| Haarlem | |||
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| Nickname: Bloemenstad (Dutch for flower city) | |||
| Motto: Vicit vim virtus (Latin for Virtue conquered force) | |||
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| Country |  Netherlands |
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| Province |  North Holland |
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| Area (2006) | |||
| - Total | 32. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 12 km² (12. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 4 sq mi) | ||
| - Land | 29. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 32 km² (11. 3 sq mi) | ||
| - Water | 2. 80 km² (1. 1 sq mi) | ||
| Population (1 January 2007) | |||
| - Total | 147,020 | ||
| - Density | 5,014/km² (12,986. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 2/sq mi) | ||
| Source: CBS, Statline. Statistics Netherlands, founded in 1899, is a Dutch governmental institution that gathers statistical information about the Netherlands. | |||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Website: www.haarlem.nl | |||
Haarlem , in the past usually Harlem in English, is a city in the Netherlands. Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time Daylight saving time ( DST Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands It is also the capital of the province of North Holland, which at one time was one of the most powerful of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The city is located on the river Spaarne, about 20 km west of Amsterdam and near the coastal dunes. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there The Spaarne is a River, in North Holland, The Netherlands. This partially canalized river connects the Ringvaart to a side branch Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west In physical Geography, a dune is a Hill of Sand built by Aeolian processes. It has been the historical center of the tulip bulb-growing district for centuries and bears the nickname 'Bloemenstad' (flower city), for this reason. Tulipa, commonly called tulip, is a Genus of about 150 species of bulbous Flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. The municipality of Haarlem also comprises part of the village of Spaarndam, a newer housing estate forming part of the municipality of Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude. A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet, but smaller than a Town or City. Spaarndam is a small village in the province of North Holland, the Netherlands, on the Spaarne and IJ rivers Haarlemmerliede en Spaarnwoude is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.
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History of Haarlem
Middle Ages
The oldest mentioning of Haarlem dates from the 10th century. The name comes from "Haarlo-heim" or "Harulahem", which means 'place, on sand covered with trees, higher than the others'. There was a stream called "De Beek", dug from the peat grounds west of the river Spaarne as a drainage canal. Over the centuries the Beek was turned into an underground canal, as the city grew larger and the space was needed for construction. Over time it began to silt up and in the 19th century it was filled in. The location of the village was a good one: by the river Spaarne, and by a major road going south to north. By the 12th century it was a fortified town, and Haarlem became the residence of the Counts of Holland. Counts of Holland ruled over the county of Holland in the Low Countries between the 10th and the 16th century
In 1219 the knights of Haarlem were laurelled by Count Willem I, because they had conquered the Egyptian port of Damietta (or Damiate in Dutch, present-day Dimyat) in the 5th crusade. William I (c 1167 The Hague &ndash 4 February 1222) Count of Holland from 1203 to 1222 Damietta, Damiata, or Domyat (دمياط is a port and the capital of the governorate of Domyat, Egypt. Domyat may refer to Damietta Domyat Governorate The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Haarlem received the right to bear the Count's sword and cross in its coat of arms. A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people On November 23, 1245 Count Willem II granted Haarlem city rights. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of William II of Holland, (February 1228 - 28 January 1256) was a Count of Holland and Zeeland (1235-1256 City rights are a medieval phenomenon in the history of the Low Countries. This implied a number of privileges, among which the right for the sheriff and magistrates to administer justice, instead of the Count. SHERIFF is a telecom fraud detection and management system originally developed by BT and MCI. A magistrate is a judicial officer In Common law systems a magistrate usually has limited authority to administer and enforce the Law. This allowed for a quicker and more efficient judiciary system, more suited to the needs of the growing city.
After a siege by the Kennemer people in 1270 a defensive wall was built around the city. Most likely this was an earthen wall, with wooden gates. Originally the city started out between Spaarne, Oudegracht, Ridderstraat, Bakenessergracht and Naussaustraat. In the 14th century the city expanded, and the Burgwalbuurt, Bakenes and the area around the Oudegracht became part of the city. The old defenses proved not to be sufficiently strong for the expanded city, and at the end of the 14th century a 16½-metre high wall was built, complete with a 15-metre wide canal circling the city.
In 1304 the Flemish threatened the city, but they were defeated by Witte van Haemstede at Manpad. The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or Witte van Haemstede (1280/1282-1321 was a bastard son of Floris V Count of Holland.
