| Gulf War | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
|||||||
|
|||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Saudi Arabia Kuwait United Arab Emirates Oman Qatar Pakistan Syria Bangladesh Afghanistan Egypt Australia South Korea Philippines (medical support) Argentina
NATO  United States United Kingdom Canada France Italy Spain Poland Norway Greece Portugal Netherlands…et al. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March The Iraq sanctions were a near-total financial and trade embargo imposed by the United Nations Security Council against the nation of Iraq. At the end of the Gulf War Kuwait expelled some 400000 Palestinians because the Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat had aligned the PLO with The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The North Atlantic Treaty The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands |
 Republic of Iraq |
||||||
| Commanders | |||||||
| Norman Schwarzkopf Khalid bin Sultan[2][3] Peter de la Billière George H.W. Bush John Major Margaret Thatcher |
Saddam Hussein |
||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 956,600[4] 1,820 Fighter aircraft (1,376 American, 175 Saudi, 69 British, 42 French) 3,318 tanks 8 aircraft carriers 2 battleships 20 cruisers 20 destroyers 5 submarines[5] |
260,000 649 fighters 2,000 tanks (mainly T-72) [6] |
||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 358 killed in action, 776 wounded in action, 41 taken prisoner (unknown Kuwaiti casualties) |
Est. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. General H Norman Schwarzkopf (also known as '''"Stormin' Norman"''' and '''"The Bear"''') (b Khalid bin Sultan (born 1949 is the eldest son of Saudi Crown Prince Sultan. General Sir Peter Edgar de la Couer de la Billière KCB, KBE, DSO, MC & Bar (b George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Sir John Major KG CH ACIB (born 29 March 1943 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Hilda Thatcher Baroness Thatcher LG, OM, PC, FRS (born 13 October 1925 Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 A fighter aircraft is a Military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat with other Aircraft, as opposed to a Bomber, which is designed A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability The T-72 is a Soviet -designed Main battle tank that entered production in 1971 20,000-200,000 (see section below), 80,000 taken prisoner,[7] 75,000 wounded |
||||||
The Gulf War or Persian Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991)[8][9] was a conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations[10] authorized by the United Nations (UN) and led primarily by the United States and the United Kingdom in order to return Kuwait to the control of the Emir of Kuwait. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed This is an (incomplete list of Emirs of Kuwait: The Sabah dynasty came to power in 1752 before which date the Bani Khalid tribe ruled the region The conflict developed in the context of the Iran-Iraq War and in 1990 Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq's oil through slant drilling. Directional drilling (or slant drilling) is the practice of drilling non-vertical wells It can be broken down into three main groups Oilfield Directional [11]. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops was met with immediate economic sanctions against Iraq by some members of the UN Security Council, and with immediate preparation for war by the United States of America and the United Kingdom. Pre-2003 History The first Iraqi military forces established by the British were the Iraq Levies several battalions of troops tasked to guard the Royal Air Force bases Economic sanctions are domestic penalties applied by one country (or group of countries on another for a variety of reasons The expulsion of Iraqi troops from Kuwait began in January 1991 and was a decisive victory for the coalition forces, which took over Kuwait and entered Iraqi territory. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Aerial and ground combat was confined to Iraq, Kuwait, and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Iraq also launched missiles against targets in Saudi Arabia and Israel in retaliation for their support of the invading forces in Kuwait. Scud is a series of Tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and exported widely to other countries For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
Since the Iran-Iraq War of 1980-88 had been called the "Gulf War" or "Persian Gulf War" by many news sources, the 1991 war has sometimes been called the Second Persian Gulf War, but more commonly, the 1991 war is styled simply the Gulf War or the "First Gulf War", in distinction from the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia [12] Operation Desert Storm was the U. S. name of the air and land operations and is often used to refer to the conflict. AirLand Battle was first adopted by the US Army in 1982 as Field Manual 100-5 and drove Military doctrine until the late 1990s
Shortly after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, US President George H.W. Bush started to deploy US Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard units to Saudi Arabia (Operation Desert Shield), while at the same time urging other countries to send their own forces to the scene. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. UN coalition-building efforts were so successful that by the time the fighting (Operation Desert Storm) began on January 16, 1991, twelve countries had sent naval forces, joining the regional states of Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf states, as well as the huge array of the US Navy, which deployed six aircraft-carrier battle groups; eight countries had sent ground forces, joining the regional troops of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, as well as the seventeen heavy and six light brigades of the US Army and nine Marine regiments, with their large support and service forces; and four countries had sent combat aircraft, joining the local air forces of Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia, as well as the US Air Force, US Navy, and U.S. Marine aviation, for a grand total of 2,430 fixed-wing aircraft. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated A military aircraft is any fixed-wing or rotary-wing Aircraft that is in the current employ of a Military power Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated While other nations have Marines who are aviators only the United States Marine Corps has its own dedicated Aviation arm
Against them, the Iraqis had only a few gunboats and small missile craft to match the coalition's armada; but on the other hand, some 1. A gunboat is literally a Boat carrying one or more Guns The term is rather broad and the usual connotation has changed over the years (sometimes encompassing 2 million ground troops with about 5,800 tanks, 5,100 other armored vehicles, and 3,850 artillery pieces made for a lot more strength on the ground. A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical An armoured fighting vehicle ( AFV) is a military Vehicle, protected by armour and armed with Weapons Most AFVs are equipped for driving in rugged Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine Iraq also had 750 fighters and bombers, 200 other aircraft, and elaborate missile and gun defenses.
Origins
- Further information: Iraq-United States relations
During the Cold War Iraq had been chiefly an ally of the Soviet Union and there was a history of friction between it and the United States. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The US was concerned with Iraq’s role in Israeli Palestinian politics and its disapproval of moves toward peace between Israel and Egypt. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. It also disliked Iraqi support for various Arab and Palestinian militant groups such as Abu Nidal, which led to its inclusion on the incipient U.S. list of state sponsors of international terrorism on 29 December 1979. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Palestinian political violence or Palestinian terrorism refers to acts of violence committed for political reasons by Palestinians Palestinian groups that support Abu Nidal (أبو نضال (May 1937&ndashAugust 16 2002 born Sabri Khalil al-Banna, (Arabic صبري خليل البنا was a Palestinian political leader "State Sponsors of Terrorism" is a designation applied by the United States Department of State to nations who are designated by the Secretary of State "to Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) The US remained officially neutral during the outbreak of hostilities in the Iran-Iraq War, although it assisted Iraq covertly. In March 1982, however, Iran began a successful counteroffensive (Operation Undeniable Victory) and the United States began to more concertedly support Iraq to prevent Iran from overrunning the region. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) A counterattack Operation Undeniable Victory also known as Operation Fath-ol-Mobeen was an Iranian operation conducted during the Iran-Iraq War, in March 1982
In a bid to open full diplomatic relations with Iraq, the country was removed from the list of state sponsors of terrorism. Ostensibly this was because of improvement in the regime’s record, although former United States Assistant Secretary of Defense Noel Koch later stated, "No one had any doubts about [the Iraqis'] continued involvement in terrorism… The real reason was to help them succeed in the war against Iran. Assistant Secretary of Defense is a title used for many executive positions in the United States Department of Defense. State terrorism refers to acts of Terrorism conducted by governments "[13] With Iran's newfound success in the war and its rebuff of a peace offer in July, arms sales to Iraq (which included poison gas which was then used against Iranian troops) from other states (most importantly the USSR, France, Egypt, and starting that year, the People's Republic of China) reached a record spike in 1982, but an obstacle remained to any potential US-Iraqi relationship — Abu Nidal continued to operate with official support in Baghdad. Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous When Saddam Hussein expelled the group to Syria at the US' request in November 1983, the Reagan administration then sent Donald Rumsfeld to Saddam Hussein as a special envoy to cultivate ties. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President
Tensions with Kuwait
When the ceasefire with Iran was signed in August 1988, Iraq was virtually bankrupt and heavily indebted to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The Invasion of Kuwait, also known as the Iraq-Kuwait War, was a major conflict between the Republic of Iraq and the State of Kuwait which resulted Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Those two nations had funded Iraq due to shared antagonism towards the Iranian regime. Iraq's economy was further damaged when the following year, in open defiance of OPEC quotas, Kuwait increased its oil production by 40 percent. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC) is a Cartel of thirteen countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador The collapse in oil prices had a catastrophic impact on the Iraqi economy. Iraq 's economy is dominated by the Petroleum sector which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earningsort The Iraqi government described it as a form of economic warfare, which it claimed was aggravated by Kuwait slant-drilling across the border into Iraq's Rumaila oil field [4]. The politics of Iraq takes place in a framework of a more or less federal parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Economic warfare is the term for economic policies followed as a part of Military operations during Wartime The purpose of economic warfare is to capture Directional drilling (or slant drilling) is the practice of drilling non-vertical wells It can be broken down into three main groups Oilfield Directional
Kuwait had been part of the Ottoman province of Basra, and although its ruling dynasty, the al-Sabah family, had concluded a protectorate agreement in 1899 that assigned responsibility for its foreign affairs to Britain, it did not make any attempt to secede from the Ottoman Empire. Basra province, or Al Basrah province, is a province of Iraq, with an area of. Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish For this reason, Iraqi governments had always refused to accept Kuwait's separation, and its borders were never clearly defined or mutually agreed. The British High Commissioner drew lines that deliberately constricted Iraq's access to the ocean so that any future Iraqi government would be in no position to threaten Britain's domination of the Gulf.
In late July 1990, as negotiations between Iraq and Kuwait stalled, Iraq massed troops on its border with the emirate and summoned US ambassador April Glaspie to a meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) An emirate is a political territory that is ruled by a dynastic Arab Monarch styled Emir. An ambassador is the highest ranking Diplomat who represents their country April Catherine Glaspie (born April 26, 1942) is an American diplomat, best-known for her role in the events leading up to the Persian Gulf Two transcripts of that meeting have been produced, both of them controversial. In them, Saddam Hussein outlined his grievances against Kuwait, while promising that he would not invade Kuwait before one more round of negotiations. In the version published by The New York Times on September 23, 1990, Glaspie expressed concern over the troop buildup to Saddam Hussein:
| “ | We have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) I was in the American Embassy in Kuwait during the late ’60s. The instruction we had during this period was that we should express no opinion on this issue and that the issue is not associated with America. James Baker has directed our official spokesmen to emphasize this instruction. See also James Addison Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28 1930) is a American attorney politician political We hope you can solve this problem using any suitable methods via [Chadli] Klibi [then Arab League General Secretary] or via President Mubarak. The Arab League ( الجامعة العربية) officially called the League of Arab States ( جامعة الدول العربية All that we hope is that these issues are solved quickly. With regard to all of this, can I ask you to see how the issue appears to us?
