| Gustave Flaubert | |
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 Gustave Flaubert |
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| Born | 12 December 1821 Rouen, France |
| Died | 8 May 1880 (aged 58) Rouen, France |
| Occupation | Novelist, playwright |
| Nationality | French |
| Genres | Fictional prose |
| Literary movement | Realism, Romanticism |
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Influences
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Influenced
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Gustave Flaubert (pronounced [gystaːv flobɛːʁ] in French) (December 12, 1821 – May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among the greatest Western novelists. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction For the Wikipedia guideline regarding editing articles see WikipediaManual of Style. This is a list of modern literary movements: that is movements after the Renaissance. Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Anton Pavlovich Chekhov ( –) (Анто́н Па́влович Че́хов) was a Russian short-story writer and Playwright, considered to be one Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French This page is about the novelist For his father the politician see Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov. Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate Guy de Maupassant (gi də mopasɑ̃ (5 August 1850 &ndash 6 July 1893 was a popular 19th-century French Writer and considered one of the fathers of the modern Edmond de Goncourt ( May 26, 1822 &ndash July 16, 1896) was a French writer critic book publisher and the founder of the Académie Alphonse Daudet ( 13 May 1840 &ndash 16 December 1897) was a French Novelist. Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev ( ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈgʲeɪvʲɪtɕ turˈgʲenʲɪf ( &ndash) was a Russian novelist and playwright Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa (born March 28 1936 is a Peruvian writer Politician, Journalist, and Essayist. Louis-Ferdinand Céline was the Pen name of French writer and doctor Louis-Ferdinand Destouches (27 May 1894 &ndash 1 July 1961 Michael Chabon (pron SHAY-bon (born May 24 1963 is an American author and "one of the most celebrated writers of his generation" according to the The Virginia Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Western literature refers to the Literature of the Indo-European languages, as well as several languages geographically or historically related to the Indo-European He is known especially for his first published novel, Madame Bovary (1857), and for his scrupulous devotion to his art and style, best exemplified by his endless search for "le mot juste" ("the precise word"). A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Madame Bovary is a Novel by Gustave Flaubert, who was attacked for obscenity by public prosecutors when it was first serialized in La Revue de
Contents |
Life
Early life and education
Flaubert was born in December 12, 1821, in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, in the Haute-Normandie region of France. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital Seine-Maritime is a French department in Normandy. Before 1955 it was known as Seine-Inférieure. Haute-Normandie ( Upper Normandy) is one of the 26 regions of France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. He was the second son of Achille-Cléophas Flaubert (1784–1846), a surgeon, and Anne Justine Caroline (née Fleuriot) (1793–1872). He began writing at an early age, as early as eight according to some sources. He was educated in his native city and did not leave it until 1840, when he went to Paris to study law. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society
In Paris, he was an indifferent student and found the city distasteful. He made a few acquaintances, including Victor Hugo. Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Towards the close of 1840, he travelled in the Pyrenees and Corsica. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily In 1846, after an attack of epilepsy, he left Paris and abandoned the study of law. Epilepsy is a common chronic Neurological disorder that is characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.
Personal life
After leaving Paris, Flaubert returned to Croisset, close to Rouen, and lived with his mother. Their home near the Seine became Flaubert's home for the rest of his life. The Seine (sɛn in French) is a slow flowing major River and commercial waterway within the regions of Île-de-France and Haute-Normandie Flaubert never married. From 1846 to 1854, he had an affair with the poet Louise Colet (his letters to her survive). Louise Colet ( August 15 1810 &ndash March 9 1876) born Louise Revoil, was a poet born in Aix-en-Provence in France According to his biographer Émile Faguet, his affair with Louise Colet was his only serious romantic relationship. He sometimes visited prostitutes. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. Eventually, the end of his affair with Louise Colet led Flaubert to lose interest in romance and seek platonic companionship, particularly with other writers.
