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Hadith (الحديث transliteration: al-ḥadīth, pl. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Aqidah (sometimes spelled Aqeeda, Aqidah or Aqida) (عقيدة is an Islamic term meaning Creed. Allah ( Arabic: الله, ʔalˤːɑːh) is the standard Arabic word for ' In Islam, God is believed to be the only real supreme being all-powerful and all knowing Creator Sustainer Ordainer and Judge of the universe Islam puts a heavy emphasis IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets The Five Pillars of Islam (Arabic أركان الإسلام is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. The Shahada ( Arabic: ar الشهادة, from the verb ar شهد "to testify" is the Islamic Creed. Ṣalāt ( Arabic: صلاة, pl ṣalawāt, Qur'anic Arabic: صلوة ṣalawah) (also munz in Pashto and Sawm ( Arabic: صوم is an Arabic word for Fasting regulated by Islamic jurisprudence. This is a sub-article of Islamic economical jurisprudence. Zakaat ( زكاة zækæːh zakaat or zakāh, has the implied The Hajj (حج is a pilgrimage to Mecca (Makkah It is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century Caliph Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam There is much more to Muslim history than its military and political aspects this particular chronology is almost entirely of military and political nature See also Muhammad's wives Ahl al-Bayt ( Arabic:ar أهل البيت is an Arabic phrase literally meaning People of the House, or family In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs ( ar الخلفاء الراشدون) is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first Imāmah (إمامة is the Shī‘ah doctrine of religious spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. Qur'an Text Surahs ** Ayah Commentary/Exegesis Tafsir Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Fiqh ( Arabic: فقه, fɪqəh is Islamic Jurisprudence. Fiqh is an expansion of the Sharia Islamic law—based directly on the Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Kalām (علم الكلام is the Islamic philosophy of seeking Islamic theological principles through Dialectic. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفیگری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Muslim Culture is a term primarily used in Secular Academia to describe all cultural practices common to historically Islamic peoples The term Muslim world (or Islamic world) has several meanings This is a sub-article to Religious education, Academic discipline, and Islam. This article is about Animals in Islamic thought The Qur'an assigns an inferior status to animals in comparison with humans and has a tendency towards Islamic art encompasses the arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people (not necessarily Muslim) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by culturally The Islamic calendar or Muslim calendar ( Arabic: التقويم الهجري at-taqwīm al-hijrī; Persian: تقویم هجری قمری The topic of Islam and children includes the rights of children in Islam children's duties towards their parents and parent's rights over their children both males and females Listing of Muslims by country Important note Population counts by religious affiliation like most demographic characteristics of a Population Muslim holidays are mostly based around the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, especially the events surrounding the first hearing of the Qur'an. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies, and is a longstanding attempt to create harmony between Philosophy ( Reason) and the religious teachings See also Modern Islamic philosophy, Islamism, Islamic terrorism Political aspects of Islam are derived from the Quran, the Sunna Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions The historical interaction between Christianity and Islam, in the field of Comparative religion, connects fundamental ideas in Christianity with similar ones in Islam Hinduism and Islam, from the of arrival of the Arabs as far back as the eighth century AD has had a checkered history Islam and Jainism came in close contact with each other following the Islamic conquest from Central Asia and Persia in the seventh The historical interaction of Judaism and Islam started in the 7th century CE with the origin and spread of Islam in the Arabian peninsula. In Islam, Muhammad is the last and final Prophet of God Islam views Jews Christians and Muslims as " People of the Book Arguments critical to religion in general or specific to monotheism such as the Existence of God, are not dealt with here Islamophobia is a Neologism that refers to Prejudice or Discrimination against Islam or Muslims The term itself dates back to the The following list consists of Concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition which are expressed as words in the Arabic language. Different approaches and methods for the Romanization of Arabic exist aḥadīth; lit. "narrative") are oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics Hadith collections are regarded as important tools for determining the Sunnah, or Muslim way of life, by all traditional schools of jurisprudence. Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Madhhab or Mazhab ( Arabic مذهب mæðhæb pl مذاهب mæðæːhıb) is an Islamic school of thought, or
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Definition and usage
Linguistically the word ‘hadith’ means: that which is new from amongst things or a piece of information conveyed either in a small quantity or large. The Arabic plural is aḥādīth. In English academic usage, hadith is often both singular and plural. And hadith is what is spoken by the speaker. Tahdith is the infinitive, or verbal noun, of the original verb form . Therefore, hadith is not the infinitive,[1] rather it is a noun. [2]
