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Gustav Stresemann
Gustav Stresemann
In office
August 13 – November 23, 1923
Preceded by Wilhelm Cuno
Succeeded by Wilhelm Marx
Born May 10, 1878(1878-05-10)
Died October 3, 1929 (aged 51)
Political party German People's Party

Gustav Stresemann (help·info) (May 10, 1878 – October 3, 1929) was a German liberal politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Minister during the Weimar Republic. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Wilhelm Cuno ( 2 July 1876 &ndash 3 January 1933) was a German Politician who was the Chancellor of Germany Wilhelm Marx ( January 15, 1863 August 5, 1946) was a German Lawyer Catholic Politician and a member of the Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This page is about the German People's Party which existed between 1918 and 1933 Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler This page lists State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs under the German Empire (1871-1919 Reich Ministers of Foreign Affairs (1919-1945 and Federal Ministers of Foreign The term Weimar Republic ( ˈvaɪmarɐ repuˈbliːk is used by historians to signify the democratic and Republican period of Germany from 1919 to 1933 He was co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor

Stresemann's politics defy easy categorization. Today, he is generally considered one of the most important leaders of Germany and a staunch supporter of democracy in the fragile Weimar Republic. Further, he is noted as one of the first to envisage European economic integration. Arguably, his most notable achievement was reconciliation between Germany and France, for which he and Aristide Briand received the Peace Prize. Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize On the other hand, he supported anti-Polish policies, and engineered a trade war between Germany and Poland.

Contents

Early years

Stresemann was born in Berlin. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. He came from middle class origins, as the son of a Berlin innkeeper and beer distributor. The middle class, in colloquial usage consists of those who have some economic independence but not a great deal of social Influence or power. Inns are establishments where travellers can procure Food, Drink, and Lodging. However, he attended the Universities of Berlin and Leipzig, studied philosophy and literature and received a doctorate in economics. The University of Leipzig (Universität Leipzig located in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the oldest universities Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. He also became a spokesman for his student association. A spokesman ( spokeswoman or spokesperson) is someone engaged to speak on behalf of others A students' union, student government, student senate, students' association, or guild of students is a Student Organization

In 1902 he founded the Saxon Manufacturers' Association. The Kingdom of Saxony (Königreich Sachsen lasting between 1806 and 1918 was an independent member of a number of historical confederacies in Napoleonic through post-Napoleonic In 1903 he married Käthe Kleefeld, daughter of a wealthy Jewish Berlin businessman. At that time he was also a member of Friedrich Naumann's National-Social Association. Friedrich Naumann ( March 25 1860 &ndash August 24 1919) was a German Politician and Protestant parish The National-Social Association (Nationalsozialer Verein NSV was a German political party founded in 1896 by Friedrich Naumann in opposition to the Social Democratic Party In 1906 he was elected to the Dresden town council. Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Though he had initially worked in trade associations, Stresemann soon became a leader of the National Liberal Party in Saxony. The National Liberal Party ( Nationalliberale Partei) was a German political party which flourished between 1867 and 1918 In 1907, he was elected to the Reichstag, where he soon became a close associate of party chairman Ernst Bassermann. The Reichstag ( German for "Imperial Diet " was the Parliament of the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, However, he disagreed with the most conservative party members and lost his post in the party's executive committee in 1912. Later that year he lost both his Reichstag and town council seats. He returned to business and founded the German-American Economic Association. In 1914 he returned to the Reichstag. He was exempted from war service due to poor health.

The evolution of his political ideas appears somewhat erratic. Initially, in the German Empire, Stresemann was associated with the left wing of the National Liberals. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification During World War I, he gradually moved to the right, expressing his support of the monarchy and Germany's expansionist goals. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All He was a vocal proponent of unrestricted submarine warfare. Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of Naval warfare in which Submarines sink merchant ships without warning as opposed to attacks per prize regulations

Stresemann briefly joined the German Democratic Party after the war, but was expelled for his association with the right wing and his grudging support of the Weimar Republic. The German Democratic Party, or Deutsche Demokratische Partei (DDP was founded by leaders of the former Progressive People's Party (Fortschrittliche He then gathered most of the right wing of the old National Liberal Party into the German People's Party (German: Deutsche Volkspartei, DVP), with himself as chairman. This page is about the German People's Party which existed between 1918 and 1933 The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Most of its support came from middle class and upper class Protestants. The DVP platform promoted Christian family values, secular education, lower tariffs, opposition to welfare spending and agrarian subsides and hostility to "Marxism" (that is, the Communists, and also the Social Democrats). Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left

The DVP was initially seen, along with the German National People's Party, as part of the "national opposition" to the Weimar Republic, particularly for its ambivalent attitude towards the Freikorps and the Kapp Putsch in 1920. The German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei DNVP was a national-conservative party in Germany during the time of the Weimar Republic The designation of Freikorps ( German for "Free Corps " was originally applied to voluntary armies formed in German lands from the middle of 18th century The Kapp Putsch — or more accurately the Kapp-Lüttwitz Putsch — was a 1920 coup attempt during the German revolution aimed at overthrowing the However, Stresemann gradually moved to cooperation with the parties of the left and center - possibly in reaction to political murders like that of Walther Rathenau. Walther Rathenau ( September 29, 1867 – June 24, 1922) was a German industrialist politician writer and statesman who served as However, he was a monarchist at heart.