With his lifelong friend Maxime du Camp, he traveled in Brittany in 1846, and to Greece and Egypt in 1849. Maxime Du Camp ( 8 February 1822, Paris - 9 February 1894) was a French Writer and photographer. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. After 1850, Flaubert lived in Croisset with occasional visits to Paris and England, where he had a mistress. He visited Carthage in 1858 to conduct research for his novel Salammbô. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Salammbô (1862 is an Historical novel by Gustave Flaubert, which interweaves historical and fictional characters
Flaubert was a tireless worker and often complained in his letters to friends about the strenuous nature of his work. He was close to his niece, Caroline Commanville, and had a close friendship and correspondence with George Sand. Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 He occasionally visited Parisian acquaintances, including Émile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, Ivan Turgenev, and Edmond and Jules de Goncourt. Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Alphonse Daudet ( 13 May 1840 &ndash 16 December 1897) was a French Novelist. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev ( ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈgʲeɪvʲɪtɕ turˈgʲenʲɪf ( &ndash) was a Russian novelist and playwright Edmond de Goncourt ( May 26, 1822 &ndash July 16, 1896) was a French writer critic book publisher and the founder of the Académie Jules de Goncourt ( Paris, December 17 1830 &ndash Paris June 20, 1870) was a French Writer, who published
The 1870s were difficult. Prussian soldiers occupied his house during the War of 1870, and in 1872, his mother died. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 After her death, he fell into financial straits. Flaubert suffered from venereal diseases most of his life. A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans His health declined and he died at Croisset of a stroke in 1880 at the age of 58. He was buried in the family vault in the cemetery of Rouen. A monument to him by Henri Chapu was unveiled at the museum of Rouen in 1890. Henri-Michel-Antoine Chapu ( 29 September 1833 - 21 April 1891) was a French sculptor in a modified Neoclassical
Writing career
In September 1849, Flaubert completed the first version onovel, which took five years to write, was serialized in the Revue de Paris in 1856. Revue de Paris was a French Literary magazine founded in 1829 by Louis Desiré Veron. The government brought an action against the publisher and against the author on the charge of immorality, but both were acquitted. When Madame Bovary appeared in book form, it met with a warm reception.
In 1858, Flaubert traveled to Carthage to gather material for his next novel, Salammbô. Carthage (Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Carthago from the Phoenician קרת חדשת phn-Latn Qart-ḥadašt meaning new town) refers Salammbô (1862 is an Historical novel by Gustave Flaubert, which interweaves historical and fictional characters The novel was completed in 1862 after four years of work.
Drawing on his childhood experiences, Flaubert next wrote L'Éducation sentimentale (Sentimental Education), an effort that took seven years. Sentimental Education ( French: L'Éducation sentimentale, 1869) was Gustave Flaubert 's last Novel published during L'Éducation sentimentale, his last complete novel, was published in 1869.
He wrote an unsuccessful drama, Le Candidat, and published a reworked version of La Tentation de Saint-Antoine, portions of which had been published as early as 1857. He devoted much of his time to an ongoing project, Les Deux Cloportes (The Two Woodlice), which later became Bouvard et Pécuchet, breaking from the obsessive project only to write the Three Tales in 1877. Bouvard et Pécuchet is an unfinished satirical work by Gustave Flaubert, published in 1881 after his death in 1880 Three Tales ( Trois Contes) is a work by Gustave Flaubert that was originally published in French in 1877. This book comprised three stories: Un Cœur simple (A Simple Heart), La Légende de Saint-Julien l'Hospitalier (The Legend of St. Julian the Hospitaller), and Hérodias (Herodias). Julian the Hospitaller, also known as Julian the Poor, was a legendary Roman Catholic saint After the publication of the stories, he spent the remainder of his life toiling on the unfinished Bouvard et Pécuchet, which was posthumously printed in 1881. Bouvard et Pécuchet is an unfinished satirical work by Gustave Flaubert, published in 1881 after his death in 1880 It was a grand satire on the futility of human knowledge and the ubiquity of mediocrity. He believed the work to be his masterpiece, though the posthumous version received lukewarm reviews. Flaubert was a prolific letter writer, and his letters have been collected in several publications.
Work and legacy
of composition favored and were emphasized by these peculiarities. He worked in sullen solitude, sometimes occupying a week in the completion of one page, never satisfied with what he had composed, violently tormenting his brain for the best turn of a phrase, the final adjective. His incessant labors were rewarded. His private letters show that he was not one of those to whom easy and correct language came naturally; he gained his extraordinary perfection with the unceasing sweat of his brow. Many critics consider Flaubert's best works to be models of style.