My assessment after 25 years' service in this area is that your objective must have strong backing from your Arab brothers. I now speak of oil. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is But you, Mr. President, have fought through a horrific and painful war. Frankly, we can see only that you have deployed massive troops in the south. Normally that would not be any of our business. But when this happens in the context of what you said on your national day, then when we read the details in the two letters of the Foreign Minister, then when we see the Iraqi point of view that the measures taken by the U. A. E. and Kuwait is, in the final analysis, parallel to military aggression against Iraq, then it would be reasonable for me to be concerned. And for this reason, I received an instruction to ask you, in the spirit of friendship — not in the spirit of confrontation — regarding your intentions. I simply describe the position of my Government. And I do not mean that the situation is a simple situation. But our concern is a simple one. |
” |
Some have interpreted portions of these statements, particularly the language "We have no opinion on the Arab-Arab conflicts, like your border disagreement with Kuwait", as signaling an American "green light" for the invasion. Although the US State Department did not confirm (or deny) the authenticity of these transcripts, US sources say that it handled everything “by the book” (in accordance with the US' official neutrality on the Iraq-Kuwait issue) and had not signaled to Saddam Hussein any approval for defying the Arab League’s Jeddah crisis squad, which had conducted the negotiations. Jeddah (also spelled Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda; جدّة Ǧiddah) is a Saudi Arabian city located on the coast of the Many believe that Saddam Hussein may have been influenced by the perception that the US was not interested in the issue, (as they had not minded when he ordered the invasion of Iran) for which the Glaspie transcript is merely an example, and that he may have felt so in part because of U. S. support for the reunification of Germany, another act that he considered to be nothing more than the nullification of an artificial, internal border. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany Others, such as Kenneth Pollack, believe he had no such illusion, or that he simply underestimated the extent of a US response. Kenneth Michael Pollack (born 1966) is a noted former CIA intelligence analyst and expert on Middle East politics and Military analysis
In November 1989, CIA director William Webster met with the Kuwaiti head of security, Brigadier Fahd Ahmed Al-Fahd. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Subsequent to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, Iraq claimed to have found a memorandum pertaining to their conversation. The Washington Post reported that Kuwait’s foreign minister fainted when confronted with this document at an Arab summit in August. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Later, Iraq cited this memorandum as evidence of a CIA - Kuwaiti plot to destabilize Iraq economically and politically. The CIA and Kuwait have described the meeting as routine and the memorandum as a forgery. The purported document reads in part:
| “ | We agreed with the American side that it was important to take advantage of the deteriorating economic situation in Iraq in order to put pressure on that country's government to delineate our common border. The Central Intelligence Agency gave us its view of appropriate means of pressure, saying that broad cooperation should be initiated between us on condition that such activities be coordinated at a high level. | ” |
On 23 August 1990 Saddam Hussein appeared on state television with Western hostages to whom he had refused exit visas. Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) They were seen as human shields, though Saddam Hussein denied the claim. Human shield is a military and political term describing the presence of civilians in or around combat targets to deter an enemy from attacking those targets In the video he is seen ruffling the hair of a young boy named Stuart Lockwood and asks through the interpreter if he is "getting his milk". He went on to say "We hope your presence as guests here will not be for too long. Your presence here, and in other places, is meant to prevent the scourge of war. "[14]
Diplomacy and Operation Desert Shield
UN Resolution
On August 2, 1990 Saddam launched the invasion of Kuwait. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) After two days of intense combat, most of the Kuwaiti Armed Forces were either overrun by the Iraqi Republican Guard or escaped to neighboring Saudi Arabia. Before the Persian Gulf War, Kuwait maintained a small military force consisting of army navy and air force and national guard units The Iraqi Republican Guard ( Arabic: الحرس العراقي الجمهوري/al-Haris Al-Jamhuri was a branch of the Iraqi military. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Within hours of the invasion, Kuwaiti and US delegations requested a meeting of the UN Security Council, which passed Resolution 660, condemning the invasion and demanding a withdrawal of Iraqi troops. United Nations Security Council Resolution 660 was adopted by the UN Security Council on 2 August 1990. On August 3, the Arab League passed its own resolution. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. The resolution also called for a solution to the conflict from within the League, and warned against foreign intervention. On August 6, UN Resolution 661 placed economic sanctions on Iraq. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. UN Security Council Resolution 661 adopted by the UN Security Council at its 2933rd meeting on 6 August 1990.
Possible attack on Saudi Arabia
The decision by the US and its allies to fight the Iraqi invasion had as much to do with preventing an attack on Saudi Arabia, a nation of considerable importance owing to its oil reserves, as it did with liberating Kuwait itself. The rapid success of the Iraqi army had brought it within easy striking distance of the Hama oil fields, one of Saudi Arabia’s largest. Iraqi control of these fields as well as Kuwait and Iraqi reserves would have given it control of the majority of the world's reserves. The Iraqi armored divisions would have encountered the same difficulties that Saudi forces faced defending the oil fields, namely traversing large distances across inhospitable desert. This would have been exacerbated by intense bombing by the Saudi Air Force, by far the most well-equipped (if not so well-trained) arm of the Saudi military. The Royal Saudi Air Force (القوات الجوية الملكية السعودية) is the Air force branch of Saudi Arabian armed forces.
Iraq had a number of grievances with Saudi Arabia. The Saudis had lent Saddam Hussein some 26 billion dollars to prosecute his invasion of Iran, as they feared the influence of mainly Shia Iran's Islamic revolution on its own Shia minority (most of the Saudi oil fields are in territory populated by Shias). The Iranian Revolution' (mostly known as the Islamic Revolution, Persian: انقلاب اسلامی Enghelābe Eslāmi was the Revolution that transformed The long desert border was also ill-defined. A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. Soon after his conquest of Kuwait, Saddam Hussein began verbally attacking the Saudi kingdom. He argued that the US-supported Saudi state was an illegitimate guardian of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. Mecca ˈmɛkə also spelled Makkah ˈmækə (in full Makkah Al-Mukarramah (Arabic mækːæ(t ælmʊkarˑamæ مكّة المكرمة, literally Honored Medina mɛˈdiːnə (المدينة المنورة ælmæˈdiːnæl muˈnɑwːɑrɑ or المدينة ælmæˈdiːnæ also transliterated into English as Saddam Hussein combined the language of the Islamist groups that had recently fought in Afghanistan with the rhetoric Iran had long used to attack the Saudis. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,
Operation Desert Shield
Acting on the policy of the Carter Doctrine, and out of fear the Iraqi army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, US President George H. The Carter Doctrine was a policy proclaimed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Address on 23 January W. Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a "wholly defensive" mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia—Operation Desert Shield was when US troops were moved into Saudi Arabia on August 7, 1990 (or August 8 depending on time zone used). Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) [15] This "wholly defensive" doctrine was to be quickly abandoned. On August 8, Iraq declared parts of Kuwait to be extensions of the Iraqi province of Basra and the rest to be the 19th province of Iraq. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Basra province, or Al Basrah province, is a province of Iraq, with an area of. [16]
The United States Navy mobilized two naval battle groups, the aircraft carriers USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Independence and their escorts, to the area, where they were ready by August 8. An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with Construction On 29 June 1970 Newport News Shipbuilding of Newport News, Virginia was awarded the contract for construction 1960 – 1964 Independence operated off the Virginia Capes for the next year on training maneuvers and departed 4 August 1960 for her Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. A total of 48 US Air Force F-15s from the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, landed in Saudi Arabia and immediately commenced round the clock air patrols of the Saudi-Kuwait-Iraq border areas to prevent further Iraqi advances. The 1st Fighter Wing ( 1 FW) is an air combat unit of the United States Air Force and the host unit at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. Langley Air Force Base is located three Nautical miles (6 km) north of the Central business district of the city of Hampton, Virginia The U. S. also sent the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region. Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Missouri was one of the ''Iowa''-class " Construction See also Iowa class battleship, Armament of the Iowa class battleship Wisconsin was one of the " Fast battleship Military buildup continued from there, eventually reaching 500,000 troops, twice the number used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia Much of the material was airlifted or carried to the staging areas via fast sealift ships, allowing a quick buildup. Fast Sealift Ships are currently the fastest cargo ships in the world capable of speeds in excess of. The consensus among military analysts is nonetheless that until October, the US military forces in the area would have been insufficient to stop an invasion of Saudi Arabia had Iraq attempted one.
Building a coalition
A long series of UN Security Council resolutions and Arab League resolutions were passed regarding the conflict. Iraq related resolutions One of the most important was Resolution 678, passed on November 29, giving Iraq a withdrawal deadline of January 15, 1991, and authorizing “all necessary means to uphold and implement Resolution 660,” a diplomatic formulation authorizing the use of force. United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 was the legal authorization for the Gulf War which was passed by the Security Council by 12 votes to 2 (Cuba and Yemen Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.
The United States, especially Secretary of State James Baker, assembled a coalition of forces to join it in opposing Iraq, consisting of forces from 34 countries: Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Spain, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States itself[17]. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs See also James Addison Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28 1930) is a American attorney politician political Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. Singapore Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Although they did not contribute any forces, Japan and West Germany did make financial contributions totaling $10 billion and $6. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( 6 billion respectively. US troops represented 73% of the coalition’s 956,600 troops in Iraq. Many of the coalition forces were reluctant to join; some felt that the war was an internal Arab affair, or feared increasing American influence in Kuwait. In the end, many nations were persuaded by Iraq’s belligerence towards other Arab states, and offers of economic aid or debt forgiveness.
Reasons for intervention
The United States and the United Nations gave several public justifications for involvement in the conflict. The most prominent reason was the Iraqi violation of Kuwaiti territorial integrity. In addition, the United States moved to support its ally of Saudi Arabia, whose importance in the region and as a key supplier of oil made it of considerable geopolitical importance. Geopolitics is the study that analyzes Geography, History and Social science with reference to Spatial politics and patterns at various scales During a speech given on September 11, 1990, U. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) S. President George H. W. Bush summed up the reasons with the following remarks: "Within three days, 120,000 Iraqi troops with 850 tanks had poured into Kuwait and moved south to threaten Saudi Arabia. It was then that I decided to act to check that aggression. "[18] The Pentagon claimed that satellite photos showing a buildup of Iraqi forces along the border were the source of this information, but this was later shown to be false when a reporter for the St. Petersburg Times acquired commercial satellite images made at the time in question, which showed nothing but empty desert. [19]
Polls showed that upwards of 80% of the American public supported the troop deployment. [20] The anti-war movement and its “No Blood For Oil” slogan did not achieve the levels of support it would get 12 years later.
Other justifications for foreign involvement included Iraq’s history of human rights abuses under Saddam Hussein. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Iraq was also known to possess biological weapons and chemical weapons, which Hussein had used against Iranian troops during the Iran-Iraq War and against his own county's Kurdish population in the Al-Anfal Campaign. Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. The al-Anfal Campaign (حملة الأنفال also known as Operation Anfal, was a genocidal campaign against Kurds led by the Iraqi regime Iraq was known to have a nuclear weapons program as well. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion.
Although there were human rights abuses committed in Kuwait by the invading Iraqi military, the ones best known in the U. S. were an invention of the public relations firm hired by the government of Kuwait to influence U. S. opinion in favor of military intervention. Shortly after Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, the organization Citizens for a Free Kuwait was formed in the U. Citizens for a Free Kuwait (CFK was a front group established by the Kuwaiti government to promote the 1991 U S. It hired the public relations firm Hill & Knowlton for about $11 million, paid by the Kuwaiti government. Public relations (PR is the practice of managing the flow of Information between an Organization and its Publics Public relations - often referred Hill & Knowlton is a global Public relations company It is owned by the WPP Group. Human Rights in Kuwait Out of the six GCC states human rights record in Kuwait is arguably the best [21] Among many other means of influencing U. S. opinion (distributing books on Iraqi atrocities to U. S. soldiers deployed in the region, 'Free Kuwait' T-shirts and speakers to college campuses, and dozens of video news releases to television stations), the firm arranged for an appearance before a group of members of Congress in which a woman identifying herself as a nurse working in the Kuwait City hospital described Iraqi soldiers pulling babies out of incubators and letting them die on the floor. "Nurse Nayirah" ( Nayirah al-Sabah) was a 15-year old Kuwaiti girl who alleged that she had witnessed the murder of infant children in Kuwait, in verbal The story was an influence in tipping both the public and Congress towards a war with Iraq: six Congressmen said the testimony was enough for them to support military action against Iraq and seven Senators referenced the testimony in debate. The Senate supported the military actions in a 52-47 vote. A year after the war, however, this allegation was revealed to be a fabrication. The woman who had testified was found to be a member of the Kuwaiti Royal Family, in fact the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the U. The House of Al-Sabah (الصباح are the royal family of Kuwait. S. [5] She had not been living in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion. The details of the Hill & Knowlton public relations campaign, including the incubator testimony, were published in a John R. MacArthur's Second Front: Censorship and Propaganda in the Gulf War (Berkeley, CA: University of CA Press, 1992), and came to wide public attention when an op-ed by MacArthur was published in the New York Times. This prompted a re-examination by Amnesty International, which had originally promoted an account alleging even greater numbers of babies torn from incubators than the original fake testimony; after finding no evidence to support it, the organization issued a retraction.
Final peace proposals
Various peace proposals were floated, but none were agreed to. The United States insisted that the only acceptable terms for peace were Iraq's full, unconditional withdrawal from Kuwait. Iraq insisted that withdrawal from Kuwait would have to be “linked” to a simultaneous adherence by neighbouring countries to similar UN resolutions, which would necessitate the withdrawal of Syrian troops from Lebanon and Israeli troops from the West Bank, Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, and southern Lebanon. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west Borders of Israel The Golan Heights ( الجولان al-Jawlān, הגולן ha-Golan) is a strategic Plateau and mountainous Morocco and Jordan were persuaded by this proposal, but Syria, Israel, and the anti-Iraq coalition denied that there was any connection to the Kuwait issue, despite the UN resolutions. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Syria joined the coalition to expel Saddam Hussein but Israel remained officially neutral despite rocket attacks on Israeli civilians. The US made a concerted effort to prevent Israel from getting involved so as not to inflame Arab countries angry with its policies. The Bush administration persuaded Israel to remain that the Special Air Service were working behind enemy-lines in Iraq in search of SCUD missile launchers that were being targeted towards Israeli cities. The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special
On January 12, 1991 the United States Congress authorized the use of military force to drive Iraq out of Kuwait. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The votes were 52-47 in the US Senate and 250-183 in the US House of Representatives. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. These were the closest margins in authorizing force by the Congress since the War of 1812. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies Soon after, the other states in the coalition also followed suit.