In the Weimar Republic

On August 13, 1923, in the midst of the Ruhr Crisis, he was appointed Chancellor and Foreign Minister of a grand coalition government. Events 3114 BC - According to the Lounsbury correlation the start of the Maya calendar. Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Occupation of the Rhineland gave the French and Belgian armies the springboard from which it was easy to undertake the occupation of the Ruhr. As Chancellor, Stresemann went a long way towards resolving the crisis, but some of his moves - like his refusal to deal firmly with culprits of the Beer Hall Putsch - alienated the Social Democrats. The Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Munich Putsch) was a failed Coup d'état that occurred between the evening of Thursday November 8 They left the coalition and arguably caused its collapse on November 23, 1923. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1923 ( MCMXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Stresemann remained as Foreign Minister in the government of his successor, Centrist Wilhelm Marx. The German Centre Party ( Deutsche Zentrumspartei or merely Zentrum) was a Catholic political party in Germany during the Kaiserreich Wilhelm Marx ( January 15, 1863 August 5, 1946) was a German Lawyer Catholic Politician and a member of the He remained foreign minister for the rest of his life in eight successive governments ranging from the centre-right to the centre-left.

In the so-called year of crises (1923) he showed strength by calling-off the popular passive resistance at the Ruhr. Since Germany was no longer able to pay the striking workers, more and more money was printed, which finally led to hyperinflation. Stresemann ended this disastrous process by introducing a new currency, the Rentenmark, which reassured the people that the democratic system was willing and able to solve urgent problems.

(Year of Crises: Invasion of the Ruhr by the French, hyperinflation, communist uprisings in Thuringia and Saxony, and the Beer Hall Putsch started by Hitler in Munich. )

As Foreign Minister, Stresemann had numerous achievements. His first notable achievement was the Dawes Plan of 1924, which reduced Germany's overall reparations commitment and reorganized the Reichsbank. The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee chaired by Charles G

His second success was the Rhineland Pact with Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium, signed in October 1925 at Locarno. The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October &ndash 16 October 1925 and formally signed Germany officially recognized the post World War I western border for the first time, and was guaranteed peace with France, and promised admission to the League of Nations and evacuation of the last Allied occupation troops from the Rhineland. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Germany's eastern borders were guaranteed to Poland only by France, not by a general agreement.

After this reconciliation with the Versailles powers, Stresemann moved to allay the growing suspicion of the Soviet Union. The Treaty of Berlin signed in April 1926 reaffirmed and strengthened the Rapallo Agreement of 1922. See also Soviet-German relations before 1941 The Treaty of Berlin is often used for the agreement of April 24, 1926 under which Germany In September 1926, Germany was admitted to the League of Nations as permanent member of the Security Council. The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 This was a sign that Germany was quickly becoming a "normal" state and assured the Soviet Union of Germany's sincerity in the Treaty of Berlin.

Stresemann was co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926 for these achievements,.

Germany signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact in August 1928. The Kellogg-Briand Pact, also known as the Pact of Paris, after the city where it was signed on August 27, 1928, was an international treaty "providing It renounced the use of violence to resolve international conflicts. Although Stresemann did not propose the pact, Germany's adherence convinced many people that Weimar Germany was a Germany that could be reasoned with. This new insight was instrumental in the Young Plan of February 1929 which led to more reductions in German reparations payment. The Young Plan was a program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I.

Gustav Stresemann's success owed much to his friendly personal character and his willingness to be pragmatic. He was close personal friends with many influential foreigners. The most noted was Briand, with whom he shared the Peace Prize. [1]

Stresemann was not, however, in any sense pro-French. His main preoccupation was how to free Germany from the burden of reparations payments to Britain and France, imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. World War I reparations refers to the payments and transfers of property and equipment that the German country was forced to make under the Treaty of Versailles (1919 following His strategy for this was to forge an economic alliance with the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The U. S. was Germany's main source of food and raw materials, and one of the Germany's largest export markets for manufactured goods. Germany's economic recovery was thus in the interests of the U. S. , and gave the U. S. an incentive to help Germany escape from the reparations burden. The Dawes and Young plans were the result of this strategy. Stresemann had a close relationship with Herbert Hoover, who was Secretary of Commerce in 1921-28 and President from 1929. Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10 1874 &ndash October 20 1964 was the thirty-first President of the United States (1929–1933 The United States Secretary of Commerce is the head of the United States Department of Commerce concerned with business and industry the Department states its mission to This strategy worked remarkably well until it was derailed by the Great Depression after Stresemann's death. [2]

