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Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
ګلبدین حکمتیار
1947 – present
Place of birth Kunduz, Afghanistan
Years of service 1979 – present
Commands held Hezbi Islami
Battles/wars Soviet war in Afghanistan
Civil war in Afghanistan
War on Terrorism
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
ګلبدین حکمتیار
Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
In office
17 June 1993 – 28 June 1994
President Burhanuddin Rabbani
Preceded by Abdul Sabur Farid Kuhestani (1992)
Succeeded by Arsala Rahmani (Acting)
In office
26 June 1996 – 27 September 1996
President Burhanuddin Rabbani
Preceded by Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai (Acting)
Succeeded by Mohammad Rabbani
Born 1947
Political party Hezbi Islami

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (Pashto: ګلبدین حکمتیار) (born 1947) is an Islamist Mujahideen leader and former warlord. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kunduz ( قندوز) also known as Kundûz Qonduz Qondûz Konduz Kondûz Kondoz or Qhunduz is a city in northern Afghanistan, the capital Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Hizb-e Islami (also Hezbi Islami, Hezb-i-Islami, Hezbi-Islami, Hezb-e-Islami) meaning Islamic Party is an Islamic organization The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving The Civil war in Afghanistan, also known as Afghan Civil War, began in 1978 and has continued The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U The Prime Minister of Afghanistan is a currently defunct post in the Afghan Government Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Burhanuddin Rabbani ( - Burhânuddîn Rabbânî) (born 1940 an ethnic Tajik, is a former President of Afghanistan. Abdul Sabur Farid Kuhestani (1952 &ndash May 3, 2007) served as Prime Minister of Afghanistan from July 6, 1992 until August Arsala Rahmani (born 1937? is an Afghan politician who served as Prime Minister Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Burhanuddin Rabbani ( - Burhânuddîn Rabbânî) (born 1940 an ethnic Tajik, is a former President of Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai (born 1944) is a Politician in Afghanistan, he served from 1995 to 1996 as Prime minister of the country Mullah Mohammad Rabbani (1955/1956– April 16, 2001) was one of the main founders of the Taliban movement Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hizb-e Islami (also Hezbi Islami, Hezb-i-Islami, Hezbi-Islami, Hezb-e-Islami) meaning Islamic Party is an Islamic organization Pashto ( Naskh: پښتو‎ pəʂ'to also rendered as Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, Pushtu, also known as Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only A Mujahid (Arabic ar مجاهد, literally "struggler" is a Muslim involved in a Jihad, id est fighting in a war or A warlord is a person with power who has military control over a subnational area due to Armed forces loyal to the warlord and not to a central authority He is the founder and leader of the Hezb-e Islami political party and paramilitary group. The Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin is the larger of two factions of Afghanistan 's Hezbi Islami Party He served as a rebel military commander during the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan and warlord during country's Afghanistan's civil war following the Soviet's withdrawal, holding the office of Prime Minister of Afghanistan from 1993 to '94 and again in 1996. The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving The Civil war in Afghanistan, also known as Afghan Civil War, began in 1978 and has continued The Prime Minister of Afghanistan is a currently defunct post in the Afghan Government One of the most controversial of the Mujahideen leaders, he has been accused of spending "more time fighting other Mujahideen than killing Soviets" and wantonly killing civilians. [1]

He is currently wanted by the United States for attempting to overthrow the Afghan government of Hamid Karzai, and on February 19, 2003, the US State Department blacklisted Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's party as a terrorist group. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Hamid Karzai ( حامد کرزي, حامد کرزي) (born 24 December 1957) is the current President of Afghanistan, since December [2]

Hekmatyar speaks several languages, including English. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

Contents

Early life

An ethnic Pashtun of the Kharoti tribe[3], Gulbuddin Hekmatyar was born in 1947 in Kunduz province, northern Afghanistan. Pashtuns ( Pashto: پښتون Paṣtūn, Paxtūn, also rendered as Pushtuns, Pakhtuns, Pukhtuns) also called for the town in Afghanistan see Kharoti Afghanistan Kharoti is a Pashtun tribe Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kunduz ( is one of the Provinces of Afghanistan, centered on the city of Kunduz in Afghanistan, with an area of 8040 km square and a population Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت,

Afghan businessman and Kharoti tribal leader Gholam Serwar Nasher deemed Hekmatyar to be a bright young man and sent him to a military school and then to Kabul University to join the engineering department in 1968. Ghulam Sarwar Nasher (1919 – 1984 an ethnic Pashtun, was the President of Spinzar Cotton Company in Kunduz, Afghanistan. Kabul University ( - Dāneshgāh-e Kābul; Pashto: دکابل پوهنتون Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hekmatyar thus earned the nickname of "Engineer Hekmatyar," a term frequently used by his followers and allies.