Air campaign
- See also: Operation Instant Thunder
The Persian Gulf War started with an extensive aerial bombing campaign. Operation Instant Thunder was the preliminary name given to a planned Air strike by the United States during the Gulf War. The aerial bombing of cities began in 1911 developed through World War I, grew to a vast scale in World War II, and continues to the present day The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties, dropping 88,500 tons of bombs,[22][23] killing numerous civilians, and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure. Sortie is a term for deployment or dispatch of one military unit be it of Aircraft, Ship or in older times of columns of troops from a fort [24]
Main air campaign starts
A day after the deadline set in Resolution, the coalition launched a massive air campaign codenamed Operation Desert Storm with more than 1,000 sorties launching per day. Sortie is a term for deployment or dispatch of one military unit be it of Aircraft, Ship or in older times of columns of troops from a fort It all began on January 17, 1991, when eight U. Events 38 BC - Octavian marries Livia Drusilla. 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades Minorca Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. S. AH-64 Apache helicopters, and two MH-53 Pave Low helicopters destroyed Iraqi radar sites near the Iraqi-Saudi Arabian border at 2:38 A. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout M. Baghdad time, which could have warned Iraq of an upcoming attack. At 2:43 A. M. two EF-111 Ravens with terrain following radar led 22 F-15E Strike Eagles against H-2 and H-3 - airfields in Western Iraq. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Minutes later one of the EF-111 crews – Captain James Denton and Captain Brent Brandon – killed an Iraqi Dassault Mirage F-1, when their low altitude maneuvering led the F-1 into the ground. Brent Brandon (1960 -) is a former US Air Force officer and Electronic Warfare Officer who scored an air-to-air kill against an Iraqi Dassault Mirage F1, in the
At 3 A. M. , ten U. S. F-117 Nighthawk Stealth Fighters under the protection of a three-ship formation of EF-111s bombed Baghdad, the capital. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous
Within hours of the start of the coalition air campaign, a P-3 Orion called “Outlaw Hunter” developed by the Navy’s Space & Naval Warfare Systems Command, which was testing a highly specialized OTH-T (over the horizon targeting system package), detected a large number of Iraqi patrol boats and naval vessels attempting to make a run from Basra and Um Qasar to Iranian waters. “Outlaw Hunter” vectored in strike elements which attacked the flotilla near Bubiyan Island destroying 11 vessels and damaging scores more. Bubiyan Island (جزيرة بوبيان is the largest island in the Kuwaiti coastal island chain with an area of 863 km²
Concurrently, US Navy BGM-109 Tomahawk Cruise Missiles struck targets in Baghdad, and other coalition aircraft struck targets throughout Iraq. The Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM is a long-range all-weather subsonic cruise missile Government buildings, TV stations, Iraqi Air Force fields and presidential palaces were destroyed. The Iraqi Air Force or IQAF (Arabic Al Quwwa al Jawwiya al Iraqiya القوة الجوية العراقية is the military branch in Iraq responsible Five hours after the first attacks, Baghdad state radio broadcast a voice identified as Saddam Hussein declaring that “The great duel, the mother of all battles has begun. The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins. ”
The Persian Gulf War is sometimes called the “computer war” because of the advanced weapons used in the air campaign which included precision-guided munitions (or “smart bombs”) and cruise missiles, although these were very much in the minority when compared with "dumb bombs". A cruise missile is a guided Missile that carries an explosive payload and uses a lifting wing and a propulsion system usually a Jet engine, to allow Cluster munitions and BLU-82 “Daisy Cutters” were also used. Cluster munitions or cluster bombs are air-dropped or ground-launched munitions that eject a number of smaller submunitions a cluster of bomblets The BLU-82B/C-130 weapon system known under programme " Commando Vault " and nicknamed " daisy cutter " in Vietnam Iraq responded by launching eight Iraqi modified Scud missiles into Israel the next day. Al Hussein or al-Husayn ( Arabic: الحسين is a designation of an Iraqi Ballistic missile. These missile attacks on Israel were to continue throughout the six weeks of the war. The first priority for Coalition forces was destruction of the Iraqi air force and anti-aircraft facilities. EA-6Bs, EF-111 radar jammers and F-117A stealth planes were heavily used in this phase to elude Iraq’s extensive SAM systems and anti-aircraft weapons. SEAD (pronounced see-add or seed or Suppression of Enemy Air Defences, also known as " Wild Weasels quot and "Iron Hand" operations in the USA are WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Radar jamming and deception is the intentional emission of Radio Frequency signals to interfere with the operation of a radar by saturating its receiver A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft The sorties were launched mostly from Saudi Arabia and the six Coalition aircraft carrier battle groups (CVBG) in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea. A carrier battle group (CVBG consists of an Aircraft carrier (CV and its escorts A carrier battle group (CVBG consists of an Aircraft carrier (CV and its escorts The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. Persian Gulf CVBGs included USS Midway (CV 41), USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) and USS Ranger (CV-61). Early operations and deployment with the 6th Fleet After shakedown in the Caribbean, Midway joined in the U Ship history 1970s Kennedy' s maiden voyage and several of her subsequent voyages were on deployments to the Mediterranean during much of the Construction and trials Ranger was the first Aircraft carrier in the world to be laid down as an angled-deck ship (her elder sisters Forrestal and USS America (CV-66), USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71), and USS Saratoga (CV-60) operated from the Red Sea (USS America transitioned to the Persian Gulf midway through the air war). Construction and shakedown Originally ordered as an Enterprise -class nuclear carrier the ballooning costs of during construction caused the cancellation of the nuclear Timeline Her history began on 30 September 1980 when a contract was awarded to Newport News Shipbuilding. Construction and trials She was ordered as a "Large Aircraft Carrier" Hull classification symbol CVB-60, and her contract was awarded to the
Iraqi antiaircraft defenses, including shoulder-launched ground-to-air missiles, were surprisingly effective against coalition aircraft and the coalition suffered 75 aircraft losses. [25] In particular, RAF and US Navy aircraft which flew at low altitudes to avoid radar were particularly badly hit, since Iraqi defenses relied very little on radar, and to a large extent on small scale weapons which were well targeted against low-flying aircraft. [26]
The next coalition targets were command and communication facilities. Saddam Hussein had closely micromanaged the Iraqi forces in the Iran-Iraq War and initiative at the lower levels was discouraged. Coalition planners hoped Iraqi resistance would quickly collapse if deprived of command and control.
Iraq's air force escapes to Iran
The first week of the air war saw a few Iraqi sorties; but these did little damage, and 38 Iraqi MiGs were shot down by Coalition planes. JSC "RSK "MiG" or Russian Aircraft Corporation MiG in full (formerly Mikoyan or Mikoyan-i-Gurevich Design Bureau, Микоян Soon after, the Iraqi Air Force began fleeing to Iran, with 115 to 140 aircraft flown to Iran. [27] The mass exodus of Iraqi aircraft to Iran took coalition forces by surprise as the Coalition had been expecting the aircraft to flee to Jordan, a nation friendly to Iraq rather than Iran, Iraq's long-time enemy. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern The Coalition had placed aircraft over Western Iraq to try and stop such a retreat into Jordan. This meant they were unable to react before most of the Iraqi aircraft had made it "safely" to Iranian airbases. The coalition eventually established a virtual "wall" of F-14 Tomcat fighters on the Iraq border with Iran (called MIGCAP) thereby stopping the exodus of fleeing Iraqi fighters. Iran has never returned the aircraft to Iraq and did not release the aircrews home until years later. However, most Iraqi planes remained in Iraq. They were devastated by Coalition aircraft throughout the war. They tried to defend Iraqi airspace, but they only shot down seventeen Coalition fighters, while hundreds of Iraqi airplanes were shot down.
Infrastructure bombing
The third and largest phase of the air campaign ostensibly targeted military targets throughout Iraq and Kuwait: Scud missile launchers, weapons of mass destruction sites, weapons research facilities and naval forces. Scud is a series of Tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and exported widely to other countries A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e About one-third of the Coalition airpower was devoted to attacking Scuds, which were on trucks and therefore difficult to locate. Some US and British special forces teams had been covertly inserted into western Iraq to aid in the search and destruction of Scuds. In most countries special forces (SF is a generic term for highly-trained Military teams/units that conduct specialized operations such as Reconnaissance However, the lack of adequate terrain for concealment hindered their operations, and many of them were killed or captured. Iraqi fighters tried to stop these attacks, but they suffered many losses.
Civilian Infrastructure
Allied bombing raids were successful in destroying Iraqi civilian infrastructure. 11 of Iraq's 20 major power stations and 119 substations were totally destroyed, a further six major power stations were damaged. [28][29] At the end of the war, electricity production was at four percent of its pre-war levels. Bombs destroyed the utility of all major dams, most major pumping stations and many sewage treatment plants, turning Iraq from one of the most advanced Arab countries into one of the most backward. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees Sewage is the mainly liquid Waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water Feces, Urine, laundry waste and other Telecommunications equipment, port facilities, oil refineries and distribution, railroads and bridges were also destroyed.
The Iraqi targets were located by aerial photography and were referenced to the GPS coordinates of the US Embassy in Baghdad, which were determined by a USAF officer in August 1990: he arrived at the airport carrying a briefcase with a GPS receiver in it, then an embassy car took him to the embassy. Aerial photography is the taking of Photographs of the ground from an elevated position Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth He walked to the embassy courtyard, opened the briefcase, took one GPS reading, and put the machine back in the case. Then he returned to the US gave the GPS receiver to the appropriate intelligence agency in Langley, Virginia, where the position of the US Embassy was officially determined. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state This position served as the origin for a coordinate system used to designate targets in Baghdad. [30]
Jordan's neutrality in the war prompted US fighter jets to bomb highways connecting Iraq and Jordan, crippling infrastructure on both sides.
Civilian Casualties
The Iraqi government reported the high rate of Iraqi civilian casualties to gain support throughout the Muslim world. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The US claimed the Iraqi government fabricated numerous attacks on Iraqi holy sites in order to rally the Muslim community. One such instance had Iraqi’s reporting that coalition forces attacked the holy cities of Najaf and Karbala. Najaf ( BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. Karbala ( BGN: Al-Karbalā’; also spelled Karbala al-Muqaddasah) is a city in Iraq, located about southwest of Baghdad at The final number of Iraqi civilians killed was 2,278, while 5,965 were reported wounded. [31] Almost all of these casualties were from US bombing and missile raids.
