Endeavour replica in Cooktown harbour
Career (Great Britain)
Name:	Endeavour
Operator:	Royal Navy
Builder:	Thomas Fishburn, Whitby
Launched:	1764
Acquired:	28 March 1768 as Earl of Pembroke
Commissioned:	26 May 1768
Decommissioned:	September 1774
Out of service:	March 1775, sold
Renamed:	Lord Sandwich, February 1776
Fate:	Scuttled, Newport, 1778
General characteristics
Class and type:	Bark
Tons burthen:	368 71/94 (BM)
Length:	106 ft (32 m)
Beam:	29 ft 3 in (8. Cooktown ( Guugu Yimithirr: Gangaarr) is the northernmost town on the east coast of Australia, located at the mouth of the Endeavour River, The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Whitby is a historic town and Civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. Year 1764 ( MDCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Newport is a city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States, about 30 miles (48 km south of Providence A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel History of the term The word barc appears to have come from Celtic languages Builder's Old Measurement (BOM is the method of calculating the size or Cargo capacity of a Ship used in England from approximately 1720 to 1849 9 m)
Sail plan:	Full rigged ship
Crew:	85 including 12 Marines
Armament:	10 4-pdrs, 12 swivel guns

His Majesty's Bark Endeavour was a small 18th century British sailing ship, famous for being the vessel commanded by James Cook on his first voyage of discovery to the Pacific Ocean. A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel History of the term The word barc appears to have come from Celtic languages The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions

Contents 1 Construction and statistics 2 HMS, HMB, or HM Bark? 3 Purchased by the Admiralty 4 Cook's voyage 5 Endeavour Reef 6 Homeward 7 Scurvy 8 Later history 9 Endeavour Reef recoveries 10 Replica vessel 11 References 12 See also 13 External links 14 Named after Endeavour

Construction and statistics

The Endeavour was originally a merchant collier named Earl of Pembroke after Henry Herbert, 10th Earl of Pembroke. Collier is an historical term used to describe a Bulk cargo Ship designed to carry Coal. Henry Herbert 10th Earl of Pembroke and 7th Earl of Montgomery (3 July 1734 – 26 January 1794 was the son of the ninth earl of Pembroke, and was named Her construction was completed by early 1768 at Whitby, North Yorkshire. Whitby is a historic town and Civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county in She was ship-rigged, and sturdily built with a capacious hold. A full rigged ship or fully rigged ship is a sailing vessel with three or more masts all of them Square rigged A full rigged ship is said to have a ship Despite not being very fast, her flat-bottomed hull was well-suited to sailing in shallow waters and more important for her proposed use: she was, like other colliers of the north-east coast of England, designed to be beached. Her length was 106 ft (32. 3m), and 97 ft 7 in. on her lower deck, with an extreme breadth of 29 ft 3 in (8. 9 m). Her burthen was 368 71/94 tons. Builder's Old Measurement (BOM is the method of calculating the size or Cargo capacity of a Ship used in England from approximately 1720 to 1849 ^[1]

HMS, HMB, or HM Bark?

The Endeavour is known to history as HMS Endeavour or HM Bark Endeavour although the prefix HMS did not come into use until the very end of the 1780's and the abbreviation HM was not used in formal communications. His or Her Majesty's Ship ( HMS) is the Ship prefix used for ships of the navy in some monarchies either formally or informally

In Cook's published narrative of the Endeavour voyage he mostly uses "His Britannick Majesty's Bark" and only rarely "His Britannick Majesty's Ship".

In the same way that ancient custom mandates the title of Captain for a ranked Lieutenant while commanding a ship, all Royal Navy vessels are customarily referred to as HMS even though they may have a different rating on the Admiralty's ship lists. Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The rating system of the British Royal Navy was used by the British Royal Navy between the middle of the 17th century and the middle of the 19th century to categorise sailing

Thus "Captain Cook of HMS Endeavour" is a correct customary usage for both the man and the ship while "Lieutenant Cook of HM Bark the Endeavour" exhibits the correct technical register of the language used in correspondence between the Admiralty and its officers. The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy.

A popular contemporary usage is to refer to "Captain Cook of HM Bark Endeavour", which is a combination of both the customary and the technical.

