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Guru Nanak Dev[1] (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਦੇਵ, Gurū Nānak Dēv) (Born in Nankana Sahib, Punjab, (now Pakistan) on 20th October 1469 – 22 September 1539, Kartarpur, Punjab, India), was the founder of Sikhism, and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century The history of Sikhism is closely associated with the History of Punjab, the socio-political situation in medieval India, and the social structures and Simran and Seva: These are the Foundation of Sikhism. It is the duty of every Sikh to practise Naam Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Sikhism was established by Guru Nanak over the period of 1469 to 1708. Sikh Bhagats (ਭਗਤ from Sanskrit भक्त) refers to the saints and holy men of various faiths whose teachings are included in the Sikh holy book This article lists historical personalities who are important to the Sikh religion Mai Bhago (http//www The Sikh religious philosophy is covered in great detail in the Sri Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy text Ek On Kar Sikhs believe there is only one God who has infinite qualities and names The Sikhs must believe in the following values Equality All humans are equal before God – No discrimination is allowed on the basis of caste race sex creed There are a number of religious prohibitions in Sikhism Cutting Hair Cutting hair is strictly forbidden in Sikhism Naam: Or Naam Japo. Free service ( Seva) meditation and prayer ( Simran) sacred music ( Kirtan) prod concern = This is not an encyclopedic topic This is a list of random unrelated facts about Sikhism Gurbani is the term used by Sikhs to refer to any compositions of the Gurus Sikh practices are simple precise and practical guidelines laid out by the Gurus for the practice of the "Sikh way of life" The principal Sikh scripture is the Adi Granth (First Scripture) more commonly called the Guru Granth Sahib. The Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ gurū granth sāhib) or Guru Granth Sahib, is the eleventh and eternal Guru of the Adi Granth (or Aad Granth, literally "the first book" is the early compilation of the Sikh Scriptures by Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji the fifth The Dasven Patshah Da Granth (ਦਸਵੇ ਪਾਤਸ਼ਾਹ ਦਾ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ (book of the Tenth Emperor popularly known as Dasam Granth(ਦਸਮ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ This list is of topics related to Sikhs and Sikhism. Sikhism:CategorySikhism Sikhism Sikh Amritsar Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Nankana Sahib, also known as Raipur is a City in the province of Punjab with a population of almost 160000, it is also the capital of Nankana Sahib Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Kartarpur (meaning The City of God, was established by Guru Nanak during the later days of his life Punjab ( ਪੰਜਾਬ پنجاب, पंजाब پنجاب also Panjab (پنجاب meaning "Land of the Five Rivers") (c India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others

Contents

Birth and early life

Guru Nanak Dev Ji (named Nanak after his sister Nanki) was born on 20 October 1469 into a Hindu family,[2] in the village of Rāi Bhōi dī Talvaṇḍī, now called Nankana Sahib (after the Guru), near Lahore, Pakistan. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Nankana Sahib, also known as Raipur is a City in the province of Punjab with a population of almost 160000, it is also the capital of Nankana Sahib ( lahor is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and is the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and [3] Today, his birthplace is marked by Gurdwara Janam Asthan. His father, Kalyan Das Bedi, also known as Mehta Kalu, was the patwari (accountant) of crop revenue for the village of Talwandi under the Muslim landlord of the village, Rai Bular, who was responsible for collecting taxes. Kalu Mehta was a Hindu by faith a Khatri by caste of the Bedi clan he worked an accountant of land revenue in the government A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Guru Nanak's mother was Tripta Devi and he had one older sister, Nanaki. Mata Tripta, is the mother of the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak Dev. Bebe Nanaki Ji (1464 &ndash 1518 was the elder sister of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism, and an important religious figure in her own right

Gurdwara Nankana Sahib
Gurdwara Nankana Sahib

There are two early sources on the life of Guru Nanak, the Janamsākhīs' and the vārs of the scribe Bhai Gurdas. The Janamsakhis (ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ janamsākhī) literally birth stories, are writings which profess to be biographies of the first Sikh Guru Bhai Gurdas ( 1551 - 25 August 1636) was a Punjabi Sikh writer historian missionary and religious figure