During his period in the foreign ministry, Stresemann came more and more to accept the Republic, which he had at first rejected. By the mid-1920s, having contributed much to a (temporary) consolidation of the feeble democratic order, Stresemann was regarded as a Vernunftrepublikaner (republican by reason) - someone who accepted the Republic as the least of all evils, but was in their heart still loyal to the monarchy. The conservative opposition criticized him for his supporting the republic and fulfilling too willingly the demands of the Western powers. Along with Matthias Erzberger and others, he was attacked as a Erfüllungspolitiker ("fulfillment politician"). Matthias Erzberger ( September 20, 1875 – August 26, 1921) was a German Political figure.

Stresemann is remembered for his role in consolidating liberal democracy in Germany and concluding peace with her western neighbors. On the other hand, his position on the Polish-German border was as uncompromising as any German politician's of that time, except for the Communists.

In 1925, when he first proposed an agreement with France, he made it clear that in doing so he intended to "gain a free hand to secure a peaceful change of the borders in the East and [. . . ] concentrate on a later incorporation of German territories in the East". [3] In the same year, while Poland was in a state of political and economic crisis, Stresemann began a trade war against the country. A trade war refers to two or more Nations raising or creating Tariffs or other Trade barriers on each other in retaliation for other trade barriers Stresemann hoped for an escalation of the Polish crisis, which would enable Germany to regain territories ceded to Poland after World War I, and he wanted Germany to gain a larger market for its products there. So Stresemann refused to engage in any international cooperation that would have "prematurely" restabilized the Polish economy. In response to a British proposal, Stresemann wrote to the German ambassador in London: "[A] final and lasting recapitalization of Poland must be delayed until the country is ripe for a settlement of the border according to our wishes and until our own position is sufficiently strong". According to Stresemann's letter, there should be no settlement until [Poland's] economic and financial distress has reached an extreme stage and reduced the entire Polish body politic to a state of powerlessness". [4]

Gustav Stresemann died of a heart attack in October 1929 at the age of 51. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply His sudden and premature death, as well as the death of his "pragmatic moderate" French counterpart Briand in 1931, and the assassination of Briand's successor Louis Barthou in 1934, left a vacuum in European statesmanship that further tilted the slippery slope towards World War II. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Jean Louis Barthou (25 August 1862 – 9 October 1934 was a French politician of the Third Republic. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

Gustav and Käthe had two sons, Wolfgang and Joachim Stresemann.

Long Hanborough in Oxfordshire, England, has a small plaque to commemorate his life. History See also History of Oxfordshire The county of Oxfordshire was formed in the early years of the 10th century and is broadly situated in the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

First Cabinet, August - October 1923

Second Cabinet, October - November 1923

Changes

Quotes

If the allies accommodated me one single time, I had overcome the folk, yes, I could still overcome it today. But they gave me nothing and the little concessions they made were always coming too late. So we have no choice left than brutal violence. The future is carried in the new generation's hand, and these, the German youth, which we could have won for peace and reconstruction, we lost. This is my tragedy and their, the allies', crime.

—Stresemann, to diplomat Sir Albert Bruce Lockhart in 1929

Footnotes

  1. ^ Annelise Thimme. "Stresemann and Locarno", 74
  2. ^ Adam Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 6
  3. ^ Stresemann in an article for the Hamburger Fremdenblatt, 10 April 1922, quoted after Martin Broszat, 200 Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1972, p. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Martin Broszat ( August 14, 1926 – October 14, 1989) was a West German Historian. 220.
  4. ^ Stresemann in a letter to the German ambassador in London, quoted after Broszat (see above), p. 224.

Books

External links

Preceded by
Hans von Rosenberg		 Minister of Foreign Affairs
1923-1929		 Succeeded by
Julius Curtius
Preceded by
Wilhelm Cuno		 Chancellor of Germany
1923		 Succeeded by
Wilhelm Marx
Persondata
NAME Stresemann, Gustav
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION German politician
DATE OF BIRTH May 10, 1878
PLACE OF BIRTH Berlin, Germany
DATE OF DEATH October 3, 1929
PLACE OF DEATH Berlin, Germany
Frederic "Hans" von Rosenberg (born 26 December 1874 in Berlin; died 30 July 1937 in Fürstenzell was a This page lists State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs under the German Empire (1871-1919 Reich Ministers of Foreign Affairs (1919-1945 and Federal Ministers of Foreign Julius Curtius ( 7 February 1877, Duisburg - 10 November 1948, Heidelberg) was Foreign Minister of Germany from Wilhelm Cuno ( 2 July 1876 &ndash 3 January 1933) was a German Politician who was the Chancellor of Germany The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler Wilhelm Marx ( January 15, 1863 August 5, 1946) was a German Lawyer Catholic Politician and a member of the Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1878 ( MDCCCLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
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