HMB is a late twentieth century neologism which would have been meaningless to anyone in the days of the sailing navy. A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been The "B" would have been far more likely to have been guessed as Brig or Bomb (vessel) than the intended designation. In nautical terms, a brig is a vessel with two square-rigged masts A bomb vessel, bomb ship, bomb ketch, or simply bomb was a type of wooden sailing Naval ship.

Purchased by the Admiralty

On 16 February 1768 the Royal Society petitioned King George III to finance a scientific expedition to the Pacific Ocean. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1768 ( MDCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions ^[2] The expedition's ostensible purpose was to study and observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the sun (in concert with several other observations to be made from different locations). A transit of Venus across the Sun takes place when the Planet Venus passes directly between the Sun and Earth, obscuring a small portion of the However, a more pragmatic reason was to be relayed to her captain by the Admiralty in additional instructions; namely, to search out the southern Pacific for signs of the postulated continent, Terra Australis Incognita (Unknown southern land). The Admiralty was formerly the authority in the United Kingdom responsible for the command of the Royal Navy.

The mission approved, the newly-built ship was purchased by the Royal Navy for the sum of £2307 5s. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) 6d. and assigned for use in the Society's expedition. She was renamed Endeavour after a major refit at Deptford on the River Thames in 1768, her improvements including caulking the hull and adding a third deck to prepare her for her new role as an exploration vessel. Deptford is an area on the south bank of the River Thames in south-east London. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Year 1768 ( MDCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Caulking is a process used to seal the seams in Wooden Boats or ships and riveted iron or steel ships in order to make them watertight Classified by the Navy as a bark, she was known as Endeavour Bark to distinguish her from another Endeavour in the Royal Navy. A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel History of the term The word barc appears to have come from Celtic languages This 18th century use of the term 'bark' should not be confused with the barques of the later 19th and early 20th century. A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel History of the term The word barc appears to have come from Celtic languages She carried 94 men on Cook's first voyage.

Alexander Dalrymple from the Royal Society was first proposed for command of the voyage,^[3] but he made it a condition that he be given a commission with rank of captain, since otherwise the crew would not be subject to naval discipline under him. Alexander Dalrymple ( July 24, 1737 &ndash June 19, 1808) was a Scottish Geographer and the first Hydrographer The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a Learned society for science that was founded in 1660 First Lord of the Admiralty Edward Hawke refused, going so far as to say he would rather cut off his right hand than sign a commission trusting one of His Majesty's ships to a non-seaman! Hawke may well have had in mind a recent case of Dr Halley who was given such a commission and the sailors refused to recognise his authority. The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty were the members of the Board of Admiralty, which exercised command over the Royal Navy. Edward Hawke 1st Baron Hawke, KB ( February 21 1705 &ndash October 16 1781) was a naval officer of the Royal Navy

The impasse was broken by Philip Stephens proposing James Cook who had done good work as a surveyor in Newfoundland and Labrador. Philip Stephens is an English journalist and author Biography Philip Stephens is an associate editor of the Financial Times, where he writes a comment Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Modern Labrador Just like its island neighbour Newfoundland early settlement in Labrador was tied to the sea as demonstrated by the Montagnais, Innu and The admiralty board accepted this and promoted Cook to the rank of lieutenant on 25 May 1768. Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. Year 1768 ( MDCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a (As commander of the ship he was naturally called Captain by those onboard. ) Dalrymple took this disappointment badly.

Other notable members on the expedition were the naturalists Sir Joseph Banks from England, Dr. Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods Sir Joseph Banks 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 &ndash 19 June 1820 was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of Herman Spöring from Finland, Daniel Solander from Sweden (the Oxford University honoured the Swede with a Doctorate of Law after this expedition) ^[4] and the English astronomer Charles Green, who was to be in charge of making the astronomical observations. Herman Diedrich Spöring Jr (or Spoering) (1733 - 1771 was a Finnish explorer, draughtsman, Botanist and a naturalist Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Daniel Carlsson Solander or Daniel Charles Solander ( 19 February 1733 – 13 May 1782) was a Swedish Botanist "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Charles Green (1735 &ndash January 29, 1771) was a British Astronomer, noted for his assignment by the Royal Society in 1768 to the expedition