In Islamic terminology, the term hadith refers to reports about the statements or actions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, or about his tacit approval of something said or done in his presence. Muslims regard as Prophets of Islam ( Arabic: نبي) those non-divine humans chosen by Allah as Prophets IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics [3] Classical hadith specialist Ibn Hajar says that the intended meaning of "hadith" in religious tradition is something attributed to Muhammad, as opposed to the Qur'an. For other uses see Ibn Hajar. Al-Haafidh Shihabuddin Abu'l-Fadl Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Muhammad, better known as Ibn Hajar due to a fame of [4] Other associated words possess similar meanings: "khabar" (news, information) often refers to reports about Muhammad, but sometimes refers to traditions about his companions (sahāba) and their successors from the following generation (tābi'īn); conversely, "athar" (trace, vestige) usually refers to traditions about the companions and successors, though sometimes connotes traditions about Muhammad. In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Tābi‘īn ( "Followers" are the generation of Muslims who were born after the death of Muhammad but who were contemporary of the Sahaba The word sunnah (custom) is also used in reference to a normative custom of Muhammad or the early Muslim community. Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” [3]
Format
A hadith consists of two aspects: the text of the report (matn) containing the actual narrative; and the chain of narrators (isnad, or sanad), which documents the route by which the report has been transmitted. Matn ( متن) (literally "body" "text" is an Islamic term that is used in relation to Hadith evaluation A Hadith was originally just an Arabic story As the stories began to be used formally it became common to provide their chain of transmitters (or sanad سند plural [3] The "sanad" is so named due to the reliance of the hadith specialists upon it in determining the authenticity or weakness of a hadith. [5] The sanad consists of a ‘chain’ of the narrators each mentioning the one from whom they heard the hadith until mentioning the originator of the matn along with the matn itself. The first people who received hadith were the companions; so they preserved and understood it, knowing both its generality and particulars, and then conveyed it to those after them as they were commanded. Then the generation following them, the Followers received it thus conveying it to those after them and so on. So the companion would say, “I heard the Prophet say such and such. ” The Follower would then say, “I heard a companion say, ‘I heard the Prophet . ’” The one after him (after the Follower) would then say, “I heard someone say, ‘I heard a Companion say, ‘I heard the Prophet …’’” and so on. [6]
Overview
Hadiths were originally oral traditions of Muhammad's actions and customs. From the first Fitna of the 7th century people questioned the sources of hadiths. The First Islamic Civil War (656–661 also called the First Fitna (a=فتنة مقتل عثمان|t=Fitnah Maqtal Uthmān was the first major Civil [7] This resulted in a list of transmitters, for example "A told me that B told him that Muhammad said. "
Hadith were eventually written down, evaluated and gathered into large collections mostly during the reign of Umar II (bin Abdul Aziz, grandson of Umar bin Khattab(RAA)2nd Caliph) during 8th century, and also in the 9th century. This is a sub-article of Scientific method and Hadith. The Science of hadith is the process that Muslim scholars use to evaluate hadith This is a sub-article of Hadith. According to Muslims tradition the collection of ahadith or sayings by or about the Prophet Muhammad was a meticulous and thorough Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (c 682 - February 720 (عمر بن عبد العزيز was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled from 717 to 720 These works are referred to in matters of Islamic law and History to this day. Sharia ( Arabic: ar شريعة) is the body of Islamic Religious law. Muslim history began in Arabia with the Muhammad 's first recitations of the Qur'an in the 7th century
History
Traditions of the life of Muhammad and the early history of Islam were passed down orally for more than a hundred years after Muhammad's death in AD 632. This is a sub-article of Hadith. According to Muslims tradition the collection of ahadith or sayings by or about the Prophet Muhammad was a meticulous and thorough Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The six major Hadith collections (Arabic Al-Sihah al-Sittah) are the works of some individuals from Islamic scholars who by their Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections as-Sunan as-Sughra (السنن الصغرى also known as Sunan an-Nasa'i (Arabic سنن النسائي is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections Sunan Abu Da'ud (سُنن أبو داوود is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections, collected by Abu Da'ud. Jami al-Tirmidhi (جامع الترمذي popularly Sunan al-Tirmidhi (سُـنَن الترمذي is one of the Sunni Six major Hadith collections Sunan Ibn Maja (سُنن ابن ماجه is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections collected by Ibn Maja. The Muwaṭṭa (الموطأ is an early statement of Muslim law compiled and edited by Imam Malik. See also Shi'a Islam Twelver Shi'ism ( ar اثنا عشرية Ithnāˤashariyyah) is the largest branch of Shi'a branch of Islam The Nahj al-Balagha ( Arabic: نهج البلاغة "Peak of Eloquence" is the most famous collections of Shi'a hadith, attributed to Ali Distinguish from the Four Books of Chinese Confucianism The Four Books (Arabic الكتب الاربعة Al-Kutub Al-Arbʿah' The Kitab al-Kafi is a Twelver Shia Hadith collection compiled by Mohammad Ya'qub Kulainy. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kulayni Al-Razi (died 329 Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih is a Hadith collection by the famous Twelver Shi'a hadith scolar Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawaih al-Qummi commonly TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Al-Shaykh al-Saduq is the title given to Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawaih al-Qummi Tahdhib al-Ahkam is a hadith collection by the famous Twelver Shi'a hadith scholar Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi, commonly known as Shaykh Tusi TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Shaykh Tusi ( شیخ طوسی) full name Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Al-Istibsar is the fourth important book of Shi'a Islamic Hadith. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Shaykh Tusi ( شیخ طوسی) full name Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan The Ibadi movement or Ibadiyya (Arabic الاباضية al-Ibāḍiyyah is a form of Islam distinct from the Shi'a and Sunni denominations Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal is the collection of Hadith collected by the famous Sunni Scholar Ibn Hanbal to whom the Hanbali "Sahih Ibn Khuzaymah" is a collection of Hadith by Sunni scholar Ibn Khuzaymah Views Among the Sahih collections after Sahih Bukhari Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain or Mustadrak al-Hakim ( Arabic: المستدرك على الصحيحين Al-Mustadrak 'ala al-Sahîhayn) is a five volume A Great Collection of Fabricated Traditions (Arabic Al-Mawdu'at al-Kubrah) is a book written by Abul-Faraj Ibn Al-Jawzi. Description Riyadh as-Saaliheen (The Gardens of the Righteous is a collection of Hadith (sayings of Muhammad) and is the most famous book Mishkat al-Masabih is the improved version of Masabih al-Sunnah. Talkhis al-Mustadrak is an abridged version of Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain, written by Al-Dhahabi Content Hakim al-Nishaburi, is the Majma' al-Zawa'id wa Manba' al-Fawa'id is a 10-volume secondary Hadith collection written by Ali ibn Abu Bakr al-Haythami (735-807 AH/1335-1404 CE Bulugh al-Maram is the shortened name of the collection of Hadith by al-Hafidh ibn Hajar al-Asqalani entitled Bulugh al-Maram min Adillat al-Ahkam (translation Treasure of the Doers of Good Deeds (Arabic Kanz al-Ummal fi sunan al-aqwal wa'l af`al is a known 8 volume set Islamic Hadith Zujajat al-Masabih is the renowned five volume compendium of Hadith literature authored by Muhaddith-e-Dakkan Abul Hasanat Syed Abdullah Shah Naqshbandi, popularly Al-Minhaj us-Sawi min-al-Hadith-in-Nabawi is a Hadith compendium compiled by Shaykh ul Islam Dr The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays is a Hadith collection, collected by Sulaym ibn Qays who entrusted it to Aban ibn abi-Ayyash. Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya is said to be the oldest prayer manual in Islamic sources and one of the most seminal works of Islamic Spirituality Wasael ush-Shia is a reputable book of hadith in Shia Islam compiled in the 1600s by Shaikh al-Hur al-Aamili. Oceans of Lights (Arabic Bihar al-Anwar بحار الأنوار) is a comprehensive collection of traditions (ahadith compiled by the Shi'i scholar Mulla Muhammad Baqir known Reality of Certainty (Arabic Haqq al-Yaqeen) is a Shi'a Twelver hadith collection authored by Allamah al-Majlisi. Essence of Life (Arabic Ain Al-Hayat) is another famous work of renowned Shi’a scholar Allamah al-Majlisi. Sharh Usul al-Kafi is a commentary on Usul al-Kafi by Mohammad Salih al-Mazandarani. This is about the book by Abd al-Hamid for other uses see Comments on the Peak of Eloquence or Sharh Nahj al-Balagha. This is a sub-article to Hadith. This article goes through the historical evolution of the hadith literature from its beginning in the 7th century IMPORTANT PLEASE READ ##### For all questions relating to the addition of (pbuh peace be upon him or other honorifics
Muslim historians say that caliph Uthman (the third caliph, or successor of Muhammad, who had formerly been Muhammad's secretary), was the first to urge Muslims to write the Qur'an in a fixed form, and to record the hadith. The Caliph is the Head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the leader of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah Uthman (a=عثمان|t=Othman Osman Usman Ozman is a male Arabic given name meaning "the chosen one amongst the tribe of brave and noble people" "honest" Uthman's labors were cut short by his assassination, at the hands of aggrieved soldiers, in 656.
The Muslim community (ummah) then fell into a prolonged civil war, which Muslim historians call the Fitna. Ummah (أمة is an Arabic word meaning Community or Nation. It is commonly used to mean either the collective nation of states, or (in the The First Islamic Civil War (656–661 also called the First Fitna (a=فتنة مقتل عثمان|t=Fitnah Maqtal Uthmān was the first major Civil After the fourth caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib was assassinated in 661, the Umayyad dynasty seized control of the Islamic empire. ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (a=علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب|t=ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib 13th Rajab, 24 BH – 21st Ramaḍān, 40 AH Ummayad rule was interrupted by a second civil war (the Second Fitna), re-established, and ended in 758 when the Abbasid dynasty seized the caliphate, and held it, at least in name, until 1258. The Second Fitna, or Second Islamic Civil War, was a period of general political and military disorder that afflicted the Islamic world during the early Umayyad
Muslim historians say that hadith collection and evaluation continued during the first Fitna and the Umayyad period. However, much of this activity was presumably oral transmission from early Muslims to later collectors, or from teachers to students. If any of these early scholars committed any of these collections to writing, they have not survived. The histories and hadith collections we have today were written down at the start of the Abbasid period, more than a hundred years after Muhammad's death.
