Gynecologic hemorrhage

Gynecologic hemorrhage represents excessive bleeding of the female reproductive system. Such bleeding could be visible or external, namely bleeding from the vagina, or it could be internal into the pelvic cavity or form a hematoma. The vagina (from Latin, literally " Sheath " or " Scabbard " is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the Uterus A hematoma, or haematoma, is a collection of Blood outside the blood vessels generally the result of Hemorrhage, or more specifically Internal bleeding Normal menstruation is not considered a gynecologic hemorrhage, as it is not excessive. See also "Mensuration" a term sometimes used to describe Measurement, particularly in the context of Forestry. Hemorrhage associated with a pregnant state or during delivery is an obstetrical hemorrhage. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Obstetrical hemorrhage refers to heavy bleeding during Pregnancy, labor, or the Puerperium.

1 Definition
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
4 Prevention
5 First aid
6 Clinical treatment
7 See also

Definition

Menstruation occurs typically monthly, lasts 3-7 days, and involves up to 80 ml blood. See also "Mensuration" a term sometimes used to describe Measurement, particularly in the context of Forestry. Bleeding in excess of this norm in a nonpregnant woman constitutes gynecologic hemorrhage. In addition, early pregnancy bleeding has sometimes been included as gynecologic hemorrhage, namely bleeding from a miscarriage or an ectopic pregnancy, while it actually represents obstetrical bleeding. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined An ectopic pregnancy is a Complication of pregnancy in which the fertilized Ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall However, from a practical view, early pregnancy bleeding is usually handled like a gynecological hemorrhage.

Causes

Causes of gynecologic bleeding include:

Hormonal

Anovulation is a common cause of gynecological hemorrhage. An anovulatory cycle is a cycle during which the ovaries fail to release an oocyte Under the influence of estrogen the endometrium (uterine lining) is stimulated and eventually such lining will be shed off (estrogen breakthrough bleeding). Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, The endometrium is the inner membrane of the Mammalian Uterus. The anovulation chapter discusses its multiple possible causes. longstanding anovulation can also lead to endometrial hyperplasia and facilitate the development of endometrial cancer. Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition of excessive proliferation of the cells of the Endometrium, or inner lining of the Uterus.

Neoplasm

Cancer of the uterus is always a concern, specifically when the bleeding occurs after menopause. Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Menopause is the permanent shutting down of the female Reproductive system, a considerable length of time before the end of the lifespan Other types of cancer include cervical cancer; bleeding in that case can sometimes be triggered by intercourse and is termed postcoital bleeding. The cervix (from Latin "neck" is the lower narrow portion of the Uterus where it joins with the top end of the Vagina. Cancers of the vagina or fallopian tubes are rare causes of hemorrhage.
Uterine fibroids represent a common, benign condition that may lead to bleeding, specifically if the lesion affects the uterine cavity. Uterine fibroids (singular Uterine Fibroma) ( leiomyomata, singular leiomyoma) are Benign Tumors which grow from the muscle layers of
Polyps of the uterine lining are a common cause of bleeding, but such bleeding tends to be light. An endometrial polyp or uterine polyp is a big lump in the inner lining of the uterus

Trauma

Sexual assault and rape can lead to injury and gynecological hemorrhage. Sexual assault is any Assault of a sexual nature on another person
Accidents to the lower abdomen may lead to internal or external bleeding. An accident is a specific identifiable unexpected unusual and unintended external event which occurs in a particular time and place without apparent or deliberate

Bleeding disorder

Women with a bleeding disorder may be prone to more excessive bleeding. A hematologic work-up should discover the cause.

Other

On occasion an ovarian cyst can rupture and give rise to internal hemorrhage. This may occur during ovulation or as a result of endometriosis. Note This article deals primarily with Human ovulation nonhuman Animal ovulation is touched on briefly at the conclusion Endometriosis (from endo, "inside" and metra, " Womb " is a common medical condition characterized by growth beyond or outside the uterus

If the pregnancy test is positive, consider pregnancy related bleeding (see obstetrical hemorrhage), including miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy. A pregnancy test attempts to determine whether or not a female is pregnant. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Obstetrical hemorrhage refers to heavy bleeding during Pregnancy, labor, or the Puerperium. Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the natural or spontaneous end of a Pregnancy at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving generally defined An ectopic pregnancy is a Complication of pregnancy in which the fertilized Ovum is implanted in any tissue other than the uterine wall

Diagnosis

A history will establish if the condition is acute or chronic, and if external circumstances are involved. A gynecologic examination is usually complemented by a gynecologic ultrasonography. Gynecologic ultrasonography or Gynecologic sonography refers to the application of Medical ultrasonography to the female pelvic organs specifically the Uterus A blood count determines the degree of anemia and may point out bleeding problems. Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative The pregnancy test is important, particularly as bleeding in early pregnancy presents as gynecological hemorrhage and ectopic pregnancy can be fatal. A pregnancy test attempts to determine whether or not a female is pregnant.

Prevention

Generally gynecologic hemorrhage does not arise out of nowhere. Regular gynecologic examinations, cancer screening, and contraceptive measures go a long way in preventing and forestalling unsuspected acute bleeding events.

First aid

Gynecologic hemorrhage needs to be evaluated as soon as possible by a physician. The amount and duration of bleeding will dictate whether a bleeding event is an emergency event.

Clinical treatment

Treatment depends on diagnosis and may include hormonal therapy, iv fluids, blood transfusion, and/or a dilation and curettage. Blood transfusion is the process of transferring Blood or blood-based products from one person into the Circulatory system of another Dilation (dilatation and curettage literally refers to the dilation (opening of the Cervix and surgical removal of the contents of the Uterus. Internal bleeding requires laparoscopy or abdominal surgery. Laparoscopic surgery, also called Minimally invasive surgery (MIS, bandaid surgery, Keyhole surgery, or pinhole surgery

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