The most popular Janamsākhī are said to have been written by a close companion of the Guru Bhai Bala before Nanak died. Bhai Bala, (1466 - 1544 AD Born in Talvandi Rai Bhoi now called Nankana Sahib in Pakistan. [4] However, the writing style and language employed have left scholars such as Max Arthur Macauliffe certain that they were composed after his death. Michael MacAuliffe, also known as Max Arthur Macauliffe ( 10 September 1841 - 15 March 1913) was a senior British administrator prolific [5]

Bhai Gurdas, Gurū Granth Sāhib's scribe, also wrote about Nanak's life in his vārs. Bhai Gurdas ( 1551 - 25 August 1636) was a Punjabi Sikh writer historian missionary and religious figure The Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ gurū granth sāhib) or Guru Granth Sahib, is the eleventh and eternal Guru of the However, these too were compiled after Guru Nanak's death, and are less detailed than the Janamsākhīs. Sikhs tend to hold Gurdas's accounts in higher esteem because of the author's generally perceived trustworthiness.

The Janamsākhīs recount in minute detail the circumstances of the birth of the guru. They claim that at his birth, an astrologer who came to write his horoscope insisted on seeing the child. On seeing the infant, he is said to have worshipped him with clasped hands. The astrologer then remarked that he regretted that he should never live to see young Guru Nanak's eminence, worshipped as he should be, not only by Hindus but by Muslims as well.

At the age of five years Nanak is said to have begun to discuss spiritual and divine subjects. Divinity and divine (sometimes 'the Divinity' or 'the Divine' are broadly applied but loosely defined terms used variously within different faiths and belief systems — At age seven, his father Mehta Kalu enrolled him at the village school. Kalu Mehta was a Hindu by faith a Khatri by caste of the Bedi clan he worked an accountant of land revenue in the government [6] In his youth he became familiar with the popular creeds of Muslims and Hindus and gained knowledge of the Qur'an and Hindu shastras. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Śāstra (anglicized either shastra or sastra) is a Sanskrit word used to denote Education /knowledge in a general sense He is reported to have been displeased with the corruption and indifference of the learned. A manuscript in Persian mentions that his first teacher was Kabir[7], and Nanak astonished his teacher by asking the hidden meaning of the first letter of the alphabet, which is almost straight stroke in Persian or Arabic, resembling the mathematical version of one and denotes unity or oneness of God[8]. Al-Kabir "the Great" is also one of the 99 names of God in Islam is the reconstructed name of the first letter of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, continued in descended Semitic alphabets as Phoenician Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Nanak left school early after he had shown his scholastic proficiency. He then took to private study and meditation[9].

The Janamsākhīs are unanimous in stating that Nanak courted the retirement of the local forest and the society of the religious men who frequented it. The Janamsakhis (ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ janamsākhī) literally birth stories, are writings which profess to be biographies of the first Sikh Guru Several of them were profoundly versed in the Indian religious literature of the age. Indian literature is generally acknowledged as one of the oldest in the world They had also traveled far and wide within the limits of ancient India, and met its renowned religious teachers. Nanak thus became acquainted with the latest teachings of Indian philosophers and reformers[10].

Marriage and family life

Nanak was married to Sulakhni. His marriage took place with her in the town of Batala. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> For the drum music see Batala (music. The marriage party had come from the town of Sultanpur Lodhi. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Sultanpur Lodhi is a city and a Municipal council in Kapurthala district in the Indian He had two sons from this marriage; Sri Chand and Lakhmi Chand. Sri Chand (1494 – 1643 was the first son of Guru Nanak, raised by his sister The elder son was a deeply spiritual person and founded a sect known as Udasi. Udasi is a religious, ascetic Sadhu Sect, which considers itself a Denomination of Sikhism focused on the teachings of its founder He is known as Baba Sri Chand in Sikhism. The term Baba refers to the respectful title given to an elder. The younger son was immersed in worldly life. Guru Nanak did not nominate either of his sons as his successor. Sri Chand lived a considerably long life. Upon the death of Sri Chand, his pagri (symbol of succession) was sent to the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Har Gobind. Guru Har Gobind (ਗੁਰੂ ਹਰਿ ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਾਹਿਬ also Sacha Padshah (ਸੱਚਾ ਪਾਦਸ਼ਾਹ True King The udasis or follower of Sri Chand continued to remain in the fold of Sikhism.

