrian, 1923;

External links

• Hadrian on tour!
• Historia Augusta: Life of Hadrian
• Hadrian, in: De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
• Hadrian coinage
• Temple of Hadrian Quicktime VR, Rome
• Catholic Encyclopedia article
• A Bibliography