Scholars of the Abbasid period were faced with a huge corpus of miscellaneous traditions, some of them flatly contradicting each other. Many of these traditions supported differing views on a variety of controversial matters. Scholars had to decide which hadith were to be trusted as authentic and which had been invented for political or theological purposes. To do this, they used a number of techniques which Muslims now call the science of hadith. This is a sub-article of Scientific method and Hadith. The Science of hadith is the process that Muslim scholars use to evaluate hadith
Use
The overwhelming majority of Muslims consider hadith to be essential supplements to and clarifications of the Qur'an, Islam's holy book. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran In Islamic jurisprudence, the Qur'an contains many rules for the behavior expected of Muslims but there are no specific Qur'anic rules on many religious and practical matters. Muslims believe that they can look at the way of life, or sunnah, of Muhammad and his companions to discover what to imitate and what to avoid. Sunnah ar (سنة plural سنن Sunan literally means “trodden path” and therefore the sunnah of the prophet means “the way and the manners of the prophet” Muslim scholars also find it useful to know how Muhammad or his companions explained the revelations, or on what occasion Muhammad received them. Sometimes this will clarify a passage that otherwise seems obscure. Hadith are a source for Islamic history and biography. For the vast majority of devout Muslims, authentic hadith are also a source of religious inspiration.
Non-Muslim scholars note that there is a great overlap between the records of early Islamic traditions. Accounts of early Islam are also to be found in:
Science of hadith
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The science of hadith (Arabic: `Ulum al-hadith) is a method of textual criticism developed by early Muslim scholars in determining the veracity of reports attributed to Muhammad. A Hadith was originally just an Arabic story As the stories began to be used formally it became common to provide their chain of transmitters (or sanad سند plural Matn ( متن) (literally "body" "text" is an Islamic term that is used in relation to Hadith evaluation Riwayah is a word that means " Narrative " from the Arabic word "Rawa" meaning "to relate" Musnad is a term used in the science of Hadith to classify a certain type of hadith Mursal (lit hurried is an Islamic term used in the science of Hadith. Ahaad is an ( Arabic word (آحاد meaning "singles" or "ones" it is the plural for wahid, meaning one Munqati (lit broken is an Islamic term used in the science of Hadith (the doings and sayings of Muhammad a munqati hadith is one in which the historical chain Muttasil (is an Islamic term used in the Hadith evaluation process Gharib (lit rare/strange is an Islamic term used in the science of Hadith. Shadhdh (شاذ lit irregular is an Islamic term used in the science of Hadith. Munkar (lit denounced/rejected is an Islamic term used in the science of Hadith. Da'if jiddan (ضعيف جدا (lit very weak is an Islamic term used in the science of Hadith In the Science of hadith in Islamic Theology Isra'iliyat اسرائیلیات (of Isra'il is the body of Hadith originating Mutawatir (متواتر is an Arabic word meaning "consecutive Sahih is an Islamic term that means authentic. It is commonly used to describe the authenticity of a Hadith. Hasan ( ar حسن) is an Arabic language word It is used in Hadith evaluation meaning roughly "good In Islamic context Da'if ( ar ضعيف) is the categorization of a Hadith 's authenticity as "weak" In Islamic context Maudo ( ar موضوع, lit "placed" is a the categorization of a Hadith 's authenticity as "fabricated" Mudtarib (lit shaky) is an Islamic term used in the Hadith evaluation process This is a sub-article of Hadith. According to Muslims tradition the collection of ahadith or sayings by or about the Prophet Muhammad was a meticulous and thorough This is a sub-article of Scientific method and Hadith. The Science of hadith is the process that Muslim scholars use to evaluate hadith This is achieved by analyzing the text of the report, the scale of the report's transmission, the routes through which the report was transmitted, and the individual narrators involved in its transmission. On the basis of these criteria, various classifications were devised for hadith. The earliest comprehensive work on the science of hadith was Abu Muhammad al-Ramahurmuzi's "al-Muhaddith", while another significant work was al-Hakim al-Naysaburi's "al-Ma`rifat `ulum al-hadith". Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn Abd-Allah al-Hakim al-Nishaburi (d Ibn al-Salah's "`Ulum al-hadith" is considered the standard classical reference on the science of hadith. [3]