Teachings of Nanak

The main teachings of Nanak included faith in one true God, worship and recital of his name and the necessity of Guru in pursuing the path to God. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. God, according to him, is immanent and transcendent. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Nobody knows the limits of God. God alone knows how great he is. Nanak compares God to the beloved and says God is in the heart of every individual. Nanak had belief in a personal and merciful god. Nanak denounced the worship of idols. He put emphasis on the worship of true name. [11] Nanak endeavored to remove the cloud of ignorance and superstitions from the minds of people.

Nanak put great emphasis on the worship of True Name. Repetition of the True Name Satnam Vāhigurū was to be done with greatest devotion. Waheguru (ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ vāhigurū or pa ਵਾਹਗੁਰੂ vāhgurū; also transliterated Vahiguru)It is the term used in Sikhism To quote Nanak "The name is the God, the God of all Gods. Some propitiate durga, some shiv, some ganesh and some other Gods but the Guru's Sikhs worship the True Name and thus remove all obstacles to salvation". Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. [11]Nanak put emphasis on the importance of Guru for the realisation of God. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. To quote him "Without the Guru, no one can obtain God, however long the matter be debated". [11]With the help of guru, man enjoys divine pleasure, he does not know any sorrow. Guru is the raft or the ladder of the Sikhs. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Guru is found through divine grace. [11]


Other beliefs and contributions

Guru Nanak had many beliefs which were not popular at the time but are now widespread.

Upon being asked which religion, Hinduism or Islam, was the true path to God, he replied that the true way to attain God was to worship Him who is eternal and contained in the whole Universe. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

Baburvani

Baburvani pronounced BaaburVaani is the name given to the hymn composed by Guru Nanak at the time of Invasion of India by the Mughal emperor Babur. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks The name is derived from a word in the hymn composed by Guru Nanak. [19]

In this hymn Guru Nanak uses the metaphor of the marriage party, describing the march of Babur from his native place Khurasan to conquer the bride Hindustan (India), and calling it a party of sin and plunder. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [20] There are four hymns which comprehend the issue of war and peace, of the inclination of God, and unavoidable downfall of Indian people. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

Following is an illustrated portion from the hymns, addressed to Bhai Lalo a follower and devotee of Guru Nanak

" As descendeth the Lord's word to me, so do I deliver it unto you, O Lalo: (Babar) leading a wedding-array of sin hath descended from Kabul and demandeth by force the bride, O Lalo. Bhai Lalo was born in 1452 at the village of Saidpur presently known as Eminabad in Pakistan. decency and righteousness have vanished, and falsehood struts abroad, O Lalo. Gone are the days of Qazis and Brahmans, satan now conducts the nuptials, O Lalo. The Muslim women recite the Qur'an and in distress remember their God, O Lalo. Similar is the fate of Hindu women of castes high and low, O Lalo. They sing paeans of blood, O Nanak, and by blood, not saffron, ointment is made, O Lalo. In this city of corpses, Nanak proclaimeth God's praises, and uttereth this true saying: The Lord who created men and put them to their tasks watcheth them from His seclusion. True is that Lord, true His verdict, and true is the justice He dealeth. As her body's vesture is torn to shreds, India shall remember my words. In seventy-eight they come, in ninety seven shall depart; another man of destiny shall arise. Nanak pronounceth words of truth, Truth he uttereth; truth the time calls for. "