Cook's voyage

Main article: First voyage of James Cook

The voyage departed Plymouth on August 26, 1768, and took them to the Madeira Islands, along the west coast of Africa and across the Atlantic to South America, arriving in Rio de Janeiro on November 13, 1768. The First voyage of James Cook was the initial Pacific exploratory voyage of James Cook (he had previously sailed with the merchant navy and Royal Navy Plymouth ( is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England about south west of London. Events 1071 - Battle of Manzikert: The Seljuk Turks defeat the Byzantine Army at Manzikert. Year 1768 ( MDCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1768 ( MDCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The next leg rounded Cape Horn into the South Pacific and on to Tahiti, where she remained for the next three months while preparations were made for observing the transit of Venus. Cabo de Hornos redirects here for the Chilean commune see Cabo de Hornos Chile. Tahiti is the largest Island in the Windward group of French Polynesia, located in the Archipelago of Society Islands in the The VENUS ( V ictoria E xperimental N etwork U nder the S ea project is a cabled sea floor observatory operated by the University

Her ostensible mission now completed, she continued with her "unannounced" tasks of charting the Southern Hemisphere. The Endeavour sailed from Tahiti to New Zealand, where she spent the next six months surveying and mapping the coast under some harassment from the Māori population. Tahiti is the largest Island in the Windward group of French Polynesia, located in the Archipelago of Society Islands in the New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island This article discusses the Māori people of New Zealand For their language see Māori language, and for other meanings see Māori (disambiguation. She features on the New Zealand 50 cent coin as a result. This article concerns the Coins of the New Zealand dollar. History On 10 July 1967, New Zealand's currency changed from the From New Zealand she moved west to the coast of Australia, sighting land on April 19, 1770. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday On April 29, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the continent, at a place now known as Kurnell. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Kurnell is a Suburb in southern Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. At first Cook bestowed the name Stingaree (Stingray) Bay to the inlet after the many such creatures found there; this was later changed to Botanist Bay and finally Botany Bay after the unique specimens retrieved by the botanists Joseph Banks, Daniel Solander and Herman Spöring. Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales, a few kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. Sir Joseph Banks 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 &ndash 19 June 1820 was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of Daniel Carlsson Solander or Daniel Charles Solander ( 19 February 1733 – 13 May 1782) was a Swedish Botanist Herman Diedrich Spöring Jr (or Spoering) (1733 - 1771 was a Finnish explorer, draughtsman, Botanist and a naturalist

For the next four months Cook charted the coast of Australia, until the ship ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest Coral reef system in the world composed of over 2900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for 2600 kilometres (1600 mi

Endeavour Reef

Just before 11pm on the evening of 10 June 1770 the ship struck a reef, today called Endeavour Reef, within the Great Barrier Reef. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday The Great Barrier Reef is the largest Coral reef system in the world composed of over 2900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for 2600 kilometres (1600 mi The part they struck stands up steeply from the seabed, so casting the lead had shown 20 fathoms (36 metres) of water right up to the point of striking.

With the sails immediately taken down, the coasting anchor was set out and an attempt made to pull the ship back off the reef, unsuccessfully. Because it was already around high tide the only option was to lighten the ship to float her off, so iron and stone ballast, spoiled stores, and the ships guns were thrown overboard, and the ship's water (drinking water) pumped out. The guns were not simply discarded; Sydney Parkinson records^[5] buoys were attached with the intention of retrieving them later, but that proved impractical. Sydney Parkinson ( c 1745 - 26 January 1771) was a Scottish Quaker, Botanical illustrator and Natural history (The guns and ballast were found in 1969, #. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ) Parkinson also notes that every man on board took turns on the pumps, including Cook, Banks, and the officers.

With about 40 or 50 tons lightened, by Cook's reckoning, on the high tide the next morning a further attempt was made to pull the ship free, but again unsuccessfully. Units of mass There are three similar units of Mass called the ton: Long ton (simply ton in countries such as the United In the afternoon the longboat carried out the two large bower anchors, and block and tackles were put on a total 5 anchors now set, ready to try again on the evening high tide. The ship started to take on water through the damage from the reef, and though the leak would certainly increase once off the reef Cook decided to risk that. At about 10:20pm the ship floated with the tide and was successfully drawn off. The anchors were retrieved, except for the small bower which could not be freed. (It too was found in 1969; see below).