Hekmatyar joined the underground Muslim Youth group in 1970. Muslim Youth ( Jawanan-i Musulman al-Shibab al-Muslim was an underground Islamist group founded in 1969 in Kabul by several Afghan junior professors and a handful of students Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He also joined the leftist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), the future ruling party of the country under Soviet domination. The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند PDPA was a Communist He remained active until a 1972 incident in which he was found guilty of killing a rival left-wing student and sent to jail for two years. When Daoud Khan seized power from King Zahir in 1973, Hekmatyar escaped and fled to Pakistan, where he and other Afghan exiles regrouped and established contacts with Pakistani intelligence. Mohammed Daoud Khan ( July 18, 1909 – April 28, 1978) was a politician in Afghanistan who overthrew the monarchy of Zahir Shah Mohammed Zahir Shah ( 15 October 1914 &ndash 23 July 2007) was the last King ( Shah) of Afghanistan, reigning Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

Exile in Pakistan

While in Pakistan, Hekmatyar founded the Hezbi Islami (also Hizb-i Islami) Party in 1975 to oppose Daoud's rule in Afghanistan. Hizb-e Islami (also Hezbi Islami, Hezb-i-Islami, Hezbi-Islami, Hezb-e-Islami) meaning Islamic Party is an Islamic organization Hezbi Islami's operational base was located in the Nasir Bagh, Worsak and Shamshatoo refugee camps. In these camps, Hezbi Islami formed a social and political network and operated everything from schools to prisons, reportedly with the blessing of the Pakistani government and its ISI intelligence services. [4]

Soviet invasion and Soviet war

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Islamic Party - called Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) to distinguish it from a smaller splinter group - espouses strict Islamist ideology. The Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin is the larger of two factions of Afghanistan 's Hezbi Islami Party Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only At various times, it has both fought against and allied itself with almost every other group in Afghanistan. Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin received some of the strongest support from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, and worked with thousands of foreign mujahideen who came to Afghanistan. [5]

During the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Hekmatyar received millions of dollars from the CIA through Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). The Soviet war in Afghanistan, also known as the Soviet-Afghan War or just the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, was a nine-year conflict involving near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all History After independence in 1947 two new intelligence agencies were created in Pakistan called the Intelligence Bureau (IB and Military Intelligence According to some, ISI's decision to allocate the highest percentage of covert aid to Hekmatyar was based on his record as an effective anti-Soviet military commander in Afghanistan. [6] Others describe his position as the result of having "almost no grassroots support and no military base inside Afghanistan," and thus being the much more "dependent on Pakistani President Zia-ul-Haq's protection and financial largess" than other mujahideen factions. The President of Pakistan ( Urdū: صدر Sadr-e-Mumlikat) is the Head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b [7]

Hekmatyar has been harshly criticized for his behavior during the Soviet and civil war. He ordered frequent attacks on other rival factions to weaken them in order to improve his position in the post-Soviet power vacuum. An example of his tendency for internecine rivalry was his arranging the arrest of Ahmed Shah Massoud in Pakistan in 1976 on spying charges. Ahmad Shah Massoud ( (2 September 1953 &ndash 9 September 2001 was a Tajik Kabul University engineering student turned military leader who played a leading [8]

The Paris based group Medecins sans Frontieres reported that Hekmatyar's guerrillas hijacked a 96 horse caravan bringing aid into northern Afghanistan in 1987, stealing a year's supply of medicine and cash that was to be distributed to villagers to buy food with. Médecins Sans Frontières (pronounced) or Doctors Without Borders, is a secular humanitarian-aid Non-governmental organization best known French relief officials also asserted that Thierry Niquet, an aid coordinator bringing cash to Afghan villagers, was killed by one of Hekmatyar's commanders in 1986. It is thought that two American journalists traveling with Hekmatyar in 1987, Lee Shapiro and Jim Lindalos, were killed not by the Soviets, as Hekmatyar's men claimed, but during a firefight initiated by Hekmatyar's forces against another mujahideen group. Lee Shapiro (1949-1987 was an American Documentary filmmaker His one feature length film Nicaragua Was Our Home, was released in 1986 In addition, there were frequent reports throughout the war of Hekmatyar's commanders negotiating and dealing with pro-Communist local militias in northern Afghanistan. [9]