On February 13, 1991, two laser-guided smart bombs destroyed the Amiriyah blockhouse, which was a civilian air shelter, killing hundreds of civilians. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Amiriyah shelter was an Air-raid shelter ("Public Shelter No In Military science, a blockhouse is a small isolated Fort in the form of a single building US officials claimed that the blockhouse was also a military communications center, a claim validated by Iraqi military leaders after the war. The White House claims, in a report titled Apparatus of Lies: Crafting Tragedy, that US intelligence sources reported the blockhouse was being used for military command purposes. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence [32] In his book, Saddam's Bombmaker, the former director of Iraq’s nuclear weapon program, who defected to the west, supports the theory that the facility was used for both purposes, as does Iraqi general Georges Sada, who was in charge of POWs taken during combat. General Georges Hormiz Sada (aka Gewargis or George Hormis; Arabic: كوركيس هرمز ساده Syriac: ܓܘܪܓܝܣ ܗܪܡܙ
Iraq launches missile strikes
If Iraq was to be forced to obey UN resolutions, the Iraqi government made it no secret that it would respond by attacking Israel, who was allowed to ignore them without any action from the UN. Before the war started, Tariq Aziz, Iraqi Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, was asked, “if war starts…will you attack Israel?” His response was, “Yes, absolutely, yes. Mikhail Yuhanna (ميخائيل يوحنا Mīḫāʾīl Yūḥannā) later and more popularly known as Tariq Aziz or Tareq Aziz, (طارق عزيز ”[33] The Iraqis hoped that attacking Israel would draw them into the war. It was expected that this would then lead to the withdrawal of the US' Arab allies, who would be reluctant to fight alongside the state that was, according to their views, colonising Palestinian land. Israel did not join the coalition, and all Arab states stayed in the coalition. The Scud missiles generally caused fairly light damage, although their potency was felt on February 25 when 28 US soldiers were killed when a Scud destroyed their barracks in Dhahran. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor This article is about Dhahran the city For the Saudi Aramco residential compound see Dhahran Aramco Camp. The Scuds targeting Israel were ineffective due to the fact that increasing the range of the Scud resulted in the dramatic reduction in accuracy and payload (a common joke in the United States during the war, reflecting on both the SCUD's inaccuracy and the near-constant press coverage of the war, was "How many Iraqis does it take to launch a SCUD? -Two, one to launch the missile and another to watch CNN to see where it lands"). Nevertheless, the total of 39 missiles that landed on Israel caused extensive property damage and two direct deaths, and caused the United States to deploy two Patriot missile battalions in Israel, and the Netherlands to send one Patriot Squadron in an attempt to deflect the attacks. The MIM-104 Patriot is a Surface-to-air missile (SAM system the primary of its kind used by the United States Army and several allied nations Allied air forces were also extensively exercised in "Scud hunts" in the Iraqi desert, trying to locate the camouflaged trucks before they fired their missiles at Israel or Saudi Arabia. Three SCUDs (plus a Patriot missile that fell accidentally) hit Ramat Gan in Israel on January 22, 1991, injuring 96 people, and indirectly causing the deaths of three elderly people who died of heart attacks. Ramat Gan (רָמַת גַּן is a city in the Tel Aviv district of Israel, which borders Tel Aviv to its west Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply The Israeli policy for the previous forty years had been retaliation, but at the urging of the U. S. and theater commanders, they decided that discretion was the better part of valour in this instance. After initial hits by SCUD missiles, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir hesitantly refused any retaliating measures against Saddam Hussein, due to increasing pressure from the United States to remain out of the conflict. [34] The U. S. was concerned that any Israeli action would escalate the conflict simply by its occurring, and an air strike by the IAF would have required overflying hostile Jordan or Syria, which could have provoked them to enter the war in Iraq or to attack Israel.
Vulnerability of Iraq against air power
On January 29, Iraq attacked and occupied the lightly-defended Saudi city of Khafji with tanks and infantry. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Ras Al Khafji (رأس الخفجي or Khafji (الخفجي was historically the principal town in the Neutral zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. However, the Battle of Khafji ended when Iraqis were driven back by Saudi and Qatari forces supported by U.S. Marines with close air support over the following two days. The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the Gulf War. Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated In Military tactics, close air support ( CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to Khafji was a strategic city immediately after the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. The Iraqi reluctance to commit several armoured divisions to the occupation and subsequent use of Khafji as a launching pad into the initially lightly defended Eastern portion of Saudi Arabia is considered by many academics as a grave strategic error. Not only would Iraq have secured a majority of Middle Eastern oil supplies, it would have found itself better able to threaten the subsequent U. S. deployment along superior defensive lines.
The effect of the air campaign was to devastate entire Iraqi brigades deployed in the open desert in combat formation. The air campaign also prevented effective Iraqi resupply to forward deployed units engaged in combat, as well preventing a large number (450,000) of Iraqi troops from achieving the force concentration essential to victory.
The air campaign had a significant effect on the tactics employed by opposing forces in subsequent conflicts. No longer were entire divisions dug in the open facing U. S. forces, but were instead dispersed, as with Serbian forces in Kosovo. The term Kosovo War or Kosovo Conflict is often used to describe two sequential and at times parallel armed conflicts in Kosovo: 1996–1999 Opposing forces also reduced the length of their supply lines and the total area defended. This was seen during the 2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan when the Taliban preemptively abandoned large swaths of land and retreated into their strongholds. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately This increased their force concentration and reduced long vulnerable supply lines. This tactic was also observed in the invasion of Iraq when the Iraqi forces retreated from northern Iraqi Kurdistan into the cities. History See also History of the Kurdish people Ancient period See also Hurrians, Guti, Mannaeans, Medes
Ground campaign
The coalition forces dominated the air with their technological advantages, but the ground forces were considered to be more evenly matched up between Iraqis and coalition infantry. The coalition ground forces had the significant advantage of being able to operate under the protection of coalition Air superiority that had been achieved by the Air Forces prior to start of the main ground offensive. Air superiority is the dominance in the Air power of one side's air forces over the other side's during a Military campaign. An air force, also known in some countries as an air army or historically an army air corps, is in the broadest sense the national military or armed service Coalition forces also had two key technological advantages: 1. The Coalition Main Battle Tanks such as the American M1 Abrams, British Challenger 1 and Kuwaiti M-84AB were vastly superior to the export version Soviet-built T-72 tanks used by the Iraqis, with crews better trained and armored doctrine better developed;
2. Tank classification is a Taxonomy of identifying either the intended role or weight class of Tanks The classification by role was used primarily during The M1 Abrams is a main battle tank produced in the United States. The British FV4030/4 Challenger 1 AKA Al-Hussein was the Main battle tank (MBT of the British Army from 1983 until superseded by the Challenger 2 This article is about the Yugoslav tank For other uses see M84. This article is about military equipment of the Soviet Union For the medicine and biology-related term see Animal model. The T-72 is a Soviet -designed Main battle tank that entered production in 1971 The use of GPS made it possible for Coalition forces to navigate without reference to roads or other fixed landmarks. This allowed them to fight a battle of maneuver rather than a battle of encounter: they knew where they were and where the enemy was, so they could attack a specific target, rather than wandering around aimlessly and firing at whatever hostile forces they bumped into. Maneuver warfare, also spelled manoeuvre warfare, is the term used by military theorists for a concept of Warfare that advocates attempting to
Initial moves into Iraq
The first units into Iraq were three patrols of B squadron of the British Special Air Service, callsigns Bravo One Zero, Bravo Two Zero, and Bravo Three Zero in late January. The Special Air Service ( SAS) is a Special forces regiment within the British Army which has served as a model and inspiration for the special Bravo Two Zero ( B20) was the Callsign of an eight-man British Army SAS patrol during the First Gulf War 1991. These eight man patrols landed behind enemy lines to gather intelligence on the movements of Soviet Scud mobile missile launchers, which could not be detected from the air, as during the day they would hide under bridges and camouflage netting. Scud is a series of Tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and exported widely to other countries Other objectives included the destruction of fibre optic communications arrays that lay in pipelines, relaying coordinates to the TEL operators launching attacks against Syria. A transporter erector launcher ( TEL) is a vehicle with an integrated prime mover that can carry elevate to firing position and launch one or more Missiles Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية
Elements of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division performed a covert recon into Iraq on 9 February 1991, followed by a recon in force on February 20 that destroyed an Iraqi battalion. The 2nd Brigade Combat Team 1st Cavalry Division (The Black Jack Brigade is a Cavalry unit of the United States Army based in Fort Hood Texas Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. On February 22, 1991, Iraq agreed to a Soviet-proposed cease-fire agreement. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A ceasefire (or truce) is a temporary stoppage of a War or any Armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees The agreement called for Iraq to withdraw troops to pre-invasion positions within six weeks following a total cease-fire, and called for monitoring of the cease-fire and withdrawal to be overseen by the UN Security Council. The Coalition rejected the proposal but said that retreating Iraqi forces would not be attacked, and gave twenty-four hours for Iraq to begin withdrawing forces.
Coalition forces enter Iraq
Shortly afterwards, the U.S. VII Corps assembled in full strength and launched an armoured attack into Iraq early Sunday, February 24, just to the west of Kuwait, taking Iraqi forces by surprise. For the VII Corps of the Union Army during the American Civil War see VII Corps (ACW. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Simultaneously, the U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps launched a sweeping “left-hook” attack across the largely undefended desert of southern Iraq, led by the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment (3rd ACR) and the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized). The XVIII Airborne Corps is the Corps of the United States Army designed for rapid deployment anywhere in the world The 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment is a Regiment of the United States Army currently stationed at Fort Hood TX. The 24th Infantry Division, nicknamed the Victory Division, is an inactive Infantry division of the United States Army. The left flank of this movement was protected by the French 6th Light Armored Division (which included units of the French Foreign Legion). The fast-moving French force quickly overcame the Iraqi 45th Infantry Division, suffering only a handful of casualties, and took up blocking positions to prevent any Iraqi force from attacking the Allied flank. The right flank of the movement was protected by the British 1st Armoured Division. The 1st Armoured Division is an armoured division of the British Army. Once the allies had penetrated deep into Iraqi territory, they turned eastward, launching a flank attack against the Republican Guard.
The Coalition advance was much swifter than U. S. generals had expected. On February 26, Iraqi troops began retreating out of Kuwait, setting fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they left. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed The Kuwaiti oil fires were a result of the Scorched earth policy of Iraqi military forces retreating from Kuwait in 1991 after conquering the A long convoy of retreating Iraqi troops formed along the main Iraq-Kuwait highway. This convoy was bombed so extensively by the Allies that it came to be known as the Highway of Death. The Highway of Death refers to a road between Kuwait and Basra on which retreating units of the Iraqi army and Palestinian militiamen were Critics of the action contend that the column also contained prisoners and other fleeing Iraqi civilians, such as families of Iraqi military units. Forces from the United States, the United Kingdom, and France continued to pursue retreating Iraqi forces over the border and back into Iraq, moving to within 150 miles (240 km) of Baghdad before withdrawing.
One hundred hours after the ground campaign started, President Bush declared a cease-fire and on February 27 declared that Kuwait had been liberated. A ceasefire (or truce) is a temporary stoppage of a War or any Armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation
Post-war military analysis
Although it was said at the time that Iraqi troops numbered approximately 545,000 (even 600,000) today most experts think that both the qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the Iraqi Army at the time were exaggerated, as they included both temporary and auxiliary support elements. Many of the Iraqi troops were also young, under-resourced and poorly trained conscripts. The Coalition committed approximately 540,000 troops. In addition to these, a further 100,000 Turkish troops were deployed along the common border of Turkey and Iraq. This caused significant force dilution of the Iraqi military by forcing it to deploy its forces along all its borders. This allowed the main thrust by the Americans to not only possess a significant technological advantage but also a superiority in force numbers.
Saddam Hussein bought military equipment from almost every major dealer of the World's weapons market. This resulted in a lack of standardization in this large heterogeneous force, which additionally suffered from poor training and poor motivation. The majority of Iraqi armoured forces still used old Chinese Type-59s and Type-69s, Soviet-made T-55s from the 1950s and 1960s, and some T-72s from the 1970s in 1991. These machines were not equipped with up-to-date equipment, such as a thermal sight or laser rangefinder, and their effectiveness in modern combat was very limited. The Iraqis failed to find an effective countermeasure to the thermal sights and the sabot rounds used by the M1 Abrams, Challenger 1 and the other Coalition tanks. A kinetic energy penetrator (also known as a KE weapon) is a type of Ammunition which like a Bullet, does not contain Explosives and uses The M1 Abrams is a main battle tank produced in the United States. The British FV4030/4 Challenger 1 AKA Al-Hussein was the Main battle tank (MBT of the British Army from 1983 until superseded by the Challenger 2 This equipment enabled Coalition tanks to effectively engage and destroy Iraqi tanks from more than three times the distance that Iraqi tanks could engage. The Iraqi tank crews used old, cheap steel penetrators against the advanced Chobham Armour of these American and British tanks, with disastrous results. Chobham armour is the name informally given to a Composite armour developed in the 1960s at the British Tank research centre on Chobham Common The Iraqi forces also failed to utilize the advantage that could be gained from using urban warfare — fighting within Kuwait City — which could have inflicted significant casualties on the attacking forces. Urban warfare is modern warfare conducted in Urban areas such as Towns and cities. Kuwait City ( Arabic: مدينة الكويت Transliteration: Madīnat al-Kūwait) is the Capital and largest Urban combat reduces the range at which fighting occurs and can negate some of the technological advantage that well equipped forces enjoy. Iraqis also tried to copy the Soviet doctrine from the 1950s of mass attacks, but the implementation failed due to the lack of skill of their commanders and the preventive air strikes of the U.S. Air Force on communication centres and bunkers.