The leak increased with the ship off the reef, and the three working pumps were manned. A mistake happened in sounding the depth of water in the hold when a new man took over and measured from the outside plank where his predecessor had used the ceiling (the top of the cross-beams of the hull). The difference was about 18 inches so the new man's call made it seem the leak had gained on the pumps that much in just a short time, sending a wave of fear through the ship. As soon as the mistake was realized the relief acted like a charm and with redoubled efforts the pumps kept ahead of the leak.

The prospects if the ship sank were grim. The typical understatement in the journals of the seamen make it easy to underestimate the danger, only in Banks is there a taste of it. For a start the ship was miles from shore and the boats could not carry everyone (being made for work, not as lifeboats) so many would surely drown. And those who survived would be left unarmed and without food in an unknown land. Banks noted the calm efficiency of the crew in the face of danger, contrary to stories he'd heard of seamen turning to plunder and refusing command in such circumstances.

Midshipman Jonathon Munkhouse proposed fothering the ship, as he had been on a merchant ship which used the technique successfully. Fother is an old unit for measuring the quantity of Lead in England. He was entrusted with supervising the task, sewing bits of oakum and wool into an old sail, which was then drawn under the ship (on the outside), the theory being that water pressure (from the sea) would push those materials into the hole in the hull, plugging it. Oakum is a preparation of Tarred Fibre used in Shipbuilding, forcaulking or packing the joints of timbers in wooden vessels and thedeck planking of iron This technique worked better than any had hoped, and soon very little water was entering, allowing the the pumps to be stopped.

The crew proceeded north looking for a harbour to make repairs and on the afternoon of 13 June came to Endeavour River, as Cook later named it. Events 1525 - Martin Luther marries Katharina von Bora, against the Celibacy rule decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for The Endeavour River ( Guugu Yimithirr: Wabalumbaal) on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia, was named in 1770 Strong winds prevented the ship getting across the bar until the afternoon of 17 June. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat There they careened her and made repairs to the hull. Careening a sailing vessel means to beach it at high Tide in order usually to expose one side or another of the ship's hull for maintenance A piece of coral the size of a man's fist had sliced clean through the planks of the hull, and broken off, wedged there. It was fortunate it stuck, because (on Parkinson's reckoning at least) an open hole that size would in all probability have sunk the ship.

With repairs made and after a delay waiting for the wind they were able to set off again on the afternoon of 3 August. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. The careening hadn't got the ship completely out of the water, so only a limited examination of the very bottom had been possible, but it seemed sound enough. When they later reached Batavia (9 November) it turned out some planks were damaged to within 1/8 inch (3 millimetres) of being cut through. Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all It was a "surprise to every one who saw her bottom how we had kept her above water" as Cook said (though doing more at Endeavour River may not have been practical anyway).

Homeward

She turned for home arriving, after several other stops, on July 11, 1771. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 1771 ( MDCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Cook's first voyage in Endeavour is of historical importance because of its contributions to the world's knowledge of seamanship and navigation, as well as geography. Navigation is the process of reading and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena

Approximately one month after his feted return to England, Lt. Cook was promoted to the Royal Navy rank of Commander, and by the end of November he was in receipt of Admiralty Orders for a new expedition to the southern hemisphere and search for Terra Australis. Commander is a Military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service