Another critic of Hekmatyar says that "by the most conservative estimates, $600 million" in American aid through Pakistan

went to the Hizb party, . . . Hekmatyar's party had the dubious distinction of never winning a significant battle during the war, training a variety of militant Islamists from around the world, killing significant numbers of mujahideen from other parties, and taking a virulently anti-Western line. In addition to hundreds of millions of dollars of American aid, Hekmatyar also received the lion's share of aid from the Saudis. [10]

Pakistan dictator General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq felt the need to warn Hekmatyar that

It was Pakistan that made him an Afghan leader and it is Pakistan who can equally destroy him if he continues to misbehave. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ( Arabic: محمد ضياء الحق) (b [11]

As the war began to appear increasingly winnable for the Mujahideen, Islamic fundamentalist elements in ISI became increasingly motivated by their desire to install the fundamentalist Hekmatyar as the new leader of a liberated Afghanistan.

Alfred McCoy, author of The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, accused the CIA of supporting Hekmatyar drug trade activities, basically providing him immunity against his assistance in the fight against the USSR. Alfred W McCoy (born June 8 1945) is a Historian and a Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia is a major nonfiction book on Heroin trafficking specifically in Southeast Asia from before World War II It has been alleged that the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA was involved in drug smuggling in three significant periods The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs [12]

Post-DRA civil war

After the fall of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan the mujahideen of the Northern Coalition took Kabul. The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan was a Soviet -backed government in Afghanistan between 1978 and 1992. Hekmatyar's competing Hezbi Islami forces "shelled and largely destroyed the capital. "[13] A peace agreement was signed with Ahmed Shah Massoud on May 25, 1992, which made him Prime Minister. Ahmad Shah Massoud ( (2 September 1953 &ndash 9 September 2001 was a Tajik Kabul University engineering student turned military leader who played a leading However, the agreement fell apart when Hekmatyar was blamed for a rocket attack on President Mojaddedi's plane. Sibghatullah Mojaddedi (Pashto صبغت الله مجددي(born 1926 served as the first President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan after the fall of the communist [14] The following day, Burhanuddin Rabbani's and Ahmed Shah Massoud's Jamiat and Abdul Rashid Dostum's Junbish forces resumed fighting against Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami forces. Burhanuddin Rabbani ( - Burhânuddîn Rabbânî) (born 1940 an ethnic Tajik, is a former President of Afghanistan. Abdul Rashid Dostum was a former Pro-Soviet fighter during the Soviet Invasion and the current leader of Uzbek-Afghan northern provinces In 1994 Hekmatyar would shift alliances, joining with Dostum as well as Hizb-e-Wahdat, a Hazara Shi'a party. The Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan ( Dari: Hezb-e Wahdat-e Islami Afghanistan) is a political party in Afghanistan, currently serving as the largest [15] Together they laid siege to Kabul, fighting Rabbani and his Defense Minister Massoud mainly to prevent the country from division. for other uses of the term see Battle of Kabul The sieges or battles of Kabul refers to a series of intermittent fighting and Sieges in the

From 1992 to 1996 the warring factions destroyed 70% of Kabul and killed at least 50,000 people, most of them civilians during the Afghan civil war. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) The Civil war in Afghanistan, also known as Afghan Civil War, began in 1978 and has continued This devastation and factionalization discredited the warlords in the eyes of most Afghans and the Pakistan government, which abandoned HIG for the Taliban in 1994. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Nonetheless, in June of 1996, Rabbani and Hekmatyar finally formed a power-sharing government in which Hekmatyar was prime minister.