The end of active hostilities
A peace conference was held in Iraqi territory occupied by the coalition. At the conference, Iraq won the approval of the use of armed helicopters on their side of the temporary border, ostensibly for government transit due to the damage done to civilian transportation. Soon after, these helicopters, and much of the Iraqi armed forces, were refocused toward fighting against a Shiite uprising in the south. The rebellions were encouraged on 2 February 1991 by a broadcast on CIA run radio station The Voice of Free Iraq broadcasting out of Saudi Arabia. The Arabic service of the Voice of America supported the uprising by stating that the rebellion was large and that they soon would be liberated from Hussein. [35]
In the North, Kurdish leaders took heart in American statements that they would support an uprising and began fighting, in the hopes of triggering a coup. However, when no American support was forthcoming, Iraqi generals remained loyal and brutally crushed the Kurdish troops. Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Kurdish areas of Turkey and Iran. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. These incidents would later result in no-fly zones being established in both the North and the South of Iraq. A no-fly zone is a territory over which Aircraft are not permitted to fly In Kuwait, the Emir was restored and suspected Iraqi collaborators were repressed. Eventually, over 400,000 people were expelled from the country, including a large number of Palestinians (due to their support of and collaboration with Hussein). Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn
There was some criticism of the Bush administration for its decision to allow Saddam Hussein to remain in power, rather than pushing on to capture Baghdad and overthrowing his government. In their co-written 1998 book, A World Transformed, Bush and Brent Scowcroft argued that such a course would have fractured the alliance and would have had many unnecessary political and human costs associated with it. A World Transformed is a 1998 book (ISBN 0-679-43248-5 by former President George H Brent Scowcroft (born March 19 1925 in Ogden Utah) was the United States National Security Advisor under Presidents Gerald Ford and
In 1992, the United States Secretary of Defense during the war, Dick Cheney, made the same point:
| “ | I would guess if we had gone in there, I would still have forces in Baghdad today. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States. We'd be running the country. We would not have been able to get everybody out and bring everybody home.
And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of casualties. I don't think you could have done all of that without significant additional U. S. casualties, and while everybody was tremendously impressed with the low cost of the (1991) conflict, for the 146 Americans who were killed in action and for their families, it wasn't a cheap war. And the question in my mind is, how many additional American casualties is Saddam (Hussein) worth? And the answer is, not that damned many. So, I think we got it right, both when we decided to expel him from Kuwait, but also when the President made the decision that we'd achieved our objectives and we were not going to go get bogged down in the problems of trying to take over and govern Iraq. [36] |
” |
Instead of greater involvement of its own military, the United States hoped that Saddam Hussein would be overthrown in an internal coup. The Central Intelligence Agency used its assets in Iraq to organize a revolt, but the Iraqi government defeated the effort. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all
On March 10, 1991, Operation Desert Storm began to move 540,000 American troops out of the Persian Gulf. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the
Coalition involvement
Members of the Coalition included Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Korea, Spain, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [7] Germany and Japan provided financial assistance and donated military hardware instead of direct military assistance, which was later to be known as a "checkbook diplomacy". Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. United States asked Israel not to participate in the war despite missile strikes on Israeli citizens. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. India extended military support to the United States in the form of refueling facilities situated in the Arabian Sea. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated:
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom was numerically the largest European nation to partake in combat operations during the war. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Operation Granby was the name for the operations in the Persian Gulf. Operation Granby was the name given to the British military operations during the Gulf War in 1991 British Army regiments (mainly with the British 1st Armoured Division), Royal Navy vessels, and Royal Air Force squadrons were mobilized to the Gulf. The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. The 1st Armoured Division is an armoured division of the British Army. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The Royal Air Force, using various aircraft, operated from airbases in Saudi Arabia. An airbase, sometimes referred to as an Air Force Station, a military Airport or airfield, provides basing and support of Military Almost 2,500 armoured vehicles and 43,000 troops[7] were shipped for action.
Chief Royal Navy vessels deployed to the gulf included a number of Broadsword-class frigates, and Sheffield-class destroyers, other RN and RFA ships were also deployed. Design The Type 22 was designed to be a specialist Anti-submarine warfare vessel as part of the Royal Navy's contribution to NATO. History The class was designed in the late 1960s to provide fleet area air-defence The Royal Fleet Auxiliary ( RFA) is a component of the Naval Service that keeps the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom running around the world The light aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal was not deployed to the Gulf area, but was deployed to the Mediterranean Sea. Construction Her keel was laid by Swan Hunter at Wallsend on 7 December 1978
France
The second largest European contingent was from France, with 18,000 troops. [7] Operating on the left flank of the US XVIII Airborne Corps, the main French army force was the 6th Light Armoured Division, including troops from the French Foreign Legion. Initially, the French operated independently under national command and control, but coordinated closely with the Americans, Saudis and CENTCOM. The United States Central Command ( USCENTCOM) is a theater -level Unified Combatant Command unit of the U In January, the Division was placed under the tactical control of the US XVIII Airborne Corps. France also deployed combat aircraft and naval units. The French called their contribution Opération Daguet. Opération Daguet (French for Brocket deer) was the codename for French operations during the 1991 Gulf War (also called the Persian Gulf
Canada
Canada was one of the first nations to agree to condemn Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and it quickly agreed to join the U. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page S. -led coalition. In August 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney sent the destroyers HMCS Terra Nova and HMCS Athabaskan to join the maritime interdiction force. The Prime Minister of Canada ( French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus Martin Brian Mulroney PC CC GOQ (predominantly known as Brian Mulroney) (born March 20, 1939) was the eighteenth Operation FRICTION Terra Nova was selected in August 1990 for deployment with Operation FRICTION the CF contribution to Operation DESERT STORM (the Gulf Service Athabaskan serves on MARLANT missions protecting Canada's sovereignty in the Atlantic Ocean and enforcing Canadian laws in its territorial sea and The supply ship HMCS Protecteur was also sent to aid the gathering coalition forces. Departments Protecteur class ships differ from other Canadian warships in that they have a Liquid Cargo Department The Canadian flotilla lead the coalition logistics force at sea. A fourth ship, HMCS Huron arrived in theatre after hostilies ceased. The ship was the first to visit Kuwait at the end of the war.
After the UN authorized full use of force in the operation Canada sent a CF-18 squadron with support personnel. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Canada also sent a field hospital to deal with casualties from the ground war. A field hospital is a large mobile medical unit that temporarily takes care of casualties on-site before they can be safely transported to more permanent hospital facilities When the air war began, Canada's planes were integrated into the coalition force and provided air cover and attacked ground targets. This was the first time since the Korean War that Canadian forces had participated in offensive combat operations. The Korean War refers to a period of military conflict between North Korean and South Korean regimes with major hostilities lasting from June 25 1950 until the
Norway
In recent years, the work of Norwegian intelligence personnel of during the Gulf War has become public. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional
Norwegian intelligence personnel, at a listening post in the North of Norway, were in secrecy presented with high ranking awards for their work in saving shot down American pilots during the Gulf War.
During the Gulf War, 63 American pilots were shot down. Rescuing the 12 downed pilots trapped behind enemy lines, was a very high priority and the United States devoted a large amount of resources to doing so. The pilots were fitted with emergency beepers, so that the Americans, via satellite could locate them.
However, the USA satellite coverage wasn't always present and American officials, refusing to leave any man behind, started looking around for other methods of locating their pilots. It was then that a small listening post located in Norway, above the Arctic Circle proved helpful. The Norwegian listening post continually listened to Soviet spy satellites, which received the signals from the American pilots without a problem. The Norwegian intelligence personnel "stole" the information they got by spying on the Soviet satellites and forwarded it to American personnel which could then get into the war theater at the correct location and save the pilots.
Several American pilots were saved because of this listening post in Norway. The personnel received diplomas signed by US President George H. W. Bush himself. [37]
Norway also deployed a Field Medical Company as part of Operation Granby from January to May 1991. About 230 strong, this Army unit was stationed in Al Jubayl for the duration of the war supporting the British units. Luckily, the unit had very little medical work to do with allies, but some Iraqi injured were sent there. There was plenty of scope for preventive public health work for which the unit was also equipped. [38]
Coalition military personnel deployment[39]
| List of Coalition forces by number of troops | ||
|---|---|---|
| Country | Number of Troops | Comments / Major Events |
| United States |
575,000 - 697,000 | Operation Desert Shield Battle of Khafji Battle of 73 Easting Battle of Al Busayyah Battle of Phase Line Bullet Battle of Medina Ridge Battle of Wadi Al-Batin Battle of Norfolk Operation Desert Storm. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the Gulf War. The Battle of 73 Easting was a decisive Tank battle fought on 26 February 1991, during the Gulf War, between United States and The Battle of Al Busayyah was a tank battle fought on 26 February 1991, during the Gulf War, between armored forces of the United States Army The Battle of Phase Line Bullet was one of the clashes which led to the destruction of the Tawakalna Iraqi Republican Guard Division on February 26 The Battle of Medina Ridge was a decisive Tank battle fought on February 27 1991, during the Gulf War, between the U The Feint up the Wadi Al-Batin or Battle of Ruqi Pocket or Operation Red Storm happened before the beginning of the Desert Storm operations on February 15 The Battle of Norfolk was a tank battle fought on 27 February 1991, during the Gulf War, between armored forces of the United States Army |
| Saudi Arabia |
52,000 - 100,000 | Operation Desert Shield Battle of Khafji Operation Desert Storm |
| United Kingdom |
43,000 - 45,400 | Operation Desert Shield Operation Granby Operation Desert Storm |
| Egypt |
33,600 - 35,000 | Operation Desert Storm |
| France |
18,000 | Opération Daguet |
| Syria |
14,500 | Operation Desert Storm |
 Morocco |
13,000 | |
| Kuwait |
9,900 | Operation Desert Storm |
| Oman |
6,300 | Operation Desert Storm |
| Pakistan |
4,900 - 5,500 | |
| United Arab Emirates |
4,300 | Operation Desert Storm |
| Qatar |
2,600 | Battle of Khafji |
| Bangladesh |
2,200 | |
| Canada |
2,000 | Operation FRICTION |
| Australia |
1,800 | Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War |
| Italy |
1,200 | Deployed Panavia Tornado strike attack aircraft |
| Netherlands |
600 | |
 Niger |
600 | |
 Senegal |
500 | |
| Spain |
500 | Naval blockade |
 Bahrain |
400 | |
.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png){kind=small} Belgium |
400 | |
| Afghanistan |
300 | |
| Argentina |
300 | |
 Czechoslovakia |
200 | Operation Desert Shield Operation Desert Storm |
| Greece |
200 | |
| Poland |
200 | Operation Simoom |
| South Korea |
200 | |
| Philippines |
200 | Medical personnel |
 Denmark |
100 | |
 Hungary |
50 | |
| Norway |
280 | |
Casualties
Coalition losses
The DoD reports that U. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the Gulf War. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Operation Granby was the name given to the British military operations during the Gulf War in 1991 This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Opération Daguet (French for Brocket deer) was the codename for French operations during the 1991 Gulf War (also called the Persian Gulf Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman ( Arabic: سلطنة عُمان) is an Arab Country in Southwest Asia on the southeast Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the Gulf War. ( Bengali: বাংলাদেশ inc-Latn Bangladesh) officially Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Operation FRICTION was a Canadian Military operation that saw the contribution of 4500 Canadian Forces personnel to the Gulf War ( Operation For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Australia was a member of the international coalition which contributed military forces to the 1991 Gulf War, also known as Operation Desert Storm and The Persian Gulf War Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Operation Simoom (Operacja Samum was a top secret Polish intelligence operation conducted in Iraq in 1990 South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional S. forces suffered 148 battle-related deaths, plus one pilot listed as MIA (further 145 Americans died in out-of-combat accidents). Captain Michael Scott Speicher USN (born July 12, 1957) is a United States Navy pilot whose F/A-18 Hornet fighter was shot down over Iraq Missing in action is a status assigned to a member of the armed services who is reported missing following combat The UK suffered 24 combat deaths, France 2, and the Arab countries suffered 39 casualties. [6]
The largest single loss of Coalition forces happened on February 25, 1991, when an Iraqi Al-Hussein missile hit an American military barrack in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia killing 28 U.S. Army Reservists from Pennsylvania. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Scud is a series of Tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and exported widely to other countries This article is about Dhahran the city For the Saudi Aramco residential compound see Dhahran Aramco Camp. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The United States Army Reserve is the federal reserve force of the United States Army. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern
The number of coalition wounded in combat seems to have been 776, including 458 Americans. [7]
However, as of the year 2000, 183,000 U. S. veterans of the Gulf War, more than a quarter of the U. S. troops who participated in War, have been declared permanently disabled by the Department of Veterans Affairs [8]. About 30% of the 700,000 men and women who served in U. S. forces during the Gulf War still suffer an array of serious symptoms whose causes are not fully understood. [9]
Friendly fire
While the death toll among Coalition forces engaging Iraqi combatants was very low, a substantial number of deaths were caused by accidental attacks from other allied units. Of the 148 American troops who died in battle, 24% were killed by friendly fire, a total of 35 service personnel. Friendly fire or non-hostile fire, a term originally adopted by the United States military, refers to fire from one's own side or allied forces as A further 11 died in detonations of allied munitions. Nine British service personnel were also killed in a friendly fire incident when a USAF A-10A Thunderbolt-II attacked a group of two Warrior IFVs. An infantry fighting vehicle ( IFV, also known as (mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (MICV) is a type of Armoured fighting vehicle (AFV
Pre-war estimates
Before the war Pentagon officials were estimating 30,000-40,000 coalition casualties.