Cook's two subsequent voyages of exploration were made in command of another vessel, HMS Resolution. The first of these (1771—1776) circumnavigated the globe at a high southern latitude in the Southern Ocean, and laid to rest any lasting doubts that there was an undiscovered continent at these latitudes. The Southern Ocean, also known as the Great Southern Ocean, the Antarctic Ocean and the South Polar Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of On the second Resolution expedition (1771—1780), Cook charted the western coastline of North America, from California northwards to Bering Strait. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Bering Strait (Берингов пролив Beringov proliv) is a sea Strait between Cape Dezhnev, Russia, the easternmost point (169°43' Finding his attempts to sail through the strait frustrated by pack ice, Cook returned southwards through the central Pacific to the Hawaiian Islands, which he had first encountered in the earlier part of this voyage, naming them the Sandwich Islands. The Hawaiian Islands, once known as the Sandwich Islands, form an Archipelago of 19 Islands and Atolls numerous smaller "Sandwich Island" redirects here Sandwich Island is also an early name for the Cook Islands island of Manuae, and for the island of Efate It was here, after spending some months in the archipelago that Cook met his end— killed in an altercation with the local Hawaiians at Kealakekua Bay on February 14, 1779. Kealakekua Bay is located on the Kona coast of the island of Hawai'i about 12 miles south of Kailua-Kona. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1779 ( MDCCLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common

Scurvy

Much has been made of Cook's success avoiding scurvy on the voyage. Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans Although the efficacy of oranges and lemons had been known for some 175 years (since Hawkins in 1593), they could not always be obtained. An orange —specifically the sweet orange —is the Citrus fruit Citrus sinensis ( syn The lemon ( Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants Sir Richard Hawkins (c 1562 &ndash April 17, 1622, London) (also spelled "Hawkyns" was a 17th century English seaman explorer The disease was not well understood and was a very serious problem on long voyages.

The Admiralty Sick and Hurt Board gave Cook a number of believed anti-scorbutics, based mainly on ideas of Dr David McBride. Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans These included malt (which McBride favoured), concentrated orange juice, and sauerkraut. Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further Orange juice is a Fruit juice obtained by squeezing pressing or otherwise crushing the interior of an orange. Sauerkraut ( English:, German:, Yiddish: ˈzɔi̯əʀˌkʀɔi̯t is finely shredded Cabbage that has been fermented by various Malt is now known to be ineffective, having barely a trace of vitamin C; and concentrating juices by heating destroys much of their vitamin C. Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian Sauerkraut is a good source of vitamin C and was apparently new to a shipboard diet.

Sailors of the day were notoriously against innovation, and at first the men would not eat the sauerkraut. Cook used a little trick, one he'd never known to fail. He ordered it served to himself and the officers, and left an option for crew who wanted some. Within a week of seeing their superiors set a value on it the demand was so great a ration had to be instituted. (Cook's journal 13 April 1769. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 1769 ( MDCCLXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a )

Cook's general approach was essentially empirical, encouraging as broad a diet as circumstances permitted, and collecting such greens as could be had when making landfall. All onboard ate the same food, with Cook specifically dividing equally anything that could be divided (and indeed recommending that practice to any commander – journal 4 August 1770). Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday

Two cases of scurvy did occur on board, astronomer Charles Green and the Tahitian navigator Tupaea were treated, but Cook was able to proudly record that upon reaching Batavia he had "not one man upon the sick list" (journal 15 October 1770), unlike so many voyages that reached that port with much of the crew suffering illness. Charles Green (1735 &ndash January 29, 1771) was a British Astronomer, noted for his assignment by the Royal Society in 1768 to the expedition Tahiti is the largest Island in the Windward group of French Polynesia, located in the Archipelago of Society Islands in the Tupaia (c 1725 &ndashDecember 1770) was a Polynesian Navigator and Arioi (Tohunga or Priest) originally from Jakarta (also DKI Jakarta) is the Capital and largest city of Indonesia. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1770 ( MDCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Friday

Later history

In 1773 the British Admiralty fitted out Endeavour as a store ship and finally sold her in 1775 for £615. After that point there is much doubt as to her fate. One account has her sold to the French in 1790 and renamed La Liberté, finally running aground in 1794, near Newport, Rhode Island, USA. Year 1794 ( MDCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Newport is a city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States, about 30 miles (48 km south of Providence The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Another version has her moored as a hulk on the River Thames near Woolwich in 1825. The Thames ( is a major River flowing through southern England. Woolwich (ˈwʊlɪtʃ or /ˈwʊlɪdʒ/ is a suburb in south-east London, England in the London Borough of Greenwich, on the south side of the River Yet another version has Endeavour returned to the coal trade in 1775 and grounded at Rhode Island in 1790, this version being the more plausible. Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year

