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H is the eighth letter in the Latin alphabet. The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a (eɪ plural B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled bee or occasionally be (biː plural bees. C is the third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cee or occasionally ce (siː D is the fourth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled dee or occasionally de (diː E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled e (iː plural es or ees (also written E's E F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ef or eff (ɛf G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled gee or occasionally ge (dʒiː I is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its English name is i (aɪ J is the tenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled kay (keɪ L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is el or occasionally ell (ɛl M is the thirteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled em (ɛm N is the fourteenth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled en (ɛn O is the fifteenth letter of the modern Latin Alphabet. Its name in English is spelled o (oʊ plural usually o's or os; sometimes P is the sixteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled pee or occasionally pe (piː Q is the seventeenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled cue (kjuː R is the eighteenth letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ar (ɑr pronounced or) S is the nineteenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ess or occasionally es (ɛs generally es- T is the twentieth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled tee or occasionally te (tiː U is the twenty-first letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled u (juː V is the twenty-second letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled vee or occasionally ve (viː W is the twenty-third letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled double-u (ˈdʌbljuː X is the twenty-fourth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ex or occasionally ecks (ɛks plural exes The letter Y is the twenty-fifth letter in the modern Latin alphabet. Z is the twenty-sixth and last letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in both British and American English is spelled aitch[1] (pronounced /eɪtʃ/) in most dialects, though in Irish, Singaporean, South Indian English and very occasionally British English it is haitch /heɪtʃ/. British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. Hiberno-English also known as Anglo-Irish and Irish English is English as spoken in Ireland, partly the result of the interaction of the English British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the (See the discussion below on the two pronunciations of the name of this letter. ) In the International Phonetic Alphabet, this symbol is used to represent two sounds. Its lowercase form, [h], represents the voiceless glottal fricative or 'aspirate', and its small capital form, [ʜ], represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative. The voiceless glottal transition, commonly called a " fricative " is a type of sound used in some spoken Languages which often behaves like a The voiceless epiglottal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet
Contents |
History
| Egyptian hieroglyph fence |
Proto-Semitic ħ |
Phoenician ħ |
Etruscan H |
Greek (H)eta |
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The Semitic letter ח (ḥêṯ) most likely represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (IPA: [ħ]). The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The form of the letter probably stood for a fence or posts. The early Greek H stood for /h/, but later on, this letter, eta (Η, η), became a long vowel, /ɛː/. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early Eta (uppercase &Eta, lowercase η Ήτα) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet. (In Modern Greek, this phoneme has merged with /i/, similar to the English development where EA /ɛː/ and EE /eː/ came to be both pronounced as /i:/. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States )
Etruscan and Latin had /h/ as a phoneme, but almost all Romance languages lost the sound — Romanian later re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, Spanish developed a secondary /h/ from F, then lost it again, and Castilian /x/ has developed an [h] allophone in some Spanish-speaking countries. The Etruscan Language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria (modern Tuscany plus western Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. In German, h is typically used as a vowel lengthener, as well as the phoneme /h/. This may be because /h/ was sometimes lost between vowels in German, but it may also have to do with the fact that Romance lost /h/. Hence, H is used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such as ch in Spanish and English /tʃ/, French /ʃ/ from /tʃ/, Italian /k/, German /χ/, Czech and Slovak /x/. A digraph, bigraph, or digram is a pair of characters used to write one Phoneme (distinct sound or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond A trigraph (from the Greek words treis = three and graphein = write is a group of three letters used to represent a single sound or a combination of sounds
Usage in English
The name of the letter