Further information: Afghan Civil War (1992-1996)

Taliban

Rabbani and Hekmatyar regime lasted only a few months before a new armed force, the fundamentalist and predominately Pashtun Taliban, took control of Kabul in September 1996. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Many of the HIG local commanders joined the Taliban "both out of ideological sympathy and for reason of tribal solidarity. " [16] Those that did not were expelled by the Taliban. In Pakistan Hezb-e-Islami training camps "were taken over by the Taliban and handed over" to Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI) groups such as the Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP). The Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (Assembly of Islamic Clergy or JUI is a Political party in Pakistan. Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP formerly Anjuman-e-Sipah-e-Sahaba is a Sunni sectarian outfit allegedly involved in terrorist violence primarily targeting minority [17]

Hekmatyar then fled to Iran where he continued to lead the Hezbi Islami party. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

Further information: Afghan Civil War (1996-2001)

Post-September 11 activities

After September 11, 2001 Hekmatyar, who had "worked closely" with bin Laden in early 1990s,[18] declared his opposition to the US campaign in Afghanistan and criticized Pakistan for assisting the United States. After the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and the fall of the Taliban, Hekmatyar rejected the U.N.-brokered accord of December 5, 2001 negotiated in Germany as a U. The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. S. -imposed government for Afghanistan.

On February 10, 2002 all the offices of Hezb-e-Islami were closed in Iran. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Hekmatyar was expelled by his Iranian hosts, and his whereabouts became unknown. Some reports have pointed towards Tunisia as a possible present location. Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa.

On May 6, 2002 the U. S. CIA fired on his vehicle convoy using a Lockheed Martin manufactured AGM-114 Hellfire missile launched from an MQ-1 Predator aircraft. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all Lockheed Martin ( is a large multinational Aerospace manufacturer and advanced technology Company formed in 1995 by the merger of The AGM-114 Hellfire is a multi-platform multi-target United States modular Missile system WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout The missile missed its target. [19][20]

The United States accuse Hekmatyar of urging Taliban fighters to re-form and fight against Coalition troops in Afghanistan. He is also accused of offering bounties for those who kill U. S. troops. He has been labeled a war criminal by members of the U. S. -backed President Hamid Karzai's government. Hamid Karzai ( حامد کرزي, حامد کرزي) (born 24 December 1957) is the current President of Afghanistan, since December He is also a suspect behind the September 5, 2002 assassination attempt on Karzai that killed more than a dozen people. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

In September 2002, Hekmatyar released a taped message calling for jihad against the United States. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Jihad (جهاد ʤɪhæːd an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims.

On December 25, 2002 the news broke that American spy organizations had discovered Hekmatyar attempting to join al-Qaeda. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The According to the news, he had said that he was available to aid them. However, in a video released by Hekmatyar September 1, 2003, he denied forming alliances with the Taliban or al-Qaeda, but praised attacks against U. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. S. and international forces.

On February 19, 2003 the United States State Department and the United States Treasury Department jointly designated Hekmatyar a "global terrorist". Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department and the Treasury of the United States government. [21] This designation meant that any assets Hekmatyar held in the USA, or held through companies based in the US, would be seized. The US also requested the United Nations Committee on Terrorism to follow suit, and designate Hekmatyar an associate of Osama bin Laden. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security

In October 2003, he declared a ceasefire with local commanders in Jalalabad, Kunar, Logar and Sarobi, and stated that they should only fight foreigners. Jalalabad (Jalalkot ( Pashto: جلالکوټ، جلال اباد) is a city in eastern Afghanistan. Kunar ( کُنَر) is one of the thirty-four Provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country and on the border with Pakistan 's Logar may refer to Logar Province Logar River The town of Sorūbī (not Surobi but also Sarobi Sorūbī Surawbi or Surobay is the center of Surobi District, between Kabul and Jalalabad

In May 2006, he released a video to Al Jazeera in which he accused Iran of backing the US in the Afghan conflict and said he was ready to fight alongside Osama bin Laden and blamed the ongoing conflicts in Palestine, Iraq and Afghanistan on US interference. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March [22]

In September 2006, he was reported as captured, but the report was later retracted. [23]

In December 2006, a video was released in Pakistan, where Gulbuddin Hekmatyar claimed "the fate Soviet Union faced is awaiting America as well. "

In January 2007 CNN reported that Hekmatyar claimed "that his fighters helped Osama bin Laden escape from the mountains of Tora Bora five years ago. Tora Bora (Pashto توره بوره “black cellar”) Tora Bora (Pashto توره بوره “black dust”) known locally as Spīn Ghar is a cave complex situated " and BBC news reported a quote from a December 2006 interview broadcast on GEO TV, "We helped them [bin Laden and Zawahiri] get out of the caves and led them to a safe place. Geo TV or GEO Television is a Pakistani Television network founded by Mir Shakil ur Rehman in May 2002 "[24]