Hadith are generally categorized as sahīh (sound, authentic), da`īf (weak), or mawdū` (fabricated). Sahih is an Islamic term that means authentic. It is commonly used to describe the authenticity of a Hadith. In Islamic context Da'if ( ar ضعيف) is the categorization of a Hadith 's authenticity as "weak" In Islamic context Maudo ( ar موضوع, lit "placed" is a the categorization of a Hadith 's authenticity as "fabricated" Other classifications used also include: hasan (good), which refers to an otherwise sahīh report suffering from minor deficiency, or a weak report strengthened due to numerous other corroborating reports; and munkar (ignored) which is a report that is rejected due to the presence of a solitary and generally unreliable transmitter. Hasan may refer to Hasan (hadith Hasan (name Mount Hasan - volcano Hasan Afghanistan Munkar (lit denounced/rejected is an Islamic term used in the science of Hadith. [8] Both sahīh and hasan reports are considered acceptable for usage in Islamic legal discourse. Classifications of hadith may also be based upon the scale of transmission. Reports that pass through many reliable transmitters at each point in the isnad up until their collection and transcription are known as mutawātir. Mutawatir (متواتر is an Arabic word meaning "consecutive These reports are considered the most authoritative as they pass through so many different routes that collusion between all of the transmitters becomes an impossibility. Reports not meeting this standard are known as ahad, and are of several different types. Ahaad is an ( Arabic word (آحاد meaning "singles" or "ones" it is the plural for wahid, meaning one [3]
Another area of focus in the study of hadith is biographical analysis (`ilm al-rijāl, lit. Ilm al-Rijal ( Arabic) is the "science of People " especially as practiced in Islam, where it was first applied to the Sirah Rasul Allah "science of people"), in which details about the transmitter are scrutinized. This includes analyzing their date and place of birth; familial connections; teachers and students; religiosity; moral behaviour; literary output; their travels; as well as their date of death. Based upon these criteria, the reliability (thiqāt) of the transmitter is assessed. Also determined is whether the individual was actually able to transmit the report, which is deduced from their contemporaneity and geographical proximity with the other transmitters in the chain. [9] Examples of biographical dictionaries include Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani's "Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb" or al-Dhahabi's "Tadhkirat al-huffāz. For other uses see Ibn Hajar. Al-Haafidh Shihabuddin Abu'l-Fadl Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Muhammad, better known as Ibn Hajar due to a fame of Tahdhib al-Tahdhib is a well known work by classical Islamic scholar Ibn Hajar Asqalani. Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn `Uthman ibn Qaymaz ibn `Abd Allah Shams al-Din Abu `Abd Allah al-Turkmani al-Diyarbakri al-Fariqi al-Dimashqi al-Dhahabi al-Shafi`i ( Arabic:محمد "[10]
Views
Currently there is little communication between the world of Muslim hadith scholarship and Western academia. Muslim scholars reject the Westerners as Orientalists who are hostile to religion in general and Islam in particular. Orientalism refers to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers designers and artists and can also refer to a sympathetic stance Western academics tend to dismiss Muslim scholars as irrelevant, bound as they are to a millennia-old technique of hadith evaluations which modern scholarship regards as out-dated.
However, some Muslim scholars have undergone Western academic training and attempted to mediate between the traditional Muslim and the secular Western view. Notable among these was Fazlur Rahman (1919-1988) who argued that while the chain of transmission of the hadith may often be spurious, the matn can still be used to understand how Islam can be lived in the modern world. Matn ( متن) (literally "body" "text" is an Islamic term that is used in relation to Hadith evaluation Liberal movements within Islam tend to agree with Rahman's views to varying degrees. Progressive Muslims have produced a considerable body of liberal thoughts within Islam (in Arabic: الإسلام الاجتهادي
Muslim view
Muslims who accept hadith believe that trusted hadith are in most cases the words of Muhammad and not the word of God, like the Qur'an. Hadith Qudsi forms a partial exception; these (few) hadith are said to recount divine revelations given to Muhammad but not included in the Qur'an. Hadith Qudsi (or Sacred Hadith) are a sub-category of Hadith, which are sayings of Muhammad. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran However, the words (as opposed to the substance) are believed to be Muhammad's own, and not divine.
While both hadith and Qur'an have been translated, most Muslims believe that translations of the Qur'an are inherently deficient, amounting to little more than a commentary upon the text. There is no such belief regarding hadith. Practicing Muslims cleanse themselves (wudu) before reading or reciting the Qur'an; there is no such requirement for reading or reciting the hadith. This article is about Hygiene in Islam. Wudu ( Arabic: الوضوء al-wuḍū', Persian:آبدست ābdast Even for Muslims who accept the hadith, they are lower in rank when compared to the Qur'an.
Muslims also use the Ahadith to interpret parts of the Qur'an when things are not clear. however, they are not used to determine the meaning of the whole Qur'an.