After being sold out of the Royal Navy, she was purchased by James Mather & Sons in 1775 and re-named Lord Sandwich in 1777 (Ref: Lloyd's Register of Shipping. The Lloyd's Register Group is a maritime Classification society and independent risk management organisation providing risk assessment and mitigation services ) Mather used the old ship as a transport on voyages to Archangel in Russia to bring back European fir trees to make masts and spars for the over-burdened Royal Navy. Arkhangelsk (Арха́нгельск formerly called Archangel in English, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast

When Lord Sandwich was all but a wreck, Mather was asked to provide one of his three hundred ships to transport Hessian mercenaries to Rhode Island, USA, to help the British put down the recalcitrant Colonial Americans. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Mather offered one his 'relics,' the old spongy Bark Endeavour renamed Lord Sandwich.

At Newport, Rhode Island, Lord Sandwich was turned into a Prison ship under the British flag. Newport is a city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States, about 30 miles (48 km south of Providence A prison ship, historically sometimes called a prison hulk, is a vessel used as a Prison, often to hold convicts awaiting transportation to penal colonies

In the spring of 1778 the French and Americans signed a treaty. This union saw the French dispatch an armada of ships with 3,000 troops to America to assist in the war effort. Eventually the French forces arrived at Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Narragansett Bay is a Bay and Estuary on the north side of Rhode Island Sound. The British Commander in charge, Captain Brisbane, realised that he had little defence against superior forces and so ordered a number of ships sunk as a blockade to the Newport, Rhode Island's outer harbour entrance. This blockade proved successful.

The blockade ships sunk by Captain Brisbane during August 1778 included HM Frigates Juno 32; Lark 32; Orpheus 32; Cerberus 28; a number of HM Galley ships Spitfire; Alarm; Pigot; sloop Flora 12-pdr (later raised); and the Sloops Falcon (later raised); and Kingfisher, and ten transports. Some of these ships were later raised and placed back in service.

Rhode Island Marine Archaeologist Dr Kathy Abbass set out to find out more about the demise of Lord Sandwich by delving through the copious files at the Public Record Office, London. The Public Record Office (PRO of the United Kingdom is one of the three organisations that make up the National Archives (the others are the Historical Manuscripts This search found some persuasive evidence that brings the location of the demise of Cook's Bark Endeavour closer.

Amongst the information gleaned from the PRO records:

• 4 February, 1776, the Lord Sandwich was accepted into Transport Service (to the US) a Transport Office survey showed:
  • Lord Sandwich "Burthen according to Measurem[en]t" is 368 71/94 tons and Above 7 ft 6 in Height, between Decks Midships 7 ft 9, in Abaft 7 ft 11 in.
• 7 February 1776 – "Ready to enter into pay"

In a ledger called "Entry of Transport Charter Party's 1774 - 1794" is also found the Lord Sandwich under contract as of 2 January, 1776, entered into pay 7 February, 1776, and with tonnage of 368 71/94 tons.

Probably one of the most persuasive documents found by Dr Abbass was a letter from Captain Brisbane, the senior naval commander at Newport RI. On August 3 He wrote to Admiral Howe in New York to report on circumstances in Newport:

"As to the time the Garrison may be able to sustain the Attempts of the Enemy, Is the General says, very uncertain and depends upon the Numbers they throw in—With respect to the nature of their hostile operations, There are two Ships of the Line up the Naraganset [sic] Passage; Two Frigates a large Brig and two Sloops in the Seconnet; The rest consisting of Ten Sail of the Line and one Frigate are still at Anchor without any form, between Churche's [sic] Point, (which forms the West Side of Easton's Beach) and Brenton's Reef, the Southmost about 5 miles Distance from the Island, the other Frigate is supposed to be Cruizing off Montock Point". The blockade ships sunk by Captain Brisbane during August 1778 included HM Frigates Juno 32; Lark 32; Orpheus 32; Cerberus 28; a number of HM Galley ships Spitfire; Alarm; Pigot; sloop Flora 12 pdr (later raised); and the Sloops Falcon (later raised); and Kingfisher, and ten transports including Lord Sandwich.