References

  1. ^ Bergen, Peter L. , Holy war, Inc.  : inside the secret world of Osama bin Laden, New York : Free Press, c2001. , p. 69-70
  2. ^ Designation of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar as a Terrorist
  3. ^ The Gem Hunter: The Adventures of an American in Afghanistan, page 293
  4. ^ Document Information | Amnesty International
  5. ^ Backgrounder on Afghanistan: History of the War. Human Rights Watch (October 2001). Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. Retrieved on March 17, 2007. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  6. ^ Yousaf, Mohammad, 2002. The Bear Trap
  7. ^ Kaplan, Robert, Soldiers of God : With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan, New York : Vintage Departures, 2001, Kaplan, Soldiers of God (2001), p. 69
  8. ^ Hussain, Rizwan, 2005. Pakistan and the emergence of Islamic militancy in Afghanistan, Aldershot: Ashgate. p167
  9. ^ Kaplan, Robert, Soldiers of God : With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan, New York : Vintage Departures, 2001, p. 170
  10. ^ Bergen, Peter L. , Holy war, Inc.  : inside the secret world of Osama bin Laden, New York : Free Press, c2001. , p. 69
  11. ^ Henry S. Bradsher, Afghan Communism and Soviet Interventions, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 185
  12. ^ Interview with Alfred Mc Coy, 9 November 1991 by Paul DeRienzo
  13. ^ The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism, Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir, editors, (2007), p. ' Paul DeRienzo is a journalist He has contributed to many newspapers and magazines including Penthouse, In These Times, New 132-3
  14. ^ Afghanistan's Civil Wars: Violations by United Front Factions. Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Human rights. Retrieved on March 17, 2007. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  15. ^ Harpviken, Kristian. 1998: "The Hazara of Afghanistan", in Post-Soviet Central Asia, Atabaki, T. and John O'Kane (eds)
  16. ^ The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism, Olivier Roy, Antoine Sfeir, editors, (2007), p. 133
  17. ^ Rashid, Ahmed, Taliban : Militant Islam, Oil & Fundamentalism in Central Asia , Yale University Press, (2000), p. 92
  18. ^ Bergen, Peter L. , Holy war, Inc.  : inside the secret world of Osama bin Laden, New York : Free Press, c2001. , p. 70-1
  19. ^ The Problem With the Predator
  20. ^ Gary Leupp: Meet Mr. Blowback, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
  21. ^ "US designates Hekmatyar as a terrorist", Dawn Internet Edition, Thursday, February 20, 2003. Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on March 18. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor  
  22. ^ "Aljazeera airs Hikmatyar video", Al Jazeera, Saturday, May 06, 2006. For the English-language channel see Al Jazeera English Al Jazeera (الجزيرة al-jazīrah,, meaning "The Island" Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on March 17. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  
  23. ^ Bill Roggio (September 11, 2006). Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Gulbuddin Hekmatyar Reported Captured. The Fourth Rail. Retrieved on March 17, 2007. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
  24. ^ "Afghan warlord 'aided Bin Laden'", BBC, January 11, 2007. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on March 17. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger  

Further reading

External links

Political offices
Preceded by
Abdul Sabur Farid Kuhestani
1992		 Prime Minister of Afghanistan
1993 – 1994		 Succeeded by
Arsala Rahmani
Acting
Preceded by
Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai
Acting		 Prime Minister of Afghanistan
1996		 Succeeded by
Muhammad Rabbani
Preceded by
Office created		 Prime Minister of the Northern Alliance
1996 – 1997		 Succeeded by
Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai
Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Jamestown Foundation is a Washington DC -based Think tank, whose stated mission is to "inform and educate" policy makers about events and trends which Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Abdul Sabur Farid Kuhestani (1952 &ndash May 3, 2007) served as Prime Minister of Afghanistan from July 6, 1992 until August The Prime Minister of Afghanistan is a currently defunct post in the Afghan Government Arsala Rahmani (born 1937? is an Afghan politician who served as Prime Minister Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai (born 1944) is a Politician in Afghanistan, he served from 1995 to 1996 as Prime minister of the country The Prime Minister of Afghanistan is a currently defunct post in the Afghan Government Mullah Mohammad Rabbani (1955/1956– April 16, 2001) was one of the main founders of the Taliban movement The United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan ( UIF, Jabha-yi Muttahid-i Islami-yi Milli bara-yi Nijat-i Afghanistan) also known as the Northern Haji Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai (died August 21, 1997) was a politician and diplomat of Afghanistan.
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