The Dupuy Institute stood alone and in front of Congress predicted coalition casualties below 6,000. They used the TNDM model which makes use of historical data from previous wars to predict casualties (the model makes use of 'human' factors such as morale and they predicted that very few Iraqi divisions would put up resistance).
Iraqi deaths
Immediate estimates said up to 100,000 Iraqis were killed. Some now estimate that Iraq sustained between 20,000 and 35,000 fatalities. However other figures still maintain fatalities as high as 200,000. [40]
A report commissioned by the U. S. Air Force, estimated 10,000-12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war. [41] This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports.
The Iraqi government claimed that 2,300 civilians died during the air campaign.
According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study, 3,664 Iraqi civilians and between 20,000 and 26,000 military personnel were killed in the conflict.
Other losses
Several Scud missiles were fired by Iraq into Israel during the seven weeks of the war. One Israeli person died due to these attacks, in addition to approximately 78 injured. The attacks caused damage to property, and demoralized the Israeli population.
Civilian deaths
The increased importance of air attacks from both warplanes and cruise missiles led to much controversy over the level of civilian deaths caused during the initial stages of the war. Within the first 24 hours of the war, more than 1,000 sorties were flown, many of them against targets in Baghdad. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous The city received heavy bombing due to being the seat of power for President Saddam Hussein and the Iraqi forces' command and control. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 Command and control can be defined as the exercise of Authority and Direction by a properly designated Commander over assigned and attached Forces However, this also led to substantial civilian casualties.
During the long bombing campaign prior to the ground war, many aerial attacks led to civilian casualties. In one particularly notable event, stealth bombers attacked a bunker in Amirya, causing the deaths of between 200 and 400 civilians who were taking refuge there at the time. Subsequently, scenes of burned and mutilated bodies were broadcast and controversy raged over the status of the bunker, with some stating that it was a civilian shelter while others contended that it was a centre of Iraqi military operations and the civilians had been deliberately moved there to act as human shields. Human shield is a military and political term describing the presence of civilians in or around combat targets to deter an enemy from attacking those targets Some estimates 2,300 to 200,000 Iraqi civilians were killed during the war. Other research, such as an investigation by Beth Osborne Daponte, has speculated on civilian fatalites as high as 100,000. [42] Notably, the deaths of civilians and damage to civilian areas was expressly avoided by coalition forces, unlike previous campaigns such as the Bombing of Tokyo in World War II.
Gulf War controversies
Gulf War illness
Many returning coalition soldiers reported illnesses following their participation in the Gulf War, a phenomenon known as Gulf War syndrome or Gulf War illness. Gulf War syndrome (GWS or Gulf War illness (GWI is an Illness reported by combat Veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War typified by Symptoms There has been widespread speculation and disagreement about the causes of the illness and reported birth defects. Some factors considered as possibly causal include exposure to depleted uranium, chemical weapons, anthrax vaccine given to deploying soldiers, and/or infectious diseases. Depleted uranium (DU is Uranium primarily composed of the Isotope Uranium-238 (U-238 Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. Anthrax vaccine is a Vaccine against the Infectious disease, Anthrax. Major Michael Donnelly, a former USAF officer during the Gulf War, helped publicize the syndrome and advocated for veterans' rights in this regard.
Effects of depleted uranium
Depleted uranium (DU) was used in the Gulf War in tank kinetic energy penetrators and 20-30mm cannon ordnance. Depleted uranium (DU is Uranium primarily composed of the Isotope Uranium-238 (U-238 Depleted uranium (DU is Uranium primarily composed of the Isotope Uranium-238 (U-238 A kinetic energy penetrator (also known as a KE weapon) is a type of Ammunition which like a Bullet, does not contain Explosives and uses Ammunition, often referred to as ammo, is a generic term derived from the French language la munition which DU is a pyrophoric, genotoxic, and teratogenic heavy metal. A pyrophoric substance will ignite spontaneously that is its Autoignition temperature is below Room temperature. Genotoxicity describes a deleterious action on a cell genetic material affecting its integrity Teratology stems from the Greek ( Genitive) meaning monster, or marvel and, meaning word, speech. Its use during the First Gulf War has been cited by many as a contributing factor in a number of instances of health issues in both veterans of the conflict as well as the surrounding civilian populations, although scientific opinion on the risk is mixed. [43][44][45]
Highway of death
On the night of February 26-27, 1991, defeated Iraqi forces began leaving Kuwait on the main highway north of Al Jahra in a column of some 1400 vehicles, some military and some civilian and commandeered from the Kuwaiti population. The Highway of Death refers to a road between Kuwait and Basra on which retreating units of the Iraqi army and Palestinian militiamen were Al Jahra is one of the six governorates of Kuwait. It is located to the northwest of the other governorates and houses the city of Jahra among others United States Air Force and U.S. Navy jets pursued and destroyed the convoy in a controversial attack, subjecting it to sustained bombing for several hours. The convoy also contained some stolen vehicles loaded up with stolen 'loot' from Kuwait.
Bulldozer assault
Another incident during the war highlighted the question of large-scale Iraqi combat deaths. This was the “bulldozer assault”, wherein two brigades from the 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) used anti-mine plows mounted on tanks and combat earthmovers to bury Iraqi soldiers defending the fortified "Saddam Line. ----A bulldozer is a crawler ( Caterpillar tracked Tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities The 1st Infantry Division of the United States Army &mdashnicknamed “ The Big Red One ” after its Shoulder patch; and also nicknamed " The Fighting A tank is a tracked, Armoured fighting vehicle designed for Front-line combat which combines Operational mobility and tactical " One newspaper story reported that the U. S. commanders estimated thousands of Iraqi soldiers surrendered, escaping burial during the two-day assault February 24-25, 1991. However, like all other troop estimates made during the war, the estimated 8,000 Iraqi defenders was probably greatly inflated. After the war, the Iraqi government claimed to have found 44 bodies. [46]
Abuse of coalition POWs
Iraq displayed POWs on TV with visible signs of abuse who were disavowing the coalition's warfare. It has also been alleged that coalition POWs were tortured by the Iraqis.
Crossing Iraqi borders
Having driven Iraqi forces over the border from Kuwait, some coalition troops stood down, but forces from the USA, UK, and France continued to pursue the retreating remnants of the Iraq forces across into Iraqi territory. Disagreements arose over whether the UN mandate to eject Saddam Hussein's forces from Kuwait allowed the coalition to enter Iraqi sovereign territory or not, with some military officials arguing that it was necessary to prevent them from regrouping and attempting a counter-attack.
Gulf War oil spill
On January 23, Iraq was accused of dumping 400 million gallons of crude oil into the Persian Gulf, causing the largest oil spill in history. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor The Gulf War oil spill is regarded as the worst Oil spill in history resulting from actions taken during the Gulf War in 1991. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the For the fictional character see Oil Slick (Transformers. An oil spill is the release of a Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbon into [10] It was reported as a deliberate natural resources attack to keep U. S. Marine forces from coming ashore. This was denied by the Iraqi government, who claimed that the allied bombing campaign had damaged and destroyed Iraqi oil tankers that were docked at the time.
Views on Saddam Hussein after the war
After the hostilities between Hussein's regime and the West, he was sometimes viewed as a hero by Arabs and Muslims. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Until the invasion in 2003, he became an idol around the Arab World. An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all or large parts of the Armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. However, this view was always disputed by some Iraqis and Muslims because of his involvement in war crimes such as in Halabja. War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied Halabja ( Kurdish: ههڵهبجه or Helepçe) is a Kurdish town in a majority Kurdish area of Iraq about northeast of
Cost
The cost of the war to the United States was calculated by the United States Congress to be $61. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses 1 billion. [47]. About $52 billion of that amount was paid by different countries around the world: $36 billion by Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and other Persian Gulf States; $16 billion by Germany and Japan (which sent no combat forces due to terms contained in the treaty that ended World War II). The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The surrender of Japan in August 1945 brought World War II to a close World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [48] About 25% of Saudi Arabia's contribution was paid in the form of in-kind services to the troops, such as food and transportation. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another [49] U. S. troops represented about 74% of the combined force, and the global cost was therefore higher.
By comparison, the cost of the 2003 Iraq War was at least an order of magnitude higher. The following is a partial accounting of financial costs of the 2003 Iraq War by the United States and the United Kingdom, the two largest participants of the
Media
The Persian Gulf War was a heavily televised war. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic For the first time people all over the world were able to watch live pictures of missiles hitting their targets and fighters taking off from aircraft carriers. A missile (see also pronunciation differences) is a self-propelled explosive Projectile used as a weapon towards a target An aircraft carrier is a Warship designed with Allied forces were keen to demonstrate the accuracy of their weapons.
In the United States, the "big three" network anchors led the network news coverage of the war: ABC's Peter Jennings, CBS's Dan Rather, and NBC's Tom Brokaw were anchoring their evening newscasts when air strikes began on January 16, 1991. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the News broadcasting (also known as newscast or newsbreak) is the Broadcasting of various news events and other Information via The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. Peter Charles Archibald Ewart Jennings, CM (July 29 1938 &ndash August 7 2005 was a Canadian-American Journalist and News anchor. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. Daniel Irvin "Dan" Rather Jr (born October 31, 1931) is a journalist and former news anchor for the CBS Evening News The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Thomas John "Tom" Brokaw (born February 6, 1940) is an American Television Journalist and Author, and Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. ABC News correspondent Gary Shepard, reporting live from Baghdad, told Jennings of the quietness of the city. This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American But, moments later, Shepard was back on the air as flashes of light were seen on the horizon and tracer fire was heard on the ground. On CBS, viewers were watching a report from correspondent Allen Pizzey, who was also reporting from Baghdad, when the war began. Rather, after the report was finished, announced that there were unconfirmed reports of flashes in Baghdad and heavy air traffic at bases in Saudi Arabia. Air Traffic are a British Alternative rock band from Bournemouth. On the "NBC Nightly News", correspondent Mike Boettcher reported unusual air activity in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Mike Boettcher is an award winning American journalist and war correspondent This article is about Dhahran the city For the Saudi Aramco residential compound see Dhahran Aramco Camp. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi Moments later, Brokaw announced to his viewers that the air attack had begun.
Still, it was CNN which gained the most popularity for their coverage, and indeed its wartime coverage is often cited as one of the landmark events in the development of the network. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner CNN correspondents John Holliman and Peter Arnett and CNN anchor Bernard Shaw relayed audio reports from the Al-Rashid Hotel as the air strikes began. John Holliman ( October 23, 1948 — September 12, 1998) was an American Journalist. Peter Gregg Arnett, ONZM (born November 13, 1934 in Riverton, New Zealand) is a New Zealand-American journalist Bernard Shaw may refer to George Bernard Shaw, the celebrated Irish playwright Bernard Shaw (footballer, English footballer of the The Al-Rashid Hotel ( Arabic,فندق الرشيد is an 18-story Hotel in Baghdad, Iraq, favored by Journalists and media The network had previously convinced the Iraqi government to allow installation of a permanent audio circuit in their makeshift bureau. When the telephones of all of the other Western TV correspondents went dead during the bombing, CNN was the only service able to provide live reporting. After the initial bombing, Arnett remained behind and was, for a time, the only American TV correspondent reporting from Iraq.
Newspapers all over the world also covered the war and TIME Magazine published a special issue dated January 28, 1991, the headline "WAR IN THE GULF" emblazoned on the cover over a picture of Baghdad taken as the war began. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.