Captain Brisbane further stated:

"This Morning I caused five Transports to be sunk in the passage between Goat Island and the Blue Rocks, to prevent the Approach of the Enemy too near the North Battery so as to attack it with Advantage. And Five more Transports are proceeding out, in order to be sunk between Goat Island and Rose Island for the same Purpose".

Mather as owner of these vessels sunk at RI despatched a letter via his Agent to the Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy dated London, December 2, 1778 requesting that a valuation certificate be issued by the Deptford Naval Yard:

"Honble Sirs. The Masters of the Transports Destroy’d at Rhode Island are arriv[e]d and passing their Accounts at the Victualling Office, I beg the favour you will be pleased to order the Deptford Officers to Send up the Value of Eache" [sic].

The letter achieved its purpose for a valuation certificate for all of those vessels sunk at RI was issued. It included the Lord Sandwich of 368 71/94 tons that entered into pay on February 7, 1776.

Confusion with this story is not helped when the history of Cook's other ship Resolution is followed up - she too was renamed, as Marie Antoinette and later La Liberte and serendipitously she also ended her days in Newport, RI (Now under the car park at Sherman's Wharf).

Dr Abbass concluded:

"Based on the Public Records Office documents, there can be no doubt that this is the same Lord Sandwich that had been HMB Endeavour, and that she was one of the transports sunk in Newport's outer harbour in 1718. If Connell and Liddy ("Cook's Bark Endeavour: Did this Vessel end her days in Newport, Rhode Island?", Great Circle Vol. 19, No 1 1997) are correct that La Liberte was Cook's Resolution, abandoned at a dock in Newport's inner harbour in 1793, then Newport was the final port of call for two of the four vessels that went around the world with Captain James Cook".

A Reuters article published on May 16, 2006 seems to indicate the possible presence of the Endeavour within Rhode Island's state waters; it was reportedly sunk in 1778, bearing the later name Lord Sandwich, according to the records of archaeologists with the Rhode Island Marine Archaeology Project . This article is primarily about Reuters prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson

Endeavour Reef recoveries

In 1886 the Working Men's Progress Association of Cooktown wanted to recover the cannons Cook had left at Endeavour Reef when grounded there, for a proposed memorial. Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Cooktown ( Guugu Yimithirr: Gangaarr) is the northernmost town on the east coast of Australia, located at the mouth of the Endeavour River, They offered a £300 reward but searches that year and the next failed to find anything. Further later searches in 1966, 1967 and 1968 were unsuccessful too. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[5]

In 1969 a search using a sophisticated magnetometer designed by Virgil Kaufman from the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences found the abandoned cannons, and iron ballast, near the reef. Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure the strength and/or direction of the Magnetic field in the vicinity of the instrument The Academy of Natural Sciences is the oldest Natural science research institution and museum in the United States Pinpointing the grounding narrowed down the search for the lost bower anchor too. Seven of the journal keepers had it set to the west, Cook's log and journal put it to the south, but apparently a misreading of Cook's account made the searchers believe it was universally described as westward. An area in that direction was marked out for passes with the magnetometer. By chance while turning it around outside the search area an anomaly was detected, which turned out to be the anchor, to the south, where Cook described.

Conservation work on the cannons was undertaken by the Australian National Maritime Museum and one is on display there. The Australian National Maritime Museum, a Maritime museum operated as a statutory authority of the Australian Government, is located at Darling Harbour ^[6] The anchor and another cannon are displayed at the James Cook Historical Museum in Cooktown^[7]. Cooktown ( Guugu Yimithirr: Gangaarr) is the northernmost town on the east coast of Australia, located at the mouth of the Endeavour River, Those items are all long-term loans from the National Museum of Australia. The National Museum of Australia was formally established by the National Museum of Australia Act 1980. ^[8]

Replica vessel

In January 1988, to commemorate the bicentenary of European settlement in Australia, work began in Fremantle, Western Australia on a replica of Endeavour. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Fremantle (commonly known as Freo is a Port City in Western Australia, located southwest of Perth, the state capital at the mouth of Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. The survival of the original drawings from the 1768 refit at Deptford meant that the replica could be made as similar as possible to the original ship. Financial difficulties delayed completion until April 1994. She then embarked on her own world trip, calling at many ports along the way. After a long voyage the ship is alongside at the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney. The Australian National Maritime Museum, a Maritime museum operated as a statutory authority of the Australian Government, is located at Darling Harbour Sydney (ˈsɪdniː is the most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 4