Sunni view
The Sunni canon of hadith took its final form more than 230 years after the death of Muhammad (632 AD). Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic Later scholars may have debated the authenticity of particular hadith but the authority of the canon as a whole was not questioned. This canon, called the Six major Hadith collections, includes:
| Name | Collector | Size |
| Sahih Bukhari | Imam Bukhari (d. The six major Hadith collections (Arabic Al-Sihah al-Sittah) are the works of some individuals from Islamic scholars who by their Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari, popularly known as Al-Bukhari ( البخاري) or Imam Bukhari (810-870 was a famous Sunni 870) | 7275 hadiths |
| Sahih Muslim | Muslim Ibn al-Hajjaj (d. Sahih Muslim ( Arabic: صحيح مسلم ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, full title "Al-Musnadu Al-Sahihu bi Naklil Adli" is one of the Six major collections Abul Husayn Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Qushayri al-Nisapuri ( Arabic: أبو الحسين مسلم بن الحجاج القشيري النيشابوري (lived c 875) | included 9200 |
| Sunan Abi Da'ud | Abu Da'ud (d. Sunan Abu Da'ud (سُنن أبو داوود is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections, collected by Abu Da'ud. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Da'ud or Abu Dawod, full name Abu Da'ud Sulayman ibn Ash`ath 888) | |
| Sunan al-Tirmidhi | al-Tirmidhi (d. Jami al-Tirmidhi (جامع الترمذي popularly Sunan al-Tirmidhi (سُـنَن الترمذي is one of the Sunni Six major Hadith collections TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Tirmidhī (ترمذی also transliterated as Tirmizi, full name 892) | |
| Sunan al-Sughra | al-Nasa'i (d. as-Sunan as-Sughra (السنن الصغرى also known as Sunan an-Nasa'i (Arabic سنن النسائي is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Al-Nasā'ī (214 -- 303 AH) full name Aḥmad ibn Shu`ayb ibn Alī ibn 915) | |
| Sunan Ibn Maja | Ibn Maja (d. Sunan Ibn Maja (سُنن ابن ماجه is one of the Sunni Six Major Hadith collections collected by Ibn Maja. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ibn Maja, full name Abu `Abdallah Muhammad ibn Yazid Ibn Majah al-Rab`i al-Qazwini 886) |
Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim are usually considered the most reliable of these collections. There is some debate over whether the sixth member of this canon should be Ibn Maja or the Muwatta of Imam Malik, which is the earliest hadith canon but predates much of the methodology developed by the classic hadith scholars. The Muwaṭṭa (الموطأ is an early statement of Muslim law compiled and edited by Imam Malik. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Malik ibn Anas ibn Malik ibn 'Amr al-Asbahi ( Arabic مالك بن أنس
While there are still many traditional Muslims who rely on the ulema and its long tradition of hadith collection and criticism, other contemporary Sunni Muslims are willing to reconsider tradition. Ulema ( ar علماء,, singular ar عالِم,, "scholar" refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in the several Liberal Muslims are most apt to trust the individual conscience, but there are also Salafis who demand the same freedom. The Salafis claim that the ordinary believer can trust his or her own judgment (even if he or she is not trained in Islamic scholarship) if he or she relies on Bukhari and Muslim, the commentators deemed to be sahih, and ignores the weak hadith. Sahih is an Islamic term that means authentic. It is commonly used to describe the authenticity of a Hadith.
Shi'a view
Shi'a Muslims trust traditions transmitted by Muhammad's descendants through Fatima Zahra. Fatimah (فاطمة c 605 –632 was a daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. There are various branches within Shi'a Islam and within each branch, various traditions of scholarship. Each branch and scholar may differ as to the hadith to be accepted as reliable and those to be rejected.
Four prominent Shi'a hadith collections are:
| Name | Collector | Size |
| Usul al-Kafi | Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni al-Razi(329 AH) | 15,176 |
| Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih | Al-Shaykh al-Saduq | 9,044 |
| Al-Tahdhib | Shaykh Tusi | 13,590 |
| Al-Istibsar | Shaykh Tusi | 5,511 |
Shi'a scholars do not believe that everything in the four major books are sahih. The Kitab al-Kafi is a Twelver Shia Hadith collection compiled by Mohammad Ya'qub Kulainy. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kulayni Al-Razi (died 329 Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih is a Hadith collection by the famous Twelver Shi'a hadith scolar Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawaih al-Qummi commonly TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Al-Shaykh al-Saduq is the title given to Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Babawaih al-Qummi Tahdhib al-Ahkam is a hadith collection by the famous Twelver Shi'a hadith scholar Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi, commonly known as Shaykh Tusi TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Shaykh Tusi ( شیخ طوسی) full name Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Al-Istibsar is the fourth important book of Shi'a Islamic Hadith. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Shaykh Tusi ( شیخ طوسی) full name Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Hassan Every hadith must be individually examined through the process of ilm-ul-hadith. Any hadith that conflicts with the Quran or logic is excluded. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran [11]
Ibadi view
Ibadi Islam (found mainly in the Arabian kingdom of Oman) accepts many Sunni hadith, while rejecting others, and accepts some hadith not accepted by Sunnis. The Ibadi movement or Ibadiyya (Arabic الاباضية al-Ibāḍiyyah is a form of Islam distinct from the Shi'a and Sunni denominations Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Ibadi jurisprudence is based only on the hadith accepted by Ibadis, which are far less numerous than those accepted by Sunnis. Several of Ibadism's founding figures - in particular Jabir ibn Zayd - were noted for their hadith research, and Jabir ibn Zayd is accepted as a reliable narrator by Sunni scholars as well as Ibadi ones.