U. S. policy regarding media freedom was much more restrictive than in the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The policy had been spelled out in a Pentagon document entitled Annex Foxtrot. Annex Foxtrot was the name given to a 10-page memo written by Captain Ron Wildermuth, the chief Public Affairs Officer for U Most of the press information came from briefings organized by the military. Only selected journalists were allowed to visit the front lines or conduct interviews with soldiers. Those visits were always conducted in the presence of officers, and were subject to both prior approval by the military and censorship afterward. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor This was ostensibly to protect sensitive information from being revealed to Iraq. This policy was heavily influenced by the military's experience with the Vietnam War, which it believed it had lost due to public opposition within the United States. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
At the same time, the coverage of this war was new in its instantaneousness. About halfway through the war, Iraq's government decided to allow live satellite transmissions from the country by Western news organizations, and American journalists returned en masse to Baghdad. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Tom Aspell of NBC, Bill Blakemore of ABC, and Betsy Aaron of CBS filed reports, subject to acknowledged Iraqi censorship. NBC News is the news division of American Television network NBC, a part of NBC Universal, which is majority-owned by General Electric This article is about the American news organization See also ABC News (disambiguation ABC News is a division of American CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor Throughout the war, footage of incoming missiles was broadcast almost immediately. A British crew from CBS News (David Green and Andy Thompson), equipped with satellite transmission equipment traveled with the front line forces and, having transmitted live TV pictures of the fighting en route, arrived the day before the forces in Kuwait City, broadcasting live television from the city and covering the entrance of the Arab forces the following day. CBS News is the news division of American Television and Radio network CBS. Kuwait City ( Arabic: مدينة الكويت Transliteration: Madīnat al-Kūwait) is the Capital and largest
Consequences
Following uprisings in the north and south, Iraqi no-fly zones were established to help protect the Shi'ite and Kurdish groups in southern and northern Iraq, respectively. The 1991 uprisings in Iraq were a series of anti-governmental Intifada ( Rebellions in Southern and Northern Iraq during the aftermath of the The Iraqi no-fly zones are two separate No-fly zones (NFZs and were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom and France after the These no-fly zones (originally north of the 36th parallel and south of the 32nd parallel) were monitored mainly by the United States and the United Kingdom, though France also participated. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Combined, they flew more sorties over Iraq in the eleven years following the war than were flown during the war. These sorties dropped bombs nearly every other day against surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft guns which engaged the patrolling aircraft. A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft Anti-aircraft warfare, or air defense, is any method of engaging hostile military Aircraft in defence of ground objectives, ground or naval forces However, the greatest amount of bombs was dropped during two sustained bombing campaigns: Operation Desert Strike, which lasted a few weeks in September 1996, and Operation Desert Fox, in December 1998. Operation Desert Strike was a Military operation that lasted for a few weeks in September 1996 during one of the Iraqi disarmament crises. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The December 1998 bombing of Iraq (code-named Operation Desert Fox) was a major four-day bombing campaign on Iraqi targets from December 16 - December 19 Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Operation Northern Watch, the no-fly zone covering the Kurdish regions, allowed the population to focus on developing security and infrastructure, which was reflected after Hussein's fall in 2003 by a much more progressive and sustainable region (when compared to the rest of Iraq following "Operation Iraqi Freedom"). Operation Northern Watch, the successor to Operation Provide Comfort, was a US European Command Combined Task Force (CTF charged with enforcing its own no-fly zone above The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Operation Southern Watch, on the other hand, did not provide the Shi'ite population with the same opportunity. Operation Southern Watch was an operation conducted by Joint Task Force Southwest Asia (JTF-SWA with the mission of monitoring and controlling airspace
Widespread infrastructure destruction during the ground war hurt the Iraqi population. Years after the war, electricity production was less than a quarter of its pre-war level. The destruction of water treatment facilities caused sewage to flow directly into the Tigris River, from which civilians drew drinking water, resulting in widespread disease. Water treatment describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use The Tigris is the eastern member of the two great Rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of southeastern Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Funds provided by Western nations to help combat the problem were diverted instead to maintaining Hussein's military control over the country, as coalition forces were spurring on uprisings in the north and south which they then refused to assist.
Economic sanctions were kept in place following the war, pending a weapons inspection with which Iraq never fully cooperated as it accused the UN inspectors of spying (something which was later proven to be at least partially true). The Iraq sanctions were a near-total financial and trade embargo imposed by the United Nations Security Council against the nation of Iraq. Iraq was later allowed to import certain products under the UN's Oil for Food program. The Oil-for-Food Programme, established by the United Nations in 1995 (under UN Security Council Resolution 986) and terminated in late 2003 was intended A study by the Harvard School of Public Health found evidence that there was a threefold increase in the mortality of Iraqi children under five years of age caused by the Gulf War and trade sanctions. The estimate from the study indicates more than 46,900 children died between January and August 1991 alone. [50] A 1998 UNICEF report found that the sanctions resulted in an increase to 90,000 deaths per year. The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946 Many argue that the sanctions on Iraq and the American military presence in Saudi Arabia contributed to an increasingly negative image of the United States in the Arab world.
A United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) on weapons was established, to monitor Iraq's compliance with restrictions on weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles. United Nations Special Commission ( UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created by the United Nations to ensure Iraq 's compliance with policies concerning A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e Iraq accepted some and refused other weapons inspections. The team found some evidence of biological weapons programs at one site and non-compliance at many other sites. Biological warfare (BW — known as a germ warfare, biological weapons and bioweaponry — is the use of any Pathogen ( Bacterium
In 1997, Iraq expelled all U. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar S. members of the inspection team, alleging that the United States was using the inspections as a front for espionage; members of UNSCOM were in regular contact with various intelligence agencies to provide information on weapons sites back and forth. The team returned for an even more turbulent time period between 1997 and 1999; one member of the weapons inspection team, U. S. Marine Scott Ritter, resigned in 1998, alleging that the Clinton administration was blocking investigations because they did not want a full-scale confrontation with Iraq. William Scott Ritter Jr (born July 15 1961 is noted for his role as a chief United Nations weapons inspector in Iraq from 1991 to 1998 and later for his William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States In 1999, the team was replaced by UNMOVIC, which began inspections in 2002. The United Nations Monitoring Verification and Inspection Commission ( UNMOVIC) was created through the adoption of United Nations Security Council resolution See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. In 2002, Iraq — and especially Saddam Hussein — became targets in the United States' "War on Terrorism", leading to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, led by the United States and, to a lesser extent, the United Kingdom. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U
The People's Republic of China (whose army used military equipment similar to the Iraqi army) was surprised at the performance of US technology on the battlefield. The swiftness of the coalition victory resulted in an overall change in Chinese military thinking and began a movement to technologically modernize the People's Liberation Army. Military doctrine is the concise expression of how military forces contribute to campaigns major operations Battles and engagements It is a guide The People's Liberation Army ( PLA) ( is the unified Military organization of all land sea and air forces of the People's Republic of China.
The events of the Gulf War fueled anti-Western feeling among Muslims. The change of face by Hussein's secular regime did little to draw support from Islamist groups. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only This action, combined with the Saudi Arabian alliance with the United States and Saudi Arabia being seen as being on the same side of Israel dramatically eroded that regime's legitimacy. The level of activity of Islamist groups acting against the Saudi regime increased dramatically. The presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia, the invasion of Iraq, and the subsequent blockade were some of the grievances listed by Osama bin Laden in his 1998 Fatwa. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Osama bin Laden wrote what is referred to as a ''fatwa'' in August 1996 and was one of several signatories of another and shorter fatwa in February 1998
In part to win back favour with Islamist groups, Saudi Arabia greatly increased funding to those that would support the regime. Throughout the newly independent states of Central Asia the Saudis paid for the distribution of millions of Qur'ans and the building of hundreds of mosques for extremist groups. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger In Afghanistan the Saudi regime became a leading patron of the Taliban in that nation's civil war, and one of the few foreign countries to officially recognize the government. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The word regime (occasionally spelled " régime " particularly in older texts refers to a set of conditions most often of a Political nature The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately
Technology
Precision guided munitions (PGMs, also "smart bombs"), such as the United States Air Force guided missile AGM-130, were heralded as key in allowing military strikes to be made with a minimum of civilian casualties compared to previous wars. Specific buildings in downtown Baghdad could be bombed whilst journalists in their hotels watched cruise missiles fly by. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous PGMs amounted to approximately 7. 4% of all bombs dropped by the coalition. Other bombs included cluster bombs, which break up into clusters of bomblets and often cause civilian casualties years after conflicts finish, and daisy cutters, 15,000-pound bombs which can disintegrate everything within hundreds of yards. Cluster munitions or cluster bombs are air-dropped or ground-launched munitions that eject a number of smaller submunitions a cluster of bomblets The BLU-82B/C-130 weapon system known under programme " Commando Vault " and nicknamed " daisy cutter " in Vietnam
Scud is a tactical ballistic missile that the Soviet Union developed and deployed among the forward deployed Red Army divisions in East Germany. Scud is a series of Tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War and exported widely to other countries A ballistic missile is a Missile that follows a Sub-orbital ballistic flightpath with the objective of delivering a warhead to a predetermined target The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state The role of the Scuds which were armed with nuclear and chemical warheads was to destroy command, control, and communication facilities and delay full mobilization of Western German and Allied Forces in Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It could also be used to directly target ground forces. Scud missiles utilise inertial guidance which operates for the duration that the engines operate. Iraq used Scud missiles, launching them into both Saudi Arabia and Israel. Some missiles caused extensive casualties, while others caused little damage. Concerns were raised of possible chemical or biological warheads on these rockets, but if they existed they were not used. Scud missiles are not as effective at delivering chemical payloads as is commonly believed because intense heat during the Scud's flight at approximately Mach 5 denatures most of the chemical payload. In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature For the song by The Presidents of the United States of America see Mach 5 (song. Chemical weapons are inherently better suited to being delivered by cruise missiles or fighter bombers. The Scud is best suited to delivering tactical nuclear warheads, a role for which it is as capable today as it was when it was first developed.
The USA's Patriot missile was used for the first time in combat. The MIM-104 Patriot is a Surface-to-air missile (SAM system the primary of its kind used by the United States Army and several allied nations The U. S. military claimed a high effectiveness against Scuds at the time. Later estimates of the Patriot's effectiveness range widely. Further, there is at least one incident of a software error causing a Patriot missile to fail, resulting in deaths. [11] Unclassified evidence on Scud interception is lacking. The higher estimates are based on the percentage of Scud warheads which were known to have impacted and exploded compared to the number of Scud missiles launched, but other factors such as duds, misses and impacts which were not reported confound these. Some Scud variations were re-engineered in a manner outside their original tolerance, and said to have frequently failed or broken up in flight. The lowest estimates are typically based upon the number of interceptions where there is proof that the warhead was hit by at least one missile, but due to the way the Al-Hussein (Scud derivative) missiles broke up in flight, it was often hard to tell which piece was the warhead, and there were few radar tracks which were actually stored which could be analyzed later. Realistically the actual performance will not be known for many years. The U. S. Army and the manufacturers maintain the Patriot delivered a "miracle performance" in the Gulf War. [51]
Global Positioning System units were key in enabling coalition units to navigate easily across the desert. Basic concept of GPS operation A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS Satellites high above the Earth
Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) and satellite communication systems were also important. 2 examples of this is the E-2 Hawkeye US Navy and the E-3 Sentry USAF. Both were used in command and control area of operations. They provided essential communications link between the ground forces, air forces, and the navy. It is one the many reasons why the air war during the Gulf war was dominated by the Coalition Forces.
Notes and references
- ^ Palestinian Expulsion from Kuwait - TV news report - YouTube
- ^ Gulf War, the Sandhurst-trained Prince Khaled bin Sultan al-Saud was co commander with General Norman Schwarzkopf www.casi.org.uk/discuss
- ^ General Khaled was Co-Commander, with U. S. General Norman Schwarzkopf, of the allied coalition that liberated Kuwait www.thefreelibrary.com
- ^ Gulf War Coalition Forces (Latest available) by country www.nationmaster.com
- ^ Geoffrey Regan, p. 214
- ^ Geoffrey Regan, p. 214
- ^ a b c d Crocker III, H. W. (2006). Don't Tread on Me. New York: Crown Forum, 386. ISBN 9781400053636.
- ^ Frontline Chronology (PDF). Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved on 2007-03-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.
- ^ CNN, 16 January 2001 [1]
- ^ CNN.com In-depth specials - Gulf War. CNN (2001).
- ^ AP News at ABC Inc., WABC-TV/DT New York News website article Iraq to Reopen Embassy in Kuwait published September 04, 2005
- ^ "Rescue Operations in the Second Gulf War", Air & Space Power Journal, Spring 2005.
- ^ Douglas A. Borer (2003). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Inverse Engagement: Lessons from US-Iraq Relations, 1982–1990. U. S. Army Professional Writing Collection. U. S. Army. Retrieved on 2006-10-12. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon.
- ^ BBC News. "1990: Outrage at Iraqi TV hostage show". Accessed 2 September 2007. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ The Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm Timeline. Retrieved on March 29, 2007.