In most dialects of English, the name for the letter is pronounced /eɪtʃ/ and spelled aitch [1] (or occasionally eitch). Pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ (and hence spelling haitch) is usually considered to be h-adding and hence nonstandard. The phonological history of English fricatives and affricates is part of the Phonological history of the English language in terms of changes in the Phonology of However it is standard in Hiberno-English, Singaporean English, and Indian English. Hiberno-English also known as Anglo-Irish and Irish English is English as spoken in Ireland, partly the result of the interaction of the English Indian English comprises several Dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora Haitch is also used in parts of Northern England. In Northern Ireland it is a shibboleth as Protestant schools teach aitch and Catholics haitch. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of Shibboleth (ˈʃɪbəlɛθ or ˈʃɪbələθ is any practice which is indicative of one's social or regional origin Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. [2] The perceived name of the letter affects the choice of indefinite article before initialisms beginning with H: for example "an HTML page" or "a HTML page". Acronyms, initialisms, and alphabetisms are Abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ may be a hypercorrection formed by analogy with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, most of which include the sound they represent. Hypercorrection is a Linguistic phenomenon which may take any of the following forms an elaborate prescriptively based correction of common
Authorities disagree about the history of the letter's name. The Oxford English Dictionary says the original name of the letter was /aha/; this became /aka/ in Latin, passed into English via Old French /atʃ/, and by Middle English was pronounced /aːtʃ/. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic, from which it can be argued that the pronunciation /eɪtʃ/ is a result of h-dropping. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( AHD) is an American Dictionary of the English language published by The phonological history of English fricatives and affricates is part of the Phonological history of the English language in terms of changes in the Phonology of
Value
H occurs as a single-letter grapheme (with value /h/ or silent) and in various digraphs, such as ch (/tʃ/, French /ʃ/, Greek and Italian /k/, German & Scots /x/), gh (silent, /g/, or /f/) , ph (Greek words with /f/), rh (Greek words with /r/), sh (/ʃ/), th (either /θ/ like thin or /ð/ like then), wh (either /w/, /ʍ/or /f/: see wine-whine merger). In Typography, a grapheme is the fundamental unit in written language. In an alphabetic writing system, a silent letter is a letter that in a particular word does not correspond to any sound in the word's Pronunciation. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The pronunciation of the digraph ''wh'' in English has varied with time and can still vary today between different regions In transcriptions of other writing systems, zh may occur (as in Russian Doctor Zhivago); this is generally pronounced /ʒ/ in English, although this rendition is not necessarily faithful to the sound in the original language (as in the case of pinyin transcriptions). In Linguistics, romanization (or latinization, also spelled romanisation or latinisation) is the representation of a Word or Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Doctor Zhivago ( Russian: Доктор Живаго, Doktor Zhivago) is a 20th century Novel by Boris Pasternak. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use
H is silent in a syllable rime, as in ah, ohm, dahlia, cheetah, pooh-poohed. In the study of Phonology in Linguistics, the rime or rhyme of a Syllable consists of a nucleus and an optional coda H is often silent in the weak form of some function words beginning with H, including had, has, have, he, her, him, his. In the Phonology of Stress-timed languages the weak form of a word is a form that may be used when the word has no stress and which is phonemically distinct H is silent in some words of Romance origin:
- Initially in heir, honest, honour, hour; for American English usually also herb, and sometimes homage; as well as non-anglicized loanwords such as hors-d'oeuvres
- Internally in silhouette, chihuahua, and often piranha
- For some speakers, also in an initial unstressed syllable, as "an historic occasion"; to retain the "an" and pronounce the H may be considered affected. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology. Anglicisation or anglicization (see -ise vs -ize) is a process of conversion of verbal or written elements of any other language into a more comprehensible English A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation
- After ex when x has value /gz/, as exhaust.
- For many speakers, after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed, as annihilate, vehicle (but not vehicular).
Usage in Spanish
In Spanish, H is a silent letter with no pronunciation, as in hijo [ˈixo] ('son'), hola [ˈola] ('hello'), and hábil [ˈaβil] ('skillful'). The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of [h] did exist. The [h] sound exists in a number of dialects in Spanish, either as a syllable-final allophone of /s/ (for example Andalusia, Argentina or Cuba - vg. esto [ˈeht̪o] 'this' , or as a dialectal realization of Standard /x/ (for example Mexican caja [ˈkaha] 'box' ).
Usage in French
In the French language, the name of the letter is pronounced /aʃ/.
The French language classifies words that begin with this letter in two ways that must be learned to use French properly, even though it is a silent letter either way. The h muet, or "mute h", is considered as though the letter were not there at all, so masculine nouns get the article le replaced by the sequence l'. Similarly, words such as un, whose pronunciation would elide onto the following word would do so for a word with h muet. Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a Vowel, a Consonant, or a whole Syllable) in a word or phrase producing a result that is easier
For example Le hébergement becomes L'hébergement.