The principal hadith collection accepted by Ibadis is al-Jami'i al-Sahih, also called Musnad al-Rabi ibn Habib, as rearranged by Abu Ya'qub Yusuf b. Ibrahim al-Warijlani. A large proportion of its narrations are via Jabir ibn Zaid or Abu Yaqub; most are reported by Sunnis, while several are not. The total number of hadith it contains is 1005, and an Ibadi tradition recounted by al-Rabi has it that there are only 4000 authentic prophetic hadith. The rules used for determining the reliability of a hadith are given by Abu Ya'qub al-Warijlani, and are largely similar to those used by Sunnis; they criticize some of the companions, believing that some were corrupted after the reign of the first two caliphs. In Islam, the Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة "Companions" were the companions of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad. The Ibadi jurists accept hadith narrating the words of Muhammad's companions as a third basis for legal rulings, alongside the Qur'an and hadith relating Muhammad's words.
Non-Muslim views
Early Western exploration of Islam consisted primarily of translation of the Qur'an and a few histories, often supplemented with disparaging commentary. In the nineteenth century, scholars made greater attempts at impartiality, and translated and commented upon a greater variety of texts. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Western scholars of Islam started to critically engage with the Islamic texts, subjecting them to the same agnostic, searching scrutiny that had previously been applied to Christian texts (see higher criticism). Historical criticism or higher criticism is a branch of literary analysis that investigates the origins of a text as applied in Biblical studies it naturally Ignaz Goldziher is the best known of these turn-of-the-century iconoclasts, who also included D. S. Margoliuth, Henri Lammens, and Leone Caetani. Ignác (Yitzhaq Yehuda Goldziher ( June 22, 1850 – November 13, 1921) often credited as Ignaz Goldziher was a Hungarian Orientalist Iconoclasm, Greek for "image-breaking" is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious Icons and other symbols or monuments David Samuel Margoliouth ( October 17, 1858 in London England, &ndash March 22, 1940) was an Orientalist. Henri Lammens (1862-1937 was a prominent Belgian-born Jesuit and Orientalist. Leone Caetani ( September 12 1869 – December 25[[ 935]] Duke of Sermoneta (also known as Prince Caetani) was an Italian scholar Goldziher writes, in his Muslim Studies:
| “ | . . . it is not surprising that, among the hotly debated controversial issues of Islam, whether political or doctrinal, there is not one in which the champions of the various views are unable to cite a number of traditions, all equipped with imposing isnads | ” |
The next generations of Western scholars were also sceptics, on the whole: Joseph Schacht, in his Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (1959), argued that isnads going back to Muhammad were in fact more likely to be spurious than isnads going back to the companions. Joseph Schacht, born in Ratibor, 15 March 1902, died in Englewood, 1 August 1969, was a British-German professor of John Wansbrough, in the 1970s, and his students Patricia Crone and Michael Cook were even more sweeping in their dismissal of Muslim tradition, arguing that even the Qur'an was likely to have been collected later than claimed. John Edward Wansbrough ( February 19, 1928 &ndash June 10, 2002) was an American historian who taught at the University of London Patricia Crone, PhD, (born 1945 Denmark) is a Scholar, Author and historian of early Islamic history working at the Michael Cook is an English Historian and scholar of Islamic history.
Contemporary Western scholars of hadith include:
- Herbert Berg, The Development of Exegesis in Early Islam (2000)
- Fred M. Donner, Narratives of Islamic Origins (1998)
- Wilferd Madelung, Succession to Muhammad (1997)
Madelung has immersed himself in the hadith literature and has made his own selection and evaluation of tradition. Herbert Berg may refer to Herbert Berg (bobsleigh, West German bobsledder who competed in the late 1970s Herbert Berg (religion, religious Fred McGraw Donner is an Islamic scholar and the Professor of Near Eastern History at the University of Chicago. Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung (born 26 December 1930) is a scholar of Islam. Having done this, he is much more willing to trust hadith than many of his contemporaries.
Some quotes:
- Wilferd Madelung[12]
| “ | work with the narrative sources, both those that have been available to historians for a long time and others which have been published recently, made it plain that their wholesale rejection as late fiction is unjustified and that with [not without] a judicious use of them, a much more reliable and accurate portrait of the period can be drawn than has been realized so far. | ” |
| “ | the mere fact that ahadith and asanid were forged must not lead us to conclude that all of them are fictitious or that the genuine and the spurious cannot be distinguished with some degree of certainty. Harald Motzki is a Non-Muslim Islamic scholar who has written on the Science of hadith. | ” |
| “ | The current research on the life of Muhammad is characterized by the fact that two groups of researchers stand directly opposed to one another: The one group advocates, somewhat aggressively, the conviction that all transmitted traditions, in part because of great inner contradictions, legendary forms, and so forth, are to be rejected. Gregor Schoeler is a contemporary Non-Muslim Islamic scholar The other group is opposed to that view. According to these researchers, the Islamic transmission, despite all these defects, has at least a genuine core, which can be recognized using the appropriate source-critical methods. The difficulty certainly consists of finding criteria by which the genuine is to be differentiated from the spurious. | ” |
Ignaz Goldziher[14] was of the opinion that most hadeeths had been invented by the transmitters to justify certain opinions of their own. Ignác (Yitzhaq Yehuda Goldziher ( June 22, 1850 – November 13, 1921) often credited as Ignaz Goldziher was a Hungarian Orientalist According to him hadeeths should not be seen as authentic historical accounts. Goldzihers suggestion has been refuted to a certain level by Fuat Sezgin[15]. Fuat Sezgin (* 24 October 1924 in Bitlis) is the leading authority on the history of Arabic-Islamic science. According to Fuat Sezgin most Hadeeths are authentic.
See also
Notes
- ^ Lisan al-Arab, by Ibn Manthour, vol. This is a sub-article of Scientific method and Hadith. The Science of hadith is the process that Muslim scholars use to evaluate hadith TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( 2, pg. 350; Dar al-Hadith edition.
- ^ al-Kuliyat by Abu al-Baqa’ al-Kafawi, pg. 370; Al-Resalah Publishers. This last phrase is quoted by al-Qasimi in Qawaid al-Tahdith, pg. 61; Dar al-Nafais.
- ^ a b c d e "Hadith," Encyclopedia of Islam.
- ^ Fath al-Bari, vol. 1, pg. 193 (page number of the original Maktabah al-Salafiyah edition as appears in the Dar Taibah printing). Al-Suyuti quotes this in his Tadrib al-Rawi, vol. 1, pg. 42 (Dar al-Asimah edition).
- ^ Tadrib al-Rawi, vol. 1, pgs. 39-41 with abridgement; I left out the majority if not the entirety of the etymology of each term. Suyuti refers this discussion to either both Tibi and Ibn Jama’ah or one to the exception of the other; for details refer to the text.
- ^ Ilm al-Rijal wa Ahimiyatih, by Mualami, pg. 16, Dar al-Rayah. I substituted the word ‘sunnah’ with the word ‘hadith’ as they are synonymous in this context.
- ^ a b http://people.uncw.edu/bergh/par246/L21RHadithCriticism.htm
- ^ See:
- "Hadith," Encyclopedia of Islam Online;
- "Hadith," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world.
- ^ Berg (2000) p. 8
- ^ See:
- Robinson (2003) pp. 69-70;
- Lucas (2004) p. 15
- ^ Page 1
- ^ The Succession to Muhammad, page xi
- ^ Gregor Schoeler, Berg (2003), p. The Succession to Muhammad is a book written by Wilferd Madelung and released by the Cambridge University Press in 1997 21
- ^ see his Muhammedanische Studien, second volume (Halle, 1888)
- ^ see his Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums, first volume (Leiden, 1967)
References
- Berg, H. (2000). The development of exegesis in early Islam: the authenticity of Muslim literature from the formative period. Routledge. ISBN 0700712240.
- Lucas, S. (2004). Constructive Critics, Hadith Literature, and the Articulation of Sunni Islam. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 9004133194.
- Robinson, C. F. (2003). Islamic Historiography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521629365.
- Robson, J. "Hadith". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. The Encyclopaedia of Islam ( EI) is the standard Encyclopaedia of the Academic discipline of Islamic studies. Ed. P. J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. Clifford Edmund Bosworth (born December 29, 1928, Sheffield, United Kingdom) is an English historian and orientalist, specializing van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
Further reading
- Brown, J. (2007). The Canonization of al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
- Lucas, S. (2002). The Arts of Hadith Compilation and Criticism. University of Chicago. OCLC 62284281.
- Musa, A. Y. Hadith as Scripture: Discussions on The Authority Of Prophetic Traditions in Islam, New York: Palgrave, 2008
External links
- Hadith, article on Enyclopaedia Britannica Online
Hadith collections
- Hadiths (reported Sayings by The Prophet) A collection of reported sayings by the prophet, and an essay on the sources of Hadiths and their validity
- The Seven Canonical Hadith Collections
- Searchable hadith Database
- Hadeeth Encyclopedia
- Hadeeth Search
- Renowned Hadith Collection
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