Nanak and the bhakti movement

The Bhakti movement started during the period of Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultanate ( Urdu: دلی سلطنت, दिल्ली सलतनत or Sultanat e Hind ( سلطنتِ هند; सलतनत ए [21]The earliest known exponent of Bhakti movement was Ramanuja who flourished in the early years of 12th century. He was persecuted by the Chola King. People had become jealous of his learning and even an attempt was made on his life. [21]There were numerous saints in the Bhakti movement such as Nimbarka, Chaitanya and Kabir. It is stated that the Bhakti movement had two objects in view. One object was the reformation of Hinduism and the other was to bring about a reconciliation between Hinduism and Islam. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The advocates of the Bhakti movement succeeded to a considerable extent in uplifting the moral tone of the community and bridging the gap between Hindus and Muslims. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion However, the conservatism and orthodoxy of the people created barriers which could not be demolished with complete success. Conservatism is a term used to describe political philosophies that favour Tradition, where tradition refers to various religious cultural or nationally defined The word orthodox, from Greek orthodoxos "having the right opinion" from orthos ("right true straight" + doxa ("opinion Old ways of thought and old superstitions and practices never died and reared up again and again with greater vitality. [22]. It has been rightly pointed out that the movement represented the mood of the Hindu mind which can be described as "escapism". A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical [21]Most of the Hindus during the period did not find any opening for rise in worldly life and they tried to forget themselves by putting all their faith in devotion itself.

Generally considered to be a part of the Bhakti Movement, because Nanak was born at a time when the concept of Sufism and Bhakti Movement was in full swing, especially in Northern India, the approach of Nanak was largely different from other saints of Bhakti Movement. Sufism ( تصوّف - taṣawwuf, Persian: صوفی‌گری sufigari, Turkish: tasavvuf, Urdu: تصوف Geography Northern India lies mainly on continental India and a very small part of it lies on the Indian peninsula Through Guru Nanak, the Bhakti movement in Punjab became a vehicle of social change and it was the intensity and depth of his message, fortified and consolidated by successor Gurus that served as an edifice on which the super-structure of Sikhism was built. Guru Nanak's genius lay specifically in integrating the contemporary Bhakti-Sufi tradition of spiritual quest with the socio milieu in the totality of the medieval Indian life. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [23]. The essence of Nanak's religion consists in its being a force and emancipating his followers from all religious and social shackles. Guru Nanak consciously projected new goals, envisaging a socio-religious order based on the concept of universal brotherhood, social justice, and humanitarian cultural vision that would engender peaceful co-existence and mutual understanding through explicit acceptance of cultural pluralism. [23]

Guru Nanak differed considerably from other saints of the Bhakti movement on the concept of God and World. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place The policy of renunciation of the world or detachment with worldly responsibilities did not find place in his teachings. He denounced the leading of life as an ascetic and put great emphasis on hard work and earning livelihood. For him taking care of one's family and providing food and shelter for them was one of the prime duties of man before God. According to him, to find God one does not have to renounce the world, and God could be found while leading an ordinary life as a householder. Nanak saw the world as creation of one supreme power, and since the creator was in the world he created, it could not be treated as unreal. [24]

Last years of Nanak

Spending the last fifteen years of his life in Kartarpur, the Guru would wake at dawn and recite his daily prayers. Kartarpur may refer to Kartarpur India, a town Kartarpur Pakistan, a village At daybreak, he would address his followers. He worked in the field and earned his livelihood. He worked in Langar; or community kitchen, where food would be partaken by Nanak's followers irrespective of their caste or creed. Langar may refer to Langar (Sikhism British Parachute Schools - Langar - parachuting drop zone Langar Nottinghamshire

As his end approached Nanak would frequently make a test, for judging the merits of his followers and sons, for nominating a successor. He was once walking with them on a road and a corpse lay on the side. He ordered all of them to eat that corpse. None, but Lehna, later Guru Angad, came forward. Guru Angad Dev Ji was the second of the eleven Sikh Gurus. Lehna was born in the village of Sarae Naga in Muktsar district in Punjab, on March 31, He removed the sheet which covered the corpse and found Nanak lying there instead. [25]There were numerous other such occasions and Lehna never faltered in his faith in Nanak. Later Nanak nominated Lehna as the next Guru saying he was himself and his spirit would dwell in him. A guru (गुरु গুরু is a person who is regarded as having great knowledge wisdom and authority in a certain area and uses it to guide others Nanak called him Guru Angad. Guru Angad Dev Ji was the second of the eleven Sikh Gurus. Lehna was born in the village of Sarae Naga in Muktsar district in Punjab, on March 31,

On 22 September 1539, aged 69, Guru Nanak met with his demise, after he had requested his disciples to sing the Sohila (hymn in the praise of God). Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians The collection of Hymns called Sohila is repeated at bedtime by Sikhs.