That he was one of the greatest writers who ever lived in France is now commonly admitted, and his greatness principally depends upon the extraordinary vigour and exactitude of his style. Less perhaps than any other writer, not of France, but of modern Europe, Flaubert yields admission to the inexact, the abstract, the vaguely inapt expression which is the bane of ordinary methods of composition. He never indulgently or wearily went on, leaving behind him a phrase which almost expressed his meaning. As a writer, Flaubert was nearly equal parts romantic, realist, and pure stylist. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Hence, members of various schools, especially realists and formalists, have traced their origins to his work. The exactitude with which he adapts his expressions to his purpose can be seen in all parts of his work, especially in the portraits he draws of the figures in his principal romances. The degree to which Flaubert's fame has extended since his death presents an interesting chapter of literary history in itself. He is also accredited with spreading the popularity of the color Tuscany Cypress, a color often mentioned in his chef-d'oeuvre Madame Bovary.
The publication of ary in 1857 was followed by more scandal than admiration; it was not understood at first that this novel was the beginning of something new: the scrupulously truthful portraiture of life. Gradually, this aspect of his genius was accepted, and it began to crowd out all others. At the time of his death he was widely regarded as the most influential French Realist. Under this aspect Flaubert exercised an extraordinary influence over Guy de Maupassant, Edmond de Goncourt, Alphonse Daudet, and Zola. Guy de Maupassant (gi də mopasɑ̃ (5 August 1850 &ndash 6 July 1893 was a popular 19th-century French Writer and considered one of the fathers of the modern Edmond de Goncourt ( May 26, 1822 &ndash July 16, 1896) was a French writer critic book publisher and the founder of the Académie Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Even after the decline of the Realist school, Flaubert did not lose prestige in the literary community; he continues to appeal to other writers because of his deep commitment to aesthetic principles, his devotion to style, and his indefatigable pursuit of the perfect expression.
He can be said to have made cynicism into an art form, as evinced by this observation from 1846:
- To be stupid, and selfish, and to have good health are the three requirements for happiness; though if stupidity is lacking, the others are useless. Cynicism (Kυνισμός originally comprised the various philosophies of a group of ancient Greeks called the Cynics, founded by
His Œuvres Complètes (8 vols. , 1885) were printed from the original manuscripts, and included, besides the works mentioned already, the two plays, Le Candidat and Le Château des cœurs. Another edition (10 vols. ) appeared in 1873–1885. Flaubert's correspondence with George Sand was published in 1884 with an introduction by Guy de Maupassant. Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 Guy de Maupassant (gi də mopasɑ̃ (5 August 1850 &ndash 6 July 1893 was a popular 19th-century French Writer and considered one of the fathers of the modern
He has been admired or written about by almost every major literary personality of the 20th century, including philosophers and sociologists such as Pierre Bourdieu and Jean Paul Sartre whose partially psychoanalytic portrait of Flaubert in The Family Idiot was published in 1971. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Pierre Bourdieu ( August 1, 1930 – January 23, 2002) was an acclaimed French Sociologist and writer known for his Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Georges Perec named Sentimental Education as one of his favorite novels. Georges Perec ( 7 March 1936 &ndash 3 March 1982) was a highly-regarded French Sentimental Education ( French: L'Éducation sentimentale, 1869) was Gustave Flaubert 's last Novel published during The Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa is another great admirer of Flaubert. Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa (born March 28 1936 is a Peruvian writer Politician, Journalist, and Essayist. Apart from Perpetual Orgy, which is solely devoted to Flaubert's art, one can find lucid discussions in Vargas Llosa's recently published Letters to a Young Novelist.
Bibliography
Major works
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- Mémoires d’un fou (1838) (tr. This article is a general introduction to French literature For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods see the separate historical articles in the Medieval French literature is for the purpose of this article Literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle For more information on historical developments in this period see Renaissance, History of France, and Early Modern France. French literature of the 17th century &mdashthe so-called Grand Siècle &mdashspans the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici French literature of the 18th century usually refers to the literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798 the year French literature of the nineteenth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1799 to 1900 French literature of the twentieth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1895 to 1990 Contemporary French literature is French literature roughly from the 1990s to Today. Chronological list of French language authors (regardless of nationality by date of birth Memoirs of a Madman)
- Madame Bovary (1857)
- Salammbô (1862)
- L'Éducation sentimentale (1869) (tr. Memoirs of a Madman (Mémoires d'un fou is an autobiographical text written by Gustave Flaubert in 1838. Madame Bovary is a Novel by Gustave Flaubert, who was attacked for obscenity by public prosecutors when it was first serialized in La Revue de Salammbô (1862 is an Historical novel by Gustave Flaubert, which interweaves historical and fictional characters Sentimental Education)
- La Tentation de Saint Antoine (1874) (tr. Sentimental Education ( French: L'Éducation sentimentale, 1869) was Gustave Flaubert 's last Novel published during The Temptation of Saint Anthony)
- Trois contes (1877) (tr. The Temptation of Saint Anthony (French La Tentation de Saint Antoine) is a book which Gustave Flaubert spent practically his whole life fitfully working Three Tales) (More short stories published in "Early Writings": ISBN 0-8032-1982-2)
- Bouvard et Pécuchet (1881, posthumously published)
- Dictionnaire des idées reçues (1911, posthumously published, tr. Three Tales ( Trois Contes) is a work by Gustave Flaubert that was originally published in French in 1877. Bouvard et Pécuchet is an unfinished satirical work by Gustave Flaubert, published in 1881 after his death in 1880 Dictionary of Received Ideas)
- November (written, 1842)
Correspondence (in English)
- Selections:
- Selected Letters (ed. The Dictionary of Received Ideas (in French Le Dictionnaire des idées reçues) is a short satirical work collected and published in 1911-3 from notes compiled by Francis Steegmuller, 1953, 2001)
- Selected Letters (ed. Francis Steegmuller (1906 - 1994 was an American biographer translator and fiction writer who was known chiefly as a Flaubert scholar Geoffrey Wall, 1997)
- Flaubert in Egypt: A Sensibility on Tour (1972)
- Flaubert and Turgenev, a Friendship in Letters: The Complete Correspondence (ed. Barbara Beaumont, 1985)
- Correspondence with George Sand:
- The George Sand-Gustave Flaubert Letters, translated by Aimée G. Leffingwel McKenzie (A. L. McKensie), introduced by Stuart Sherman (1921), available at the Gutenberg website as E-text N° 5115
- Flaubert-Sand: The Correspondence (1993)
Biographical and other related publications
- Brown, Frederick, Flaubert: A Biography, Little, Brown; 2006. ISBN 0-316-11878-8
- Hennequin, Émile, Quelques écrivains français Flaubert, Zola, Hugo, Goncourt, Huysmans, etc. , available at the Gutenberg website as E-text N° 12289
- Barnes, Julian, Flaubert's Parrot, ISBN 0-330-28976-4
- Steegmuller, Francis, Flaubert and Madame Bovary: A Double Portrait, Viking Press; 1939. Julian Patrick Barnes (born January 19, 1946 in Leicester, England) is a contemporary English Writer. Flaubert's Parrot is a novel by Julian Barnes that was shortlisted for the Booker Francis Steegmuller (1906 - 1994 was an American biographer translator and fiction writer who was known chiefly as a Flaubert scholar
- Tooke, Adrianne, Flaubert and the Pictorial Arts: From Image to Text, Oxford University Press;
2000. ISBN 0-19-815918-8
- Wall, Geoffrey, Flaubert: A Life, Faber and Faber; 2001. ISBN 0-571-21239-5
- Various authors, The Public vs. M. Gustave Flaubert, available at the Gutenberg website as E-text N° 10666.
- Sartre, Jean-Paul. The Family Idiot: Gustave Flaubert, 1821-1857, Volumes 1-5. University Of Chicago Press, 1987.
External links
Online Texts
- French Audiobook (mp3): La femme du monde (taken from Flaubert's early works)
- Works by Gustave Flaubert at Project Gutenberg
- Flaubert's works: text, concordances and frequency list
More links
- Overview
- site of the Centre Flaubert at Rouen
- Multilingual research links
- Flaubert entry at the Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism site
- Bibliomania page
- A comprehensive site in French
- Flaubert 'Bookweb' on literary website The Ledge, with suggestions for further reading.
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
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