The other way is called h aspiré, or "aspirated h" (though it is still not aspirated) and is treated as a phantom consonant. Hence masculine nouns get the le, separated from the noun with a bit of a glottal stop. There is no elision with such a word; the preceding word is kept separate by similar means.
Most words that begin with an h muet come from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas most words beginning with an h aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or non-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot). As is generally the case with French, there are numerous exceptions. In some cases, an h muet was added to disambiguate the [v] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations: huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), huître (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).
Some of these distinctions have been preserved in English through Anglo-French: an honour vs. a harp.
Dictionaries mark those words that have this second kind of h with a preceding mark, either an asterisk, a dagger, or a little circle lower than a degree-symbol. An asterisk ( *) (Latin asteriscum "little star" from Greek ἀστερίσκος) is a Typographical symbol or Glyph A dagger ( †, &dagger U+ 2020 is a typographical symbol or Glyph.
Usage in German
In the German language, the name of the letter is pronounced /haː/.
In the German language, this letter is used in the digraph "ch" and the trigraph "sch" to indicate completely different sounds. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Following a vowel, it often silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the word erhöhen "heighten", only the first <h> represents /h/. This is the origin of the spelling (or pronunciation) of the English utterance "Eh?" which is not at all like an English pronunciation of the letter "e".
In 1901, there was a spelling reform which eliminated the silent <h> in nearly all instances of <th> in native German words such as thun "to do" or Thür "door". Many languages have undergone spelling reform, where a deliberate often officially sanctioned or mandated change to spelling takes place It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such as Theater "theater" and Thron "throne", which continue to be spelled with <th> even after the last German spelling reform.
Usage in other languages
Some languages, including, but not limited to, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Hungarian and Finnish use H as a voiced glottal fricative [ɦ]. Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Finnish ( or suomen kieli) is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland (92% As of 2006) and by ethnic Finns outside The breathy-voiced glottal transition, commonly called a voiced glottal fricative, is a type of sound used in some spoken Languages which often behaves like
In Ukrainian and Belarusian it's rendered with the letter Г (note its difference from Russian pronunciation and romanisation). Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The Belarusian language, or Belorussian,(беларуская мова BGN/PCGN: byelaruskaya mova, Scientific: belaruskaja mova Ge or He (Г г italics Г, г) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, representing /g/ or /ɦ/ in different languages Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages
In computing
Codes
| NATO phonetic | Morse code | ||
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| Signal flag | Flag semaphore | ASL Manual | Braille |
In Unicode the capital H is codepoint U+0048 and the lower case h is U+0068. The NATO phonetic alphabet, more formally the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet, is the most widely used Spelling alphabet. Morse code is a Character encoding for transmitting telegraphic information using standardized sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters numerals Flag semaphore is a system for conveying information at a distance by means of visual signals with hand-held flags rods disks paddles or occasionally bare or gloved hands The American Manual Alphabet is a Manual alphabet that augments the vocabulary of American Sign Language when spelling individual letters of a word is the preferred The Braille system is a method that is widely used by blind people to read and write In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D, Lower case (also lower-case or lowercase) minuscule, or small letters are the smaller form of letters as opposed to upper
The ASCII code for capital H is 72 and for lowercase h is 104; or in binary 01001000 and 01101000, correspondingly. American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII) The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a Numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols usually 0 and 1.
The EBCDIC code for capital H is 200 and for lowercase h is 136. Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ( EBCDIC) is an 8- Bit Character encoding ( Code page) used on IBM mainframe Operating
The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "H" and "h" for upper and lower case respectively. A numeric character reference (NCR is a common markup construct used in SGML and other SGML-based markup languages such as HTML and XML. HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant Markup language for Web pages It provides a means to describe the structure Don't change "Extensible"
See also
References
- ^ "H" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "aitch", op. Ĥ, or ĥ is a Consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a Voiceless velar fricative or Voiceless uvular fricative. Ħ ( minuscule: ħ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from H with the addition of a bar. Eta (uppercase &Eta, lowercase η Ήτα) is the seventh letter of the Greek alphabet. cit.
- ^ The Association for Scottish Literary Studies
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Letter H with diacritics
history • palaeography • derivations • diacritics • punctuation • numerals • Unicode • list of letters |
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