Nanak in Sikhism

Nanak said

"If you are fond of playing with love of God, then come to me with your head on your palm; And once you set your foot on this path, do not hesitate if it is taken ". [26]

The basic foundation of Sikhism is laid on the teachings of Guru Nanak. He is considered by the Sikhs to have extricated them from the accumulated errors of ages and left them erect and free, unbiased in mind and unfettered by rules, to become an increasing body of truthful worshippers. Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The religious movement started by Nanak continued to gather momentum under his successors. Its stern ethical tone and singularity of object were elements which distinguished it from similar movements in India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Its spirit of non-compromise carried within it possibilities of martyrdoms and the seeds of an organised community. The unsettled political conditions of the later period of the Mughal empire created situations which inevitably transformed the Sikhs into an armed military order. The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most But although the Sikhs changed their organisation, their religion retained almost unaltered the impress of the teachings of Guru Nanak. [27]

Folklore

There are numerous folklores and tales relating to Nanak. One such folklore narrates that when it became clear that the death of Guru Nanak Dev was near, a dispute arose among his followers. His Hindu followers wanted to cremate the remains while the Muslim followers wanted to bury the body following Islamic tradition. Nanak brokered a compromise by suggesting that each group should place a garland of flowers beside his body, and whoever's garland remained unwilted after three days could dispose of his body according to their tradition. However, the next morning, upon raising the cloth under which the Guru's body lay, only the flowers shared between his followers were found. The Hindus cremated their flowers whereas the Muslims buried theirs. [28][29]

He is also said to have met the first Mughal emperor Babur, when the latter invaded India and greatly impressed the sovereign with his demeanor and conversation. Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A Gold Sovereign is a Gold coin first issued in 1489 for Henry VII of England and still in production as of 2008 He perplexed Babur by stating that both of them were Kings and were about to lay the foundation of dynasty of Ten. Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks [30]

While working with or aiding his brother-in-law at Sultanpur Lodhi, at the ration stores, Nanak bestowed large quantities of grain in charity to the needy, and when the quantities of grain were balanced by Daolat Khan Lodhi, owner of these stores, they were always found to be correct and exact. WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Sultanpur Lodhi is a city and a Municipal council in Kapurthala district in the Indian [30]