All the city's buildings were made of wood, and fire was a great risk. In 1328 nearly the whole city burnt down. The Sint-Bavokerk was severely damaged, and rebuilding it would take more than 150 years. The Grote Kerk or St-Bavokerk is the largest church in the Dutch city of Haarlem. Again on June 12, 1347 there was a fire in the city. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. A third large fire, in 1351, destroyed many buildings including the Count's castle and the city hall. The Count did not need a castle in Haarlem because his castle in Den Haag had taken over all functions. The Count donated the ground to the city and later a new city hall was built there. The City Hall in Haarlem is the seat of the city's government The shape of the old city was square -- this was inspired by the shape of ancient Jerusalem. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the After every fire the city was rebuilt quickly, an indication of the wealth of the city in those years.
The Black Death came to the city in 1381. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia According to an estimate by a priest from Leiden the disease killed 5,000 people, about half the population at that time. "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation.
In the 14th century Haarlem was a major city. It was the second largest city in historical Holland after Dordrecht and before Delft, Leiden, Amsterdam, Gouda and Rotterdam. Dordrecht (population 119649 in 2004 or in English (and locally colloquially Dordt, is a city and municipality in the Dutch province of South Delft is a city and Municipality in the province of South Holland (Zuid-Holland the Netherlands. "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Gouda (population 71797 in 2004 is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of In 1429 the city gained the right to collect tolls, including ships passing the city on the Spaarne river. At the end of the Middle Ages Haarlem was a flourishing city with a large textile industry, shipyards and beer breweries.
Around 1428 the city was put under siege by the army of Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut. Jacqueline of Wittelsbach ( 16 August 1401 &ndash 8 October 1436, Dutch Jacoba van Beieren, French Jacqueline de Bavière Haarlem had taken side with the Cods in the Hook and Cod wars, and thus against Jacoba of Bavaria. The Hook and Cod wars (Hoekse en Kabeljauwse twisten comprise a series of wars and battles in Holland between 1350 and 1490 The entire Haarlemmerhout wood was burnt down by the enemy. The Haarlemmerhout is the oldest public park of the Netherlands.
Spanish siege
Main article: Siege of Haarlem
The city is completely surrounded by a city wall and defensive moat. In the Eighty Years' War the city of Haarlem in The Netherlands was put under a bloody Siege by a Spanish army that wanted to reclaim the A moat is deep broad Trench, usually filled with Water, that surrounds a structure installation or town normally to provide it with a preliminary line of In the south-west of the city bleaching grounds can be seen. Notice the near-square shape of the city: this was based on the ancient plan of Jerusalem. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the
When the city of Brielle was conquered by the Geuzen revolutionary army, the municipality of Haarlem started supporting the Geuzen. This article is about a city in the Netherlands There is also a Brielle New Jersey in the United States of America Geuzen ( French: Les Gueux, English: the Beggars) was a name assumed by the confederacy of Calvinist Dutch nobles and other malcontents who in King Philip II of Spain was not pleased, and sent an army north under the command of Don Fadrique (Don Frederick in Dutch), son of the Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 Don Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo 4th Duke of Alba ( es: Don Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo cuarto duque de Alba) (1537 &ndash December Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel 3rd Duke of Alba (Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel tercer duque de Alba ( October 29, On November 17, 1572 all citizens of the city of Zutphen were murdered by the Spanish army, and on December 1 the city of Naarden suffered the same fate. Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Zutphen is a city in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Naarden is a municipality and a town in the Gooi region in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands.
On December 11, 1572 the Spanish army put Haarlem under siege. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office The city's defences were commanded by city-governor Wigbolt Ripperda. Wigbolt Ripperda (1535? - 1573 was the city governor of Haarlem when the city was under siege by the Spanish army in the Eighty Years' War. Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer, a very powerful woman, helped defend the city. Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer (1526–1588 was a wood merchant of Haarlem, Netherlands She was the daughter of Simon Hasselaer and Grietje Koen
During the first two months of the siege, the situation was in balance. The Spanish army was digging tunnels to reach the city walls and blow them up. See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors The defenders dug tunnels to blow up the Spanish tunnels. The situation became worse for Haarlem on March 29, 1573. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King The Amsterdam army, faithful to the Spanish king, controlled Haarlemmermeer lake, effectively blocking Haarlem from the outside world. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Haarlemmermeer is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Hunger in the city grew, and the situation became so tense that on May 27 many (Spanish-loyal) prisoners were taken from the prison and murdered. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed
Two city gates, the Kruispoort and the Janspoort collapsed during the fighting.