The ship first visited Whitby, the original Endeavour's home port in England, in 1997 and left in 2003. Whitby is a historic town and Civil parish in the Scarborough district of North Yorkshire on the north-east coast of England. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Research conducted by Karl Heinz Marquardt has cast interesting doubt on the accuracy of the Mizzen Mast dimensions in replica craft (and scale models). A number of the original drawings of Earl of Penbroke and Endeavour still are in existence, although these do not include a mast plan. One drawing (3814c) has written mast and spar dimensions including that of 16 yards 29 inches for the mizzen. Marquardt compares the dimensions of the masts to those in the Navy Standard (W Sutherland, The Ship Builders Assistant, (London 1711, reprint Rotherfield 1989) and dimensions suggested by other sources for mizzen (specifically J Davis from The Seamen's Speculum, London 1711 reprint N. R. G 1985 and J H Roding (unattributed)). All of the other masts are longer than contemporary standards. The mizzen is however shorter than the standards, unless the length in the drawing 3814(c) is a transcription error and should be 19 yards 29 inches (rather than 16/29). The 16/29 reproduction produces a very truncated looking mast, and is inconsistent with the few contemporary reproductions of Endeavour (including sketches of the acclaimed Sydney Parkinson who was the draughtsmen on the first voyage).

Details taken from K H Marquardt "Captain Cook's Endeavour" published 1995 (ISBN 9708 85177 8969) from the "Anatomy of the Ship" series by publisher Anova Books, London, pp18-20, Parkinson sketch p32.

References

• Captain Cook's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World, available at Project Gutenberg. Melbourne University Publishing (MUP is the book publishing arm of the University of Melbourne ( Australia) The Australian National Maritime Museum, a Maritime museum operated as a statutory authority of the Australian Government, is located at Darling Harbour The National Museum of Australia was formally established by the National Museum of Australia Act 1980. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works
• Project Gutenberg Australia hosts a free eBook of The Endeavour Journal of Sir Joseph Banks; note that copyright may apply in countries other than Australia - Zip file, Text file, HTML file

See also

• Ship replica (including a list of ship replicas)

External links

• The Fate of Cook's Ships
• London Port's Endeavour information
• Picture of the recovered anchor and team, in Great Scot newsletter of Scotch College (Melbourne), April 2004
• Joseph Banks' Endeavour Journal
• Endeavour visiting Rotterdam, The Netherlands - Shipyard 'De Delft'
• Scale model made by Bülent Karaali

Named after Endeavour

• Endeavour River, Australia
• Space Shuttle Endeavour
• The Apollo 15 command module. Project Gutenberg of Australia, abbreviated as PGA, is an Internet site which was founded in 2001 by Colin Choat A ship replica is a reconstruction of a no longer existing ship Scotch College Melbourne (commonly referred to as Scotch) is an independent, Presbyterian, day and Boarding school for boys The Endeavour River ( Guugu Yimithirr: Wabalumbaal) on Cape York Peninsula in Far North Queensland, Australia, was named in 1770 NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States Space Shuttle Endeavour ( Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-105 is one of the three currently operational orbiters in the Space Shuttle fleet of
• Endeavour Rupes, an escarpment on Mercury
• The Endeavour Award, Science Fiction/Fantasy Book Award
• Space Shuttle Endeavour, in science-fiction book Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke
• DCI Endeavour Morse, from the novels by Colin Dexter and associated TV series
• Endeavour Enterprises N. Rendezvous with Rama is a novel by Arthur C Clarke first published in 1972. Sir Arthur Charles Clarke, CBE (16 December 1917–19 March 2008 was a British Science fiction Author, Inventor, and Detective Chief Inspector Endeavour Morse is a Fictional character in a series of thirteen Detective novels by British Author Colin Norman Colin Dexter, OBE, (born 29 September 1930 in Stamford, Lincolnshire) is an English Crime writer, known V a Dutch consultancy for interim management is named after the original Endeavour and host pictures of the Bark Endeavour on its website. [Endeavour Enterprises N.V.]

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