See also

Notes

  1. ^ Nanak may be referred to by many names and titles such as Baba Nanak or Nanak Shah. This article lists historical figures believed to have founded or inspired religions, religious philosophies; or people who first codified Sikh (English or; ਸਿੱਖ sikkh, IPA) is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. Hinduism and Sikhism, both religions from India, have had a complex relationship Sikhism ( IPA: or; ਸਿੱਖੀ sikkhī, IPA:) founded on the teachings of Nanak and nine successive gurus in fifteenth century In Islam, Muhammad is the last and final Prophet of God Islam views Jews Christians and Muslims as " People of the Book Bhai Lalo was born in 1452 at the village of Saidpur presently known as Eminabad in Pakistan.
  2. ^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur [1909] (2004). Michael MacAuliffe, also known as Max Arthur Macauliffe ( 10 September 1841 - 15 March 1913) was a senior British administrator prolific The Sikh Religion - Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. India: Low Price Publications, 1. ISBN 81-86142-31-2.  “The third day of the light-half of the month of Baisakh (April-May) in the year AD 1469, but, some historians believe that the Guru was born on April 15th, 1469 A. D. ” . Generally thought to be the third day of Baisakh (or Vaisakh) of Vikram Samvat 1526.
  3. ^ Singh, Khushwant (2006). Khushwant Singh (ਖ਼ੁਸ਼ਵੰਤ ਸਿੰਘ xʊʃʋən̪t̪ sɪ́ŋg born 2 February, 1915 in Hadali, Punjab, which now lies in The Illustrated History of the Sikhs. India: Oxford University Press, 12-13. ISBN 0-19-567747-1.   Also, according to the Purātan Janamsākhī (the birth stories of Nanak).
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur [1909] (2004). Michael MacAuliffe, also known as Max Arthur Macauliffe ( 10 September 1841 - 15 March 1913) was a senior British administrator prolific The Sikh Religion - Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. India: Low Price Publications, lxxix. ISBN 81-86142-31-2.  
  6. ^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur [1909] (2004). Michael MacAuliffe, also known as Max Arthur Macauliffe ( 10 September 1841 - 15 March 1913) was a senior British administrator prolific The Sikh Religion - Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. India: Low Price Publications, 2. ISBN 81-86142-31-2.  
  7. ^ http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/kabir.html
  8. ^ Cunningham, Joseph Davey (1853). A History Of The Sikhs. London: John Murray, 37-38.  
  9. ^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur [1909] (2004). Michael MacAuliffe, also known as Max Arthur Macauliffe ( 10 September 1841 - 15 March 1913) was a senior British administrator prolific The Sikh Religion - Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. India: Low Price Publications, 8-9. ISBN 81-86142-31-2.  
  10. ^ Macauliffe, Max Arthur [1909] (2004). Michael MacAuliffe, also known as Max Arthur Macauliffe ( 10 September 1841 - 15 March 1913) was a senior British administrator prolific The Sikh Religion - Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. India: Low Price Publications, 10. ISBN 81-86142-31-2.  
  11. ^ a b c d Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1970). Muslim rule In India. New delhi: S. Chand, 227.  
  12. ^ Gurū Granth Sāhib. The Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ gurū granth sāhib) or Guru Granth Sahib, is the eleventh and eternal Guru of the .  
  13. ^ Gurū Granth Sāhib. The Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ gurū granth sāhib) or Guru Granth Sahib, is the eleventh and eternal Guru of the .  
  14. ^ Gurū Granth Sāhib. The Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ gurū granth sāhib) or Guru Granth Sahib, is the eleventh and eternal Guru of the .  
  15. ^ Gurū Granth Sāhib. The Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ gurū granth sāhib) or Guru Granth Sahib, is the eleventh and eternal Guru of the .  
  16. ^ Gurū Granth Sāhib. The Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ gurū granth sāhib) or Guru Granth Sahib, is the eleventh and eternal Guru of the .  
  17. ^ Gurū Granth Sāhib. The Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ gurū granth sāhib) or Guru Granth Sahib, is the eleventh and eternal Guru of the .  
  18. ^ Gurū Granth Sāhib. The Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji (ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ gurū granth sāhib) or Guru Granth Sahib, is the eleventh and eternal Guru of the .  
  19. ^ Invasion of Babur. Retrieved on [[January 24, 2008]]. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  20. ^ Maini, Darshan Singh. Islam In Sikh Scriptures. Retrieved on [[January 24, 2008]]. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  21. ^ a b c Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1970). Muslim Rule In India. New Delhi: S. Chand, The Bhakti Movement.  
  22. ^ Pandey, A. B (1956). The First Afghan Empire In India, 287-288.  
  23. ^ a b Puri, Sunita (1993). Advent Of Sikhism, description. ISBN 8121505720.  
  24. ^ Singh, Daljeet; Kharak Singh. Sikhism, Its philosophy and History. Retrieved on [[January 21, 2008]]. Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
  25. ^ Cunningham, joseph Davey (1853). A History Of Sikhs. London: john Murray, 44.  
  26. ^ from Guru Granth Sahib. .  
  27. ^ Chand, Dr. Tara. Influence Of Islam On Indian Culture, 177.  
  28. ^ http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/252/258184/im_ch11_1.pdf
  29. ^ [2]
  30. ^ a b Cunningham, Joseph Davey (1853). A history Of The Sikhs. London: John Murray.  

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