In the beginning of July the Prince of Orange assembled an army of 5,000 soldiers near Leiden to free Haarlem. Prince of Orange is a Title of Nobility, originally associated with the Principality of Orange, now in southern France. "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. The Spanish trapped them at the Manpad and defeated the army. After seven months the city surrendered on July 13, 1573. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Many soldiers of the army that defended the city were slaughtered; many of them were drowned in the Spaarne river. The Spaarne is a River, in North Holland, The Netherlands. This partially canalized river connects the Ringvaart to a side branch Governor Ripperda and his lieutenant were beheaded. Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal The citizens were allowed to buy freedom for themselves and the city for 240,000 guilders and the city was required to host a Spanish garrison. Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops Don Fadrique thanked God for his victory in the Sint-Bavo Church. The Grote Kerk or St-Bavokerk is the largest church in the Dutch city of Haarlem.
Great fire
The city suffered a big fire in the night from October 22 to October 23, 1576. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - The fire started in brewery het Ankertje, near the weighhouse at the Spaarne, which was used by German mercenaries as a guarding place. A mercenary is a person who takes part in an armed conflict who is not a national or a party to the conflict and is "motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by When they were warming themselves at a fire it got out of control. The fire was spotted by farmers, who sailed their ships on the river. However, the soldiers turned down all help, saying that they would put out the fire themselves. This failed, and the fire destroyed almost 500 buildings, among them St-Gangolf's church and St-Elisabeth's hospital. Most of the mercenaries were later arrested, and one of them was hanged on the Grote Markt in front of a large audience. Maps from that era clearly show the damage done by the fire: a wide strip through the city was destroyed.
The combined result of the siege and the fire was that about a third of the city was destroyed.
Golden age
Linen and silk
The Spanish left in 1577 and under the Agreement of Veere, Protestants and Catholics were given equal rights. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A large influx of Flemish and French immigrants who were fleeing the Spanish occupation of their own cities made the city prosper again. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The new citizens had a lot of expertise in linen and silk trading, and the city's population grew from 18,000 in 1573 to around 40,000 in 1622. Linen is a Textile made from the Fibers of the Flax plant Linum usitatissimum. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons At one point, in 1621, over 50% of the population was Flemish-born. Haarlem's linen became world famous and the city flourished, just like the rest of the country: the Golden Age in the United Provinces had started. This article focuses on social and cultural history For political events see History of the Netherlands and Dutch Revolt (1568–1648 "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Infrastructure
In 1632 a tow canal between Haarlem and Amsterdam, the Haarlemmertrekvaart was opened, the first tow canal in the country. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The Haarlemmertrekvaart (Haarlem's Tow-Canal is a Canal between Amsterdam and Haarlem in the province of North Holland, the Netherlands The empty areas in the city caused by the fire of 1576 were filled with new houses and buildings. Even outside the city wall buildings were constructed -- in 1643 about 400 houses were counted outside the wall. Having buildings outside the city walls was not a desirable situation to the city administration. Not only because these buildings would be vulnerable in case of an attack on the city, but also because there was less control over taxes and city regulations outside the walls. Therefore a major project was initiated in 1671: expanding the city northwards. Two new canals were dug, and a new defensive wall was constructed (the current Staten en Prinsenbolwerk). Two old city gates, the Janspoort and Kruispoort, were demolished. The idea that a city had to be square-shaped was abandoned.
Cultural life
Haarlem's cultural life also prospered, with famous painters like Frans Hals and Jacob van Ruisdael, the architect Lieven de Key and Jan Steen who made many paintings in Haarlem. Frans Hals (c 1580– August 26, 1666) was a Dutch Golden Age painter especially famous for portraiture. Jacob Izaaksoon van Ruisdael (or Ruysdael) (c 1628 - March 14, 1682) the most celebrated of the Dutch landscapists, was Lieven de Key (1560 Ghent &mdash July 17, 1627, Haarlem) was a famous architect in The Netherlands. Jan Havickszoon Steen (c 1626 – buried February 3 1679) was a Dutch genre painter of the 17th century (also known as the Dutch On the Grote Markt, the central market square, there's a statue of Laurens Janszoon Coster who is allegedly the inventor of the printing press (however, most scholars agree that the scarce evidence seems to point to Johann Gutenberg as the first European inventor). Laurens Janszoon Coster (ca 1370 Haarlem, the Netherlands &ndash ca A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg ( 1398 &ndash February 3, 1468) was a German Goldsmith and printer who is credited In 1628 a chemist in Haarlem goes broke, and decides to join the VOC to sail to the East. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. The Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in old-spelling Dutch, literally "United East Indian His name, Jeronimus Cornelisz, will always be connected with the Batavia ship. Mutiny on the Batavia Departure On 29 October 1628, the newly built Batavia, commissioned by the Dutch East India Company
Beer brewing
Beer brewing was a very important industry in Haarlem. Until the 16th century the water for the beer was taken from the canals in the city. These were, through the Spaarne and the IJ, connected to seawater. However, the water in the canals was getting more and more polluted, and no longer suitable for brewing beer. A place 1,5 kilometers south-west of the city was then used to take fresh water in. However, the quality of that water was not high enough either. From the 17th century a canal (Santvaert) was used to transport water from the dunes to the city. The water was transported in barrels on ships. The location where the water was taken is called the Brouwerskolkje, and the canal to there still exists, and is now called the Brewers' Canal (Brouwersgracht).
Haarlem was a major beer producer in the Netherlands. The majority of the beer it produced was consumed in Noord-Holland. North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the During the Spanish siege there were about 50 brewing companies in the city; while 45 years later in 1620 the city numbered in the vicinity of 100 breweries.
There was another epidemic of the Black Death in 1657, which took a heavy toll in the 6 months it ravaged the city. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia
From the end of the 17th century the economic situation in the city turned sour, for a long time. In 1752 there were only seven beer breweries left, and in 1820 no breweries were registered in the city anymore. In the 1990s the Stichting Haarlems Biergenootschap revived some of the old recipes under the new Jopen beer brand, that is marketed as a "Haarlem bier". Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Jopen is a Beer brand from Haarlem, The Netherlands. Jopen beer is a result of the work of Stichting Haarlems Biergenootschap which was founded in
Tulip centre
In the 1630s, Haarlem was (and still is) a major trading centre for tulips, and it was the epicenter during tulip mania, when outrageous prices were paid for tulip bulbs. Tulip mania or tulipomania ( Dutch names include tulpenmanie tulpomanie tulpenwoede tulpengekte and bollengekte) was a period in the Tulipa, commonly called tulip, is a Genus of about 150 species of bulbous Flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. From the time that the Leiden-Haarlem canal Leidsevaart opened in 1656, it became popular to ride from Rotterdam to Amsterdam by passenger boat rather than coach. "Leyden" redirects here For other uses see Leyden (disambiguation. The Leidsevaart (also known as Leidse trekvaart, Dutch for "Leiden's Pull-Canal" is a Canal between the cities of Haarlem and Leiden Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The canals were dug for passenger service only, and were comfortable though slow. The towpath led these passengers through the bulb fields south of Haarlem. A towpath is a Road or Trail on the bank of a River, Canal, or other inland waterway Haarlem was an important stopover for passengers from the last half of the 17th century and through the 18th century until the building of the first rail tracks along the routes of former passenger canal systems. As Haarlem slowly expanded southwards, so did the bulb fields, and even today rail travellers between Rotterdam and Amsterdam will see beautiful blooming bulb fields on the stretch between Leiden and Haarlem in the Spring.
18th century
As the center of trade gravitated towards Amsterdam, Haarlem declined in the 18th century. The Golden age had created a large upper middle class of merchants and well-to-do small business owners. With the dependability of the trekschuit traffic between Amsterdam and Haarlem, many people had business addresses in Amsterdam and weekend or summer homes in Haarlem. Trekschuit, literal translation 'tugboat' is an old style of Horse-drawn boat specific to the Netherlands where it was used for centuries as a means of passenger Haarlem became more and more a bedroom community as the increasingly dense population of Amsterdam caused the canals to stink in the summer. Many well-to-do gentlemen moved their families to summer homes in the Spring and commuted between addresses. Popular places for summer homes were along the Spaarne in southern Haarlem. Pieter Teyler van der Hulst and Henry Hope built summer homes there, as well as many Amsterdam merchants and councilmen. Pieter Teyler van der Hulst ( 25 March 1702, Haarlem – 8 April 1778, Haarlem was a wealthy Dutch Mennonite merchant Henry Hope (1735 - 1811 was an Amsterdam Merchant banker born in Boston, New England. Today, it is still possible to travel by boat along the Spaarne and has turned into a popular form of tourism in the summer months.
In the 18th century Haarlem became the seat of a suffragan diocese of the Old Catholic Church of Utrecht. A suffragan bishop is a Bishop subordinate to a Metropolitan bishop or Diocesan bishop. In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. See the article on Ultrajectinism for a more detailed description of historical and theological events
French rule
At the end of the 18th century a number of anti-Orange commissions were founded.
On January 18, 1795 the "Staatse" army was defeated near Woerden. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a During the night preceding the 19th, the same night that stadtholder William V of Orange fled the country, the various commissions gathered and implemented a revolution. William V Batavus Prince of Orange and Nassau ( March 8, 1748 &ndash April 9, 1806) was the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic The commissions changed the city's administrators in a bloodless revolution, and the next morning the city was 'liberated' of the tyranny of the House of Orange. The revolution was peaceful and the Orange-loyal people were not harmed. The Batavian Republic was then proclaimed. The Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek was the successor of the Republic of the United Netherlands.
The French army entered the liberated city two days later, on the January 20. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. An army of 1,500 soldiers was provided with food and clothing by the citizens. The new national government was strongly centralized, and the role of the cities was reduced in the national debate.
The Batavian Republic had signed a mutual defense pact with France, and was thus automatically at war with England. The strong English presence at sea severely reduced the trading opportunities, and the Dutch economy suffered accordingly.
19th century
The textile industry, which had always been an important pillar of Haarlem's economy, was in a bad shape at the beginning of the 19th century. Strong international competition, and revolutionary new production methods based on steam engines by then in use in England, dealt a death blow to Haarlem's industry. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the
In 1815 the city's population was about 17,000 people, a large percentage of whom were poor. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The foundation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in that year gave many hope. United Kingdom of the Netherlands (or Kingdom of the United Netherlands) (1815 - 1830 (1839 (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden Royaume-Uni des Pays-Bas was the unofficial Many believed that under a new government the economy would mend again, and that export-oriented economic activities such as the textile industry would recover. However, this hoped turned out to be idle -- the Dutch economy remained stuck. The Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij (NHM or Dutch Trade Company) was founded by King Willem I to create employment opportunities. Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij is one of the primary ancestors of ABN AMRO.
In Haarlem, then one of the cities in the western part of the Netherlands with the worst economical situation, cotton factories were created under the NHM-program. These cotton factories produced goods for the Dutch East Indies, and because the Dutch government levied heavy taxes on foreign cotton producers this was a good market for the NHM-factories. The programme started in the 1830s, but never managed to substantially reduce the unemployment in the city. The American Civil War in the 1860s reduced the import of raw cotton significantly, and in 1872 the protectionism measures for the East Indian market were removed. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South
In the beginning of the 19th century the defense walls had lost their function, and architect Zocher Jr. planned a park on the location of the former defense line. The city walls and gates were demolished.
Haarlem became the provincial capital of Noord Holland province in the early 19th century. North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the In the mid 19th century the city's economy slowly started to improve. New factories were opened, and a number of large companies were founded in Haarlem.
In 1814 George Stephenson designed the first locomotive. George Stephenson ( 9 June 1781 &ndash 12 August 1848) was an English Civil engineer and mechanical engineer The government of the Netherlands was relatively slow to catch up, even though the King feared competition from newly established Belgium if they would construct a train track between Antwerp and other cities. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Dutch parliament balked at the high level of investment needed, but a group of private investors started the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg Maatschappij on June 1, 1836. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap It took three years to build the first track, between Haarlem and Amsterdam along the old tow canal called the Haarlemmertrekvaart. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The Haarlemmertrekvaart (Haarlem's Tow-Canal is a Canal between Amsterdam and Haarlem in the province of North Holland, the Netherlands The ground there was wet and muddy. On September 20, 1839 the first train service in the Netherlands started. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another The train had a speed of about 40 kilometers per hour. The train service gave the economy of Haarlem a strong boost. Instead of more than 2 hours, Amsterdam was now only 30 minutes away. The old trekschuits were quickly taken out of service for passengers. Today it is still possible to travel by boat from Amsterdam to Haarlem, and pleasure boating has made Haarlem a popular place to stay.
The creating of new land in the Haarlemmermeer made that the city could no longer refresh the water in its canals using the Spaarne. Haarlemmermeer is a municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. The new industry made the water quality even worse, and in 1859 de Oude Gracht, a canal, was filled in to create a new street. Year 1859 ( MDCCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
In 1878 a horse tram started servicing passenger from the railway station to Haarlemmerhout woodland park, and in 1899 the first Dutch electric tram ran in Haarlem. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train From 1879 the population of the city almost doubled in thirty years, from 36,976 to 69,410 in 1909. Not only did the population grow, but the city was expanding rapidly too. The Leidsebuurt district was incorporated into Haarlem in the 1880s. A small part of (the now defunct) municipality of Schoten was incorporated in 1884 because the council of Haarlem wanted to have the hospital (het dolhuys) inside the municipal borders. This hospital was situated at "het bolwerk" on Schoten's territory.
20th century
In the beginning of the 20th century the city expanded north. As early as 1905 an official plan was presented by the Haarlem municipality for expansion. However, the surrounding municipalities did not agree, and it would take 25 years to come to an agreement. On May 1, 1927 the municipality of Schoten became part of Haarlem, as well as part of Spaarndam, Bloemendaal and Heemstede. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. in the past usually Harlem in English is a city in the Netherlands. The population increased at once with 31,184 citizens.
In 1908, a renewed railway station was opened. Haarlem is a railway station in the Netherlands, located in the city of Haarlem. The station was elevated, so traffic in the city was no longer hampered by railway crossings. In 1911, Anthony Fokker showed his plane, de Spin to the audience in Haarlem by flying around the Sint-Bavokerk on Queen's Day. Year 1911 ( MCMXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Fokker Spin was the first Airplane built by Anthony Fokker. Koninginnedag ( or Queen's Day is a National holiday in the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles, and Aruba on
Later the expansion of the city went southwards (Schalkwijk) and eastwards (Waarderpolder). In 1932, Vroom & Dreesmann, a Dutch retailer built a department store at Verwulft. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Vroom & Dreesmann (also known as V&D is a Dutch chain of Department stores founded in 1887 by Willem Vroom and Anton Dreesmann Many buildings were demolished, except one small chemist's shop on the corner, "Van der Pigge", who refused to be bought out and which is now encapsulated by the V&D building.
The city went through rough times during the Great Depression of 1930s. The 1930s were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles as countries were struggling to find a solution to the Great Depression.
During World War II Hannie Schaft worked for a Dutch resistance group; she was captured by the Germans and executed just before the end of the war in 1945. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Jannetje Johanna (Jo Schaft ( 16 September 1920 &ndash 17 April 1945) was a Dutch Resistance fighter during From September 17 to September 21, 1944, parts of Haarlem-Noord (above Jan Gijzenvaart) were evacuated by the Germans to make place for a defensive line. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The stadium of HFC Haarlem, the soccer club, was demolished. HFC Haarlem is a Dutch football club The club was founded on October 1, 1889. Hundreds of people had to leave their houses and were forced to stay with other citizens.
From September 22 there was gas available only two hours per day. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Electricity stopped on October 9. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. The German occupiers built a thick, black wall through the Haarlemmerhout (in the south of the city), as well as at the Jan Gijzenvaart in the evacuated area. The wall was called Mauer-muur and was meant to help defend the city.
In 1944 the family of Corrie ten Boom was arrested by the Nazis; they had been hiding Jews and Dutch resistance workers from the German occupier throughout the war. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Cornelia Johanna Arnolda ten Boom, generally known as Corrie ten Boom, ( April 15, 1892 – April 15 1983) was a Dutch,
After the war much of the large industry moved out of the city, such as the banknote printing firm of Joh. Enschedé. Royal Joh Enschedé is a printer of security documents and Banknotes based in Haarlem, The Netherlands.
In 1963 a large number of houses was built in Schalkwijk. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Religion
The Roman Catholic diocese of Haarlem has been a Diocese since 1559 (Dioecesis Harlemensis). In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. The original cathedral, Sint-Bavo Cathedral at the Grote Markt, is called after the patron saint of Haarlem, Saint Bavo. The Grote Kerk or St-Bavokerk is the largest church in the Dutch city of Haarlem. The patron saint of a particular group of people is a Saint who would protect and 'love' the group and its members Saint Bavo of Ghent, (also known as Bavon, Allowin, and Baaf) (589 – 654 is a Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Saint The first bishop of Haarlem was Nicolaas van Nieuwland (born in 1510). Nicolaas van Nieuwland (1510 Maartensdijk - July 15 1580, Utrecht) was Bishop of Haarlem from 1562 to 1569 He accepted the position on November 6, 1561. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with In 1569 he was advised to resign by the Duke of Alva, because of his reputation for drinking (Dronken Klaasje).
Van Nieuwland was succeeded by Godfried van Mierlo, who would be the last bishop in communion with Rome Haarlem would know for 300 years.
Haarlem's cathedral was spared from iconoclasm during the Reformation in the Netherlands, because the city's mayor ordered the closing of the church for several months in 1566. Iconoclasm, Greek for "image-breaking" is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious Icons and other symbols or monuments The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time
Just before the siege of Haarlem by the Spaniards, symbols and statues linked to the Roman Catholic faith were removed from the cathedral, however, after the siege, the Spanish army restored Roman Catholic iconography. In the Eighty Years' War the city of Haarlem in The Netherlands was put under a bloody Siege by a Spanish army that wanted to reclaim the Iconography is the branch of Art history which studies the identification description and the interpretation of the content of images The guilds had to restore their old altars, at great expense.
On Sacrament day (May 29) in 1578 Saint Bavo's Cathedral was attacked by soldiers of the Prince of Orange. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Prince of Orange is a Title of Nobility, originally associated with the Principality of Orange, now in southern France. One of the priests was killed, and many objects in the church were destroyed. This event, called the Haarlemse Noon, forced the bishop to flee the city. The city council confiscated the church, and later converted it along the tenants of the Evangelical Reformed Church. The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant Denominations formally characterized by a similar Calvinist system of doctrine historically The new (and current) name of the Cathedral became Sint-Bavokerk. The Grote Kerk or St-Bavokerk is the largest church in the Dutch city of Haarlem.
It wasn't until 1853 that a new Roman Catholic bishop was installed. A new cathedral, again called the Cathedral of Saint Bavo, was built at the Leidsevaart (canal to Leiden) in 1898. The Cathedral of Saint Bavo, was built in Haarlem, the Netherlands by the Catholics in 1898 after the Sint-Bavokerk was converted Year 1898 ( MDCCCXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Bishop of Haarlem nowadays has a formal residence on the Nieuwe Gracht canal.
There is also an Old Catholic bishop of Haarlem. The Old Catholic Church is a Christian denomination originating with churches (many of them German -speaking that split from the Roman Catholic Church in
Famous buildings and locations
The city is famous for its many hofjes: almshouses built around courtyards. A hofje is a Dutch word for a courtyard with Almshouses around it These were mainly privately funded houses for elderly single women. Nowadays there are 19 hofjes in Haarlem; many open to the public on weekdays. Haarlem is one of the cities in The Netherlands that has a number of Hofjes Some of them are even still in use with boards of regents Many hofjes are still owned by the original foundations, and are still mainly used for single (elderly) women.
- The Grote Markt (central market square), with -among others- the City Hall, the Vleeshal, the Hoofdwacht and the Grote or Sint-Bavokerk
- Sint-Bavo Cathedral
- The Teylersmuseum (the oldest museum of the Netherlands)
- Frans Hals Museum
- Windmill De Adriaan
- The Amsterdamse Poort city gate
- The art nouveau railway station of Haarlem
- Theater De Toneelschuur
- The Corrie ten Boom House
- Villa Welgelegen
- Haarlemmerhout park
- The Bosch and Vaart neighbourhoud
Local government
The municipal council of Haarlem consists of 39 seats, which are divided as follows:
- PvdA - 11 seats
- VVD - 7 seats
- CDA - 4 seats
- GroenLinks - 4 seats
- StadsPartij/Leefbaar Haarlem - 4 seats
- D66 - 2 seats
- Axielijst - 1 seat
- SP - 7 seats
- ChristenUnie/SGP - 1 seat
- partij spaarnestad - 1 seat
- senior citizen's party (ouderenpartij) - 1 seat
Miscellaneous
Local beer
Beer brewing has been a very important industry for Haarlem. The Grote Markt is the central Market square of Haarlem, The Netherlands, at. The City Hall in Haarlem is the seat of the city's government Vleeshal is a historical building on the Grote Markt in Haarlem, The Netherlands. De Hoofdwacht is a historical building on the Grote Markt in Haarlem, The Netherlands. The Grote Kerk or St-Bavokerk is the largest church in the Dutch city of Haarlem. The Cathedral of Saint Bavo, was built in Haarlem, the Netherlands by the Catholics in 1898 after the Sint-Bavokerk was converted The Teyler Museum (or Teyler's Museum Teylers Museum in Dutch located in Haarlem, is the oldest museum in the Netherlands. A museum is a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development open to the public which acquires conserves researches communicates and exhibits the The Frans Hals Museum is a Hofje and municipal Museum in Haarlem, The Netherlands. De Adriaan is a Windmill in The Netherlands that burnt down in 1932 and has been rebuilt in 2002 Haarlem is a railway station in the Netherlands, located in the city of Haarlem. De Toneelschuur is a Theater in Haarlem, The Netherlands. The building has two theaters and two Movie theaters In the latter more alternative Provinciehuis_haarlemjpg|thumb|Interior of Provinciehuis Landhuis Welgelegen The Haarlemmerhout is the oldest public park of the Netherlands. The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy ( VVD) (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie is a Dutch liberal Political party. The Christian Democratic Appeal ( CDA) (Christen Democratisch Appèl is a Dutch Christian-democratic Political party. GroenLinks ( GL, English: GreenLeft) is a Dutch Green Political party. Democrats 66 ( D66, Democraten 66 official name Politieke Partij Democraten 66) is a Dutch progressive, social-liberal and The Socialist Party ( SP, Dutch: Socialistische Partij) is a Dutch socialist Political party. This article is about the Dutch political party See Christian Union (students (with space between the two words for the university religious organization and Christian The Political Reformed Party ( Dutch: Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij, SGP) is an orthodox Protestant Dutch political party. The heyday of beer brewing in Haarlem go back to the 1400s, when there were no fewer than 100 breweries in the city. When the town's 750th anniversary was celebrated in 1995, a group of enthusiasts re-created an original Haarlem beer and brewed it again. The beer is called Jopenbier, or Jopen for short, named after an old type of beer-barrel.
Jopen Koyt and Jopen Adriaan are based on old recipes from 1402 and 1407 respectively. Jopen Adriaan is called after the windmill that re-opened in 2002. De Adriaan is a Windmill in The Netherlands that burnt down in 1932 and has been rebuilt in 2002 See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Jopenbier also features a dark beer (bokbier) and a light beer ("spring beer" or lentebier). Jopenbier is now generally available again, mainly in the Haarlem area. Initially the beers were brewed at brewery De Halve Maan in Hulst, but now there are brewed at De Koningshoeven, the brewery of La Trappe, in Tilburg. Hulst ( is a Municipality and a City in the southwestern Netherlands in the east of Zeelandic Flanders. Tilburg ( is a Municipality and a City in the Netherlands, located in the southern province of Noord-Brabant.
Coffeeshops
The oldest coffee shop in Haarlem is Het theehuis, but it is far from the only one. The most famous are the Willie wortel stores that are spread throughout the town and run by cannabis activist Nol van shaik, closed since march 2008. Cannabis ( Cán-na-bis) is a Genus of Flowering plants that includes three putative species Cannabis sativa subsp
A map of all coffeeshops in Haarlem (for google earth) can be found here.
Harlem, Manhattan
In 1658 Dutchman Peter Stuyvesant founded the settlement of Nieuw Haarlem ("New Haarlem") on the island of Manhattan in North America. Peter Stuyvesant (originally Pieter or Petrus, Peter is never mentioned in historical records (c Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York This settlement later became the neighborhood of Harlem in New York City. A neighbourhood or neighborhood (see spelling differences) is a geographically localised Community within a larger City, Town or Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center The City of New York In the mid-17th century, the primary Dutch settlement on Manhattan Island was Nieuw Amsterdam ("New Amsterdam"), on the southern tip of the island. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City.
Cultural references
- Folk singer Al Stewart mentions Haarlem in his song "Amsterdam". Al Stewart (born Alastair Ian Stewart, 5 September 1945 in Glasgow) is a British Singer-songwriter and folk rock Musician.
- The train station of Haarlem was part of a set during the movie Ocean's Twelve
- The book Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister by Gregory Maguire is set in Haarlem. Ocean's Twelve is a 2004 film that takes place after the events of Ocean's Eleven, a remake of the 1960 film. Confessions of an Ugly Stepsister is a Novel by Gregory Maguire, retelling the tale of Cinderella through the eyes of her "ugly stepsisters Gregory Maguire (born June 9, 1954 in Albany, New York) is an American author
- The book The Black Tulip by Alexandre Dumas, père has several scenes in Haarlem, most notably the ending, and it is the Horticultural Society of Haarlem that offers a reward for a black tulip. The Black Tulip is an historical fiction novel written by Alexandre Dumas père.
See also
- People from Haarlem
References
- Ach lieve tijd: 750 jaar Haarlem, de Haarlemmers en hun rijke verleden, F. W. J. Koorn (red), Vrieseborch, Zwolle 1984 (ISBN 90-6630-035-3)
- Deugd boven geweld: een geschiedenis van Haarlem, 1245-1995, G. F. van der Ree-Scholtens (red), Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum 1995 (ISBN 90-6550-504-0)
- Geschiedenis en beschrijving van Haarlem, van de vroegste tijden tot op onze dagen, F. Allan, J. J. van Brederode, Haarlem 1874
- Statistics are taken from the SDU Staatscourant
External links
- Map of Haarlem and surroundings
- bus map with stops
- Haarlem Shuffle: English language resources for Haarlem, the Netherlands
- Haarlem Paintings by Jacob van Ruisdael
- Ride the 50 km. long bicycle route to explore Haarlem and its surroundings.
- Haarlem Coffeeshop Tour (Google Earth)
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