- ^ 15 Years After Desert Storm, U.S. Commitment to Region Continues. Retrieved on March 29, 2007.
- ^ The Unfinished War: A Decade Since Desert Storm. CNN In-Depth Specials, 2001. Retrieved on 5-04-2008.
- ^ [2]
- ^ [3]
- ^ USATODAY.com - Poll results show support for Iraq pullout, flag-burning amendment
- ^ How PR Sold the War in the Persian Gulf | Center for Media and Democracy
- ^ In the Gulf war, every last nail was accounted for, but the Iraqi dead went untallied. At last their story is being told
- ^ War in the Gulf, 1990-1991: The Iraqi-Kuwait Conflict and It's Implications: Views from the Other Side
- ^ Operation Desert Storm
- ^ CNN.com In-depth specials - Gulf War. CNN (2001).
- ^ Atkinson, Rick (2003). frontline: the gulf war: chronology. SBS.
- ^ Iraqi Air Force Equipment - Introduction. Retrieved on January 18, 2005.
- ^ IRAQ & AFGHANISTAN: DEJA VU ALL OVER AGAIN
- ^ John Sweeney Responds on Mass Death in Iraq
- ^ Clancy, Tom (1994). Thomas Leo Clancy Jr (born April 12 1947) is an American author best known for his technically detailed espionage and Military science storylines Armored Cav. Berkley Books, 180. ISBN 0425158365.
- ^ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf Conflict: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order, 1990-1991 (Princeton, 1993), 324-29. (
- ^ Apparatus of Lies: Crafting Tragedy. Retrieved on December 4, 2005.
- ^ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf Conflict: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order, 1990-1991 (Princeton, 1993), 332.
- ^ Lawrence Freedman and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf Conflict: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order, 1990-1991 (Princeton, 1993), 331-41.
- ^ Robert Fisk. The Great War for Civilization, Vintage (2007 reprint), at p. Robert Fisk (born July 12 1946 in Maidstone, Kent) is a British Journalist and is Middle East correspondent 646.
- ^ "Cheney changed his view on Iraq", by Charles Pope, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 29, 2004. Retrieved on January 7, 2005.
- ^ NRK.no - Brennpunkt
- ^ Military records from the deployment, Norwegian Armed Forces, Joint Medical Service
- ^ Nationmaster. com - Gulf War Coalition - Troops by country
- ^ Robert Fisk, The Great War For Civilisation; The Conquest of the Middle East (Fourth Estate, 2005), p. 853.
- ^ Keaney, Thomas; Eliot A. Cohen (1993). Gulf War Air Power Survey. United States Dept. of the Air Force. ISBN 0-16-041950-6.
- ^ Robert Fisk, The Great War For Civilisation; The Conquest of the Middle East (Fourth Estate, 2005), p. 853.
- ^ Schröder H, Heimers A, Frentzel-Beyme R, Schott A, Hoffman W (2003). "Chromosome Aberration Analysis in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Gulf War and Balkans War Veterans". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 103: 211-219.
- ^ Hindin, R. et al. (2005) "Teratogenicity of depleted uranium aerosols: A review from an epidemiological perspective," Environmental Health, vol. 4, pp. 17.
- ^ An Analysis of Uranium Dispersal and Health Effects Using a Gulf War Case Study, Albert C. Marshall, Sandia National Laboratories
- ^ frontline: the gulf war: appendix: Iraqi death toll. Retrieved on December 4, 2005.
- ^ How much did the Gulf War cost the US?
- ^ How much did the Gulf War cost the US?
- ^ How much did the Gulf War cost the US?
- ^ Ascherio, A; Chase R, Coté T, Dehaes G, Hoskins E, Laaouej J, Passey M, Qaderi S, Shuqaidef S, Smith MC, et al. (1992-09-24). "Effect of the Gulf War on infant and child mortality in Iraq.". The New England Journal of Medicine 327 (13): 931-936. Massachusetts Medical Society.
- ^ Conclusions i did it i did it yes i was the reason why the war happen...its mah fault and i wrote all thiz to let ya kno about it ight. Retrieved on December 4, 2005.
Bibliography
- (French)(English) Guy Lebègue, (trad. Guy Lebègue, is a French engineer in the space domain graduated from École centrale Paris, alumni 1962 Robert J. Amral), « Gulf War : Military satellites, the Lesson », in Revue aerospatiale, n°79, June 1991. A military satellite is an Artificial satellite used for a Military purpose often for gathering intelligence, as a Communications satellite The Aerospatiale company had always strong Public relations. Among the means was a Magazine, monthly published.
- Felicity Arbuthnot. Allies Deliberately Poisoned Iraq Public Water Supply In Gulf War. Retrieved on December 4, 2005. September 17, 2000. Sunday Herald (Scotland)
- Rick Atkinson and Ann Devroy. U.S. Claims Iraqi Nuclear Reactors Hit Hard. Retrieved on December 4, 2005. Jan 12, 1991. Washington Post.
- Mitchell Bard. The Gulf War. Retrieved on December 4, 2005. Jewish virtual library.
- Gad Barzilai, Aharon Klieman, and Gil Shidlo (eds. ) The Gulf Crisis and Its Global Aftermath. 1993. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08002-9
- William Blum. Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Retrieved on December 4, 2005. 1995. Common Courage Press. ISBN 1-56751-052-3
- Christoper Bolkom and Jonathan Pike. Attack Aircraft Proliferation: Areas for Concern. Retrieved on December 4, 2005.
- Miland Brown. First Persian Gulf War[12]
- Daniel Forbes. Gulf War crimes?. Retrieved on December 4, 2005. May 15, 2000. Salon Magazine.
- T. M. Hawley. Against the Fires of Hell: The Environmental Disaster of the Gulf War. 1992. ISBN 0-15-103969-0.
- Dilip Hiro. Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War. 1992. Routledge.
- Ronald Andrew Hoskinson and Norman Jarvis. Gulf War Photo GalleryGulf War Photo Gallery. Retrieved on December 4, 2005. 1994.
- Gilles Kepel. "From the Gulf War to the Taliban Jihad. " Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. 2002.
- Jon Latimer. Deception in War, London: John Murray, 2001 ISBN 0-7195-5605-8
- Allan Little. Iraq coming in from the cold?. Retrieved on December 4, 2005. December 1, 1997. BBC.
- Richard S. Lowry, The Gulf War Chronicles, iUniverse, 2003 and 2008. The Gulf War Chronicles
- John MacArthur. Independent Policy Forum Luncheon Honoring. Retrieved on December 4, 2005.
- Alan Munro. Arab Storm: Politics and Diplomacy Behind the Gulf War I. B. Tauris. 2006. ISBN 1-84511-128-1.
- Naval Historical Center. The United States Navy in Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Retrieved on December 4, 2005. May 15, 1991.
- Wright, Steven. The United States and Persian Gulf Security: The Foundations of the War on Terror, Ithaca Press, 2007 ISBN 978-0863723216
- Larry A. Niksch and Robert G. Sutter. Japan's Response to the Persian Gulf Crisis: Implications for U.S.-Japan Relations. Retrieved on December 4, 2005. May 23, 1991. Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress.
- Paul William Roberts, The Demonic Comedy: In the Baghdad of Saddam Hussein [13]
- Micah Sifry and Christopher Cerf. Christopher Cerf (born August 19, 1941) is a US author composer-lyricist and record and television producer The Gulf War Reader. 1991. ISBN 0-8129-1947-5.
- Jean Edward Smith, George Bush's War, New York: Henry Holt & Company, 1992. Jean Edward Smith (born October 13, 1932, Washington DC) is professor at Marshall University and biographer
- Peter Turnley. The Unseen Gulf War (photo essay). Retrieved on December 4, 2005. December 2002.
- Paul Walker and Eric Stambler. …and the dirty little weapons. Retrieved on December 4, 2005. 1991. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol 47, Number 4.
- Andre Gunder Frank. Third World War in the Gulf: A New World Order. Retrieved on December 4, 2005. May 20, 1991. Political Economy Notebooks for Study and Research, no. 14, pp. 5-34.
- PBS Frontline. The Gulf War: an in-depth examination of the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf crisis. Retrieved on December 4, 2005.
- Report to Congress on the Conduct of the Persian Gulf War, Chapter 6. Retrieved on December 4, 2005.
See also
- 2003 invasion of Iraq
- Arms sales to Iraq 1973-1990
- British Army
- Distance in military affairs
- The Gulf War Did Not Take Place
- Gulf War Military Awards
- Gulf War syndrome
- Timeline of the Gulf War
- Highway of Death
- Iraq disarmament crisis timeline 1990-1996, 1997-2000, 2001-2003
- Iraq War
- Middle East conflict
- Military history
- Military history of the United States
- List of Gulf War military equipment
- Lion of Babylon tank
- Operation Provide Comfort
- Operation Simoom
Films about the Gulf War
- Dawn of the world (Iraqi film, 2008)
- Bravo Two Zero
- Courage Under Fire
- The Finest Hour
- Jarhead
- Lessons of Darkness
- Live From Baghdad
- Heroes of Desert Storm
- Three Kings
- In the Army Now (actually a film about a fictional engagement between the US and Libyan forces invading Chad)
- The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)
Video games related to the Gulf War
- Operation Desert Storm (1991)
- Super Battletank (1992)
- Gulf War: Operation Desert Hammer (1999)
- Conflict: Desert Storm (2002)
- Conflict: Desert Storm 2 (2003)
- Patriot (1993)
External links
- Gulf War Guide - Iraq, USA, UK Operation Desert storm War site with special features on the Gulf War. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia The British Army is the land armed forces branch of the British Armed Forces. Geographic Distance is a key factor in military affairs. The shorter the distance the greater the ease with which force can be brought to bear upon an opponent The Gulf War Did Not Take Place, a book by Jean Baudrillard, is a collection of three essays published in Libération and The Guardian After the 1990-91 Gulf War, many of the forces issued service and campaign awards Gulf War syndrome (GWS or Gulf War illness (GWI is an Illness reported by combat Veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War typified by Symptoms Timeline of the Gulf War Begins in May 1990 and ends in March 1991 1990 May 28 -30 Iraqi president Saddam Hussein The Highway of Death refers to a road between Kuwait and Basra on which retreating units of the Iraqi army and Palestinian militiamen were The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign There have been many conflicts in the Middle East since the time of the Ancient Near East up until Modern times. Military history is a Humanities discipline within the scope of general historical recording of armed conflict in the history of humanity The military history of the United States spans a period of over two centuries List of Gulf War Military Equipment is a summary of the various military weapons and vehicles used by the different nations during the Gulf War of 1990-1991 The Lion of Babylon tank or Asad Babil ( Arabic: اسد بابل was an Iraqi built version of the Soviet T-72 MBT ( Main battle tank Operation Provide Comfort and Provide Comfort II were a military operations by the United States and some of its Gulf War allies starting in April 1991 Operation Simoom (Operacja Samum was a top secret Polish intelligence operation conducted in Iraq in 1990 Dawn of the World is a Feature film written and directed by the Iraqi French film director Abbas Fahdel. Bravo Two Zero is a 1999 two 60 minute part Television Miniseries based on a book of the same name by Andy McNab. Courage Under Fire is a motion picture released in 1996 starring Denzel Washington, Meg Ryan, Lou Diamond Phillips and Matt Damon The Finest Hour is a 1991 war - Drama film. The film stars Rob Lowe and Gale Hansen as Navy SEALs in-training who become Jarhead is a 2005 Film based on US Marine Anthony Swofford 's 2003 Gulf War Memoir Lessons of Darkness (Lektionen in Finsternis is a 1992 film by German director Werner Herzog. Live from Baghdad is a television movie produced in 2002 by HBO. The Heroes of Desert Storm is a 1991 film that told the story of Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm from the point of view of several participants Three Kings is a 1999 action - comedy - drama War film written and directed by David O In the Army Now is a highly satirical 1994 War film, directed by Daniel Petrie Jr The Manchurian Candidate is a 2004 American Film based on the 1959 Novel The Manchurian Candidate Premise Super Battletank takes place during Operation Desert Storm. Gulf War Operation Desert Hammer was video game about M1 Tanks during the Gulf War, it was one of the first games about Desert Storm. Conflict Desert Storm is the first game in the Conflict series Conflict Desert Storm II Back to Baghdad ( Conflict Desert Storm II in Europe is set during the Gulf War.
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding the Gulf War
- Saddam Hussein & the invasion of Kuwait.
- CBC Digital Archives - The 1991 Gulf War
- List of Desert Storm POWs
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic