Gujarati ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī
Pronunciation:	/gudʒ. (ə)'ɾɑ̈t̪i/
Spoken in:	India, Pakistan, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, U.S., UK, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Canada, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Total speakers:	46. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. Tanzania ˌtænzəˈniːə officially the United Republic of Tanzania (Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election 1 million[1]
Ranking:	26
Language family:	Indo-European  Indo-Iranian   Indo-Aryan    Western Indo-Aryan     Gujarati
Writing system:	Gujarati script
Official status
Official language in:	Gujarat (India)[1][2]
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	gu
ISO 639-2:	guj
ISO 639-3:	guj
This page contains Indic text. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. The Gujarati script (ગુજરાતી લિપિ, Gujǎrātī Lipi) which like all Nāgarī writing systems is strictly speaking an Abugida rather Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More...

Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī^?) is an Indo-Aryan language, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. The Gujarati script (ગુજરાતી લિપિ, Gujǎrātī Lipi) which like all Nāgarī writing systems is strictly speaking an Abugida rather The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family It is native to the Indian state of Gujarat, and is its chief language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Daman and Diu ( Gujarati: દમણ અને દિવ Marathi: दमण आणि दीव Portuguese: Damão e Diu is a Union territory For the Indian musical form see Dadra. Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( Gujarati: દાદરા અને નગર હવેલી Marathi

There are about 46 million speakers of Gujarati worldwide, making it the 26th most spoken native language in the world. This is a list of languages, ordered by the number of native-language speakers, with some data for second-language use Along with Romany and Sindhi, it is among the most western of Indo-Aryan languages. Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Gujarati was the first language of Mohandas K. Gandhi, the "father of India", Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the "father of Pakistan" and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the "iron man of India". A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae) also seen as Parens Patriae, is a Latin Honorific meaning " Father Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan Vallabhbhai Patel (વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ IPA:) (31 October 1875 – 15 December 1950 was a political and social leader of India who played

History

Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi sharing a laugh together in Bombay, 1944, for (what would end up as failed) political talks. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. These two prime political figures of the Indian subcontinent in the 20th century were Gujaratis and thus native speakers of the Gujarati language. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Gujarati people ( Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો Gujǎrātī loko ? For Jinnah, Gujarati did not factor beyond that of a mother tongue. He was neither born nor raised in Gujarat^[3], and Gujarat did not end up a part of Pakistan, the state he espoused. Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and He went on to advocate for solely Urdu in his politics. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Pakistan Movement or Tehrik-e-Pakistan ( Urdu: تحریک پاکستان) was the struggle carried out by the Muslims of British India For Gandhi, Gujarati served as a medium of literary expression. He helped to inspire a renewal in its literature^[4], and in 1936 he introduced the current spelling convention at the Gujarati Literary Society's 12th meeting^[5]. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gujarati Sahitya Parishad (Gujarati Literary Council is a literary institution for the promotion of Gujarati literature located in the city of Ahmedabad, India

Gujarati (also having been variously spelled as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, Guujaratee, Gujrathi, and Gujerathi^[6][1]) is a modern Indo-Aryan language evolved from Sanskrit. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages^[6]:

1. Old IA (Vedic and Classical Sanskrit)
2. Middle IA (various Prakrits and Apabhramshas)
3. New IA (modern languages such as Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, etc. Vedic Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language, the language of the Vedas, the oldest Shruti texts of Hinduism. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit) ( Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति according to one Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Et cetera (in English contexts pronounced) is a Latin expression that means "and other things" or "and so forth" )

Another view accords successive family, tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages^[7]:

1. IA languages split into Northern, Eastern, and Western divisions based on the innovate characteristics such as stops becoming voiced in the Northern (Skt. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Voice or voicing is a term used in Phonetics and Phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless danta "tooth" > Punj. dānd) and dental and retroflex sibilants merging with the palatal in the Eastern (Skt. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants A sibilant is a type of Fricative or Affricate Consonant, made by directing a jet of air through a narrow channel in the Vocal tract towards Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth sandhya "evening" > Beng. Evening is the period in which the daylight is decreasing between the late Afternoon and night, around the time when Dinner is taken śājh). ^[8]
2. Western, into Central and Southern.
3. Central, in Gujarati/Rajasthani, Western Hindi, and Punjabi/Lahanda/Sindhi, on the basis of innovation of auxiliary verbs and postpositions in Gujarati/Rajasthani. Rajasthani (राजस्थानी is a language or language cluster Bagri: about five million speakers in Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar districts of Hindi (in the broad sense is a Dialect continuum of the Indic language family in the northern plains of India bounded on the northwest and west by In Linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a Verb functioning In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. ^[6]
4. Gujarati/Rajasthani into Gujarati and Rajasthani through development of such characteristics as auxiliary ch- and the possessive marker -n- during the 15th century. Possession, in the context of Linguistics, is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents the Referent of one of which (the possessor) possesses For other meanings see the disambiguation page Marker In Linguistics, a marker is a free or bound Morpheme that indicates ^[9]

The principal changes from Sanskrit are the following^[7]:

• Phonological
  • Loss of phonemic length for vowels
  • Change of consonant clusters to geminate and then to single consonants (with compensatory vowel length)

• Morphological
  • Reduction in the number of compounds
  • Merger of the dual with plural
  • Replacement of case affixes by postpositions
  • Development of periphrastic tense/voice/mood constructions
• Syntax
  • Split ergativity
  • More complex agreement system

Gujarati is then customarily divided into the following three historical stages^[6]:

Old Gujarati (1100 — 1500 AD), ancestor of Gujarati and Rajasthani,^[4] was spoken by the Gurjars in northern Gujarat and western Rajasthan. Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract In Linguistics, a consonant cluster (or consonant blend) is a group of Consonants which have no intervening Vowel. In Phonetics, gemination happens when a spoken Consonant is pronounced for an audibly longer period of time than a short Consonant. In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal Prakrit (also transliterated as Pracrit) ( Sanskrit: prākṛta प्राकृत (from pra-kṛti प्रकृति according to one The hands ( med / lat: manus pl manūs are the two intricate prehensile multi- Fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a In mathematics Seven is the fourth Prime number. It is not only a Mersenne prime (since 23 &minus 1 = 7 but also a In mathematics 8 is a Composite number, its Proper divisors being 1, 2, and 4. A snake is an elongate Reptile of the suborder Serpentes Like all reptiles snakes are covered in scales. Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem. Dual is a Grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and Plural. Plural is a Grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the Referent in the real world In Grammar, the case of a Noun or Pronoun indicates its Grammatical function in a greater Phrase or Clause; such as the An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word Circumlocution (also called periphrasis, circumduction, circumvolution, periphrase, or ambage) is an ambiguous or roundabout Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at during or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs In Grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state that the verb expresses and the participants identified Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the Split ergativity is shown by languages that have a partly ergative behaviour but employ another Syntax or morphology — usually accusative In Languages agreement is a form of cross-reference between different parts of a sentence or phrase The Gujjar ( Hindi: गुज्जर Urdu: گجر or Gurjar (Hindi गुर्जर Urdu گُرجر are an ethnic group in India and Texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs. ^[7] It had 3 genders as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong While generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name of Old Western Rajasthani, based on the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not yet distinct at the time. Also factoring into this preference was the belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender, based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a nasal consonant was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ]. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the ^[14] A formal grammar of the precursor to this language was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Hemachandra Suri in the reign of Rajput king Siddharaj Jayasinh of Anhilwara (Patan). Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma / Shraman Dharma (जैन धर्म is an ancient religion of India. Hemachandra Surī (हेमचन्द्र सूरी (1089–1172 was an Indian Jain Scholar, poet and Polymath who wrote Rajput constitute one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups from India A king is a male Monarch, or a Head of state, who may or may not depending on the style of government of a nation exercise monarchal powers over a territory usually WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Patan City was capital of Gujrat in Medieval Times

Major works were written in various genres, for the most part in verse form, such as^[15]:

• rāsa, predominantly didactic narrative, of which the earliest known is Śālibhadrasūri's Bhārateśvarabāhubali (1185). Didacticism is an artistic philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in Literature and other types of Art.
• phāgu, in which spring time is celebrated, of which the earliest is Jinapadmasūri's Sirithūlibadda (ca. 1335). The most famous is the Vasantavilāsa, of unknown scholarship, which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in fourteenth or fifteenth century, or possibly earlier.
• bārmāsī, describing natural beauty during each of the twelve months.
• ākhyāna, in which different sections are each in a single metre.

Narasimha Mehta (c. Indian (Gujarat Rajasthan Punjab and Bombay city Hindu (Bania Vania Brahman Khatri Jain, Parsi, Sikh name meaning ‘chief’ in several 1414 — 1480) is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati poetry. By virtue of its early age and good editing, an important prose work is the fourteenth-century commentary of Taruṇaprabha, the Ṣaḍāvaśyakabālabodhavr̥tti. For the Wikipedia guideline regarding editing articles see WikipediaManual of Style. ^[15]

Middle Gujarati (1500 — 1800 AD), split off from Rajasthani, and developed the phonemes ɛ and ɔ, the auxiliary stem ch-, and the possessive marker -n-. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system ^[16] Major phonological changes characteristic of the transition between Old and Middle Gujarati are^[15]:

• i, u develop to ə in open syllables
• dipthongs əi, əu change to ɛ and ɔ in initial syllables and to e and o elsewhere
• əũ develops to ɔ̃ in initial syllables and to ű in final syllables

These developments would have grammatical consequences. A syllable ( Greek:) is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with For example, Old Gujarati's instrumental-locative singular in -i was leveled and eliminated, having become the same as Old Gujarati's nominative-accusative singular in -ə. ^[15]

Modern Gujarati (1800 AD — ). A major phonological change was the deletion of final ə's, such that the modern language has consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of -o developed. ^[15] In literature, the third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition. ^[17]

• 1840s, personal diary composition; Nityanondh, Durgaram Mahetaji.
• 1851, first essay; Maniaḷī Maḷvāthi thātā Lābh, Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave.
• 1866, first novel; Karaṇ Ghelo, Nandashankar Mehta. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story
• 1866, first autobiography; Mārī Hakīkat, Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave.

Demographics and Distribution

Map of Gujarat

Of the approximately 46 million speakers of Gujarati, roughly 45. 5 million reside in India, 150 000 in Uganda, 250 000 in Tanzania, 50 000 in Kenya and roughly 100 000 in Pakistan. ^[1] There is also a large Gujarati community in Mumbai, India. Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial

The United Kingdom has 300 000 speakers, many of them situated in the London areas of Wembley, Harrow and Newham and in Leicester, Coventry and Bradford. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Wembley is an area located in North-West London, England which forms the northern part of the London Borough of Brent. The London Borough of Harrow ( is a London borough of outer north-west London. The London Borough of Newham ( is a London borough in East London, within Greater London. Leicester (ˈlɛstə is the largest city and Unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and is the traditional Coventry ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in the County of West Midlands in England. Bradford ( lies at the heart of the City of Bradford, a Metropolitan borough of West Yorkshire, England. A considerable population exists in North America as well. A portion of these numbers consists of East African Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly-independent resident countries (especially Uganda, where Idi Amin expelled 50 000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and citizenships. East Africa is the Easternmost Region of the African Continent. The Republic of Uganda is a Landlocked country in East Africa. Idi Amin Dada (mid 1920s &ndash 16 August 2003 commonly known as Idi Amin, was a Ugandan military dictator and the President of Uganda Most, with British passports, settled in the UK. A passport is a document issued by a national government which certifies for the purpose of international travel the identity and nationality of its holder ^[4][18]

Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people, non-Gujarati residents of and migrants to the state of Gujarat also count as speakers, among them the Kutchis (as a literary language)^[4], the Parsis (adopted as a mother tongue), and Hindu Sindhi refugees from Pakistan. Gujarati people ( Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લોકો Gujǎrātī loko ? Gujarat (ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt, pronounced) is a state in western India. Kachchh (also spelled as Kutch) is a District of Gujarat state in western India. A literary language is a register of a Language that is used in Literary Writing. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical Sindhis ( Sindhi: سنڌي) are a Sindhi speaking socio-ethnic group of people originating in Sindh in Pakistan. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and

Official status

Gujarati is one of the 22 official languages and 14 regional languages of India. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country It is officially recognized in the state of Gujarat, India.

Dialects

A newspaper extract written in Parsi Gujarati, in or before 1892. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year It is about Englishmen who speak French. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people ^[19]

The accepted standard dialect is the speech of the area from Baroda to Ahmedabad and north. Ahmedabad (અમદાવાદ Amdāvād, Hindi: अहमदाबाद) is the largest city in ^[15] Ethnologue lists the following dialects and subdivisions. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian ^[1]

• Standard Gujarati
  • Saurashtra Standard
  • Nagari
  • Bombay Gujarati
  • Patnuli
• Gamadia
  • Gramya
  • Surati
  • Anawla
  • Brathela
  • Eastern Broach Gujarati
  • Charotari
  • Patidari
  • Vadodari
  • Ahmedabad
  • Patani
• Parsi
• Kathiyawadi
  • Jhalawadi
  • Sorathi
  • Holadi
  • Gohilwadi
  • Bhavnagari
• Kharwa
• Khakari
• Tarimukhi
  • Ghisadi

Closely related languages

Kutchi, also known as Khojki, is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi. Kachhi (also spelled Cutchi or Kachchhi) ( Urdu: کچھی) is a Indo-Aryan Language spoken in the Kutch region of the Khojki ( Urdu: خوجكى) was a script used almost exclusively by the Khoja community of the Pakistan and other parts of South Asia Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia

Phonology

Main article: Gujarati phonology

Writing system

Main article: Gujarati script

Similar to other Nāgarī writing systems, the Gujarati script is an abugida. Gujarati Phonology is the study of the inventory and patterns of the Consonants Vowels and Prosody of the Gujarati language In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A mid vowel is a Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned mid-way between an An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as In Articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a Speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the upper Vocal tract, the upper vocal In Phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a Consonant articulated with both Lips The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, labiodentals are Consonants articulated with the lower Lip and the upper Teeth. In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants Postalveolar consonants are Consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the Alveolar ridge, placing them a bit further back in the Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. Affricate Consonants begin as stops (most often an alveolar, such as or) but release as a fricative (such as or or occasionally into Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants The Gujarati script (ગુજરાતી લિપિ, Gujǎrātī Lipi) which like all Nāgarī writing systems is strictly speaking an Abugida rather An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which It is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. Kachhi (also spelled Cutchi or Kachchhi) ( Urdu: کچھی) is a Indo-Aryan Language spoken in the Kutch region of the It is a variant of Devanāgarī script differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters.

Gujarati and closely related languages, including Kutchi, can be written in the Arabic or Persian scripts. Kachhi (also spelled Cutchi or Kachchhi) ( Urdu: کچھی) is a Indo-Aryan Language spoken in the Kutch region of the The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. This is traditionally done by many in Gujarat's Kutch district. Kachchh (also spelled as Kutch) is a District of Gujarat state in western India.

Vocabulary

Categorization and Sources

These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tatsam, tadbhav, and loanwords. ^[20]

Tadbhav

તદ્ભવ્ tadbhav, "of the nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everday, crucial words; part of the spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources:

Tatsam

તત્સમ્ tatsam, "same as that". I (aɪ is the first-person, singular Personal pronoun ( subject case) in Modern English. A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" The tiger ( Panthera tigris) is a member of the Felidae family the largest and the most powerful of the four " Big cats quot in the Genus While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan, it was nonetheless standardized and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. The Middle Indo-Aryan ( Middle Indic) languages are the early medieval dialects of the Indo-Aryan languages, the descendants of the Old Indo-Aryan dialects such as A sacred language, or liturgical language, is a Language that is cultivated for religious reasons by people who speak another language in their daily life This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognizable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves.

Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms પ્રસારણ prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it's used for "broadcasting". For the band see Broadcast (band Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or Video signals which transmit In addition to this are neologisms, often being calques. A neologism (from Greek neo = "new" + logos = "word" is a word that although devised relatively recently in a specific time period has been In Linguistics, a calque (kælk or loan translation is a Word or Phrase borrowed from another Language by Literal, word-for-word An example is telephone, which is Greek for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ durbhāṣ. Basic principle A traditional landline telephone system also known as "plain old telephone service" (POTS, commonly handles both signaling and audio information Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Though most people just use ફોન phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance.

So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsams and their derived tadbhavs can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence: dharma-dharam, other times with differences in meaning, with the former holding a "higher" one:

What remains are words of foreign origin (videśī), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (deśaj). The former consists mainly of Persian, Arabic, and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the While the phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one Language from another with little or no translation Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nation-wide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it's being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav.

Perso-Arabic

India was ruled for many a century by Persian-speaking Muslims. The Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent mainly took place from the 11th to the 17th centuries though earlier Muslim conquests made limited inroads into the region beginning As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke. Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenized. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. dāvo - claim, fāydo - benefit, natījo - result, and humlo - attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o. khānũ - compartment, has the neuter ũ. Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karvũ, a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlvũ - to admit (fault), kharīdvũ - to buy, kharǎcvũ - to spend (money), gujarvũ - to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel.

Thus, while Indo-Aryan languages like Marathi, Nepali, and Bengali are conservative in their lexicons, central and western/northwestern tongues like Punjabi, Hindustani, Sindhi, and Gujarati have been Persianized. Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Nepali is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and some parts of India and Myanmar (Burma Hindustani ( Hindi: हिन्दुस्तानी is an adjectival form of Hindustan which originally meant people from the whole geographical region of Persianization or Persianisation is a process of cultural and/or linguistic change in which something non-Persian becomes Persian. The most resounding occurrence of this was that of the Delhi dialect of Hindustani; Delhi being the seat of Muslim power. Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population Its Persianization and subsequent dePersianization and Sanskritization lead to the reality of the two registers if not languages of Urdu and Hindi, which became the national languages of Pakistan and India. Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Gujarati is not split in this way, but nonetheless its loaning is to be noted.

Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary, so it should be noted that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā, neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh. A dictionary is a book of alphabetically listed Words in a specific language with definitions etymologies pronunciations and other information or a book of alphabetically In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia, perhaps 500 years ago^[29]. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south

Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates^[50]:

Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati. Acute viral nasopharyngitis or acute coryza, usually known as the common cold, is a highly contagious viral Infectious disease of the Luck (also called fortunity) is a chance happening, or that which happens beyond a person's control. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Anger is an emotional state that may range from minor irritation to intense rage In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength The Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race ^[51]

English

śrī sarasvatī fruṭ jyuś sɛnṭar - "Shri Saraswati Fruit Juice Centre". SRi is a specification (spec badge given to mid-sized or larger cars which are fitted with performance engine suspension or other performance enhancements as standard Saraswati (pronounced as; Sanskrit: sa सरस्वती sarasvatī; Malay: Saraswati Thai: สุรัสวดี is the The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. JUICE is a widely used non-commercial Software package for editing and analysing phytosociological data Note that "Fruit Juice Centre" are in English. A Sanskritic alternative would be phaḷ ras kendra, or phaḷnā rasno kendra. It (kendra in particular) would however sound quite pedantic and out of place. A pedant, or pædant, is a person who is overly concerned with Formalism and Precision, or who 'makes a show of learning'

With the end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonialism, and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglosphere dominance in the post-colonial period. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The word Anglosphere describes a concept of a group of Anglophone ( English -speaking nations which share historical political and cultural characteristics rooted Besides the category of new ideas is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences. ^[52] See Hinglish, Code-switching. Hinglish, a Portmanteau of the words Hindi and English, usage of Hindi and English words combining both in one sentence Code-switching is a term in Linguistics referring to using more than one language or variety in conversation

In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals. Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants In Linguistics, a dental consonant or dental is a Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth such as /t/ /d/ /n/ and Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words don't go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being the carrying of dentals. See Indian English. Indian English comprises several Dialects or varieties of English spoken primarily in India, and by first-generation members of the Indian diaspora

As English loanwards are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. Though that isn't to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralized with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having 3 genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning.

• ¹ These English forms are often used (prominently by NRIs) for those family friends and elders that aren't actually uncles and aunts but are of the age. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Within Phonetics, a phone is a speech sound or gesture considered a physical event without regard to its place in the Phonology of a Language A table is a form of Furniture composed of a surface supported by a base usually four legs An eraser or rubber is an article of Stationery that is used for removing Pencil and sometimes Pen writings A flashlight (also called an electric torch or torch) is a portable electric spotlight which emits light from a small incandescent Lightbulb A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health A receipt is a written acknowledgement that a specified article or sum of money has been received as an exchange for goods or services Hello is a salutation or greeting in the English language and is Synonymous with other greetings such as Hi or A hospital is an institution for Health care providing treatment by specialised staff and equipment and often but not always providing for |}A train station, railway station, railroad station, or station yard is a facility at which Passengers may board and alight from Trains The bicycle, cycle, or bike is a pedal-driven, human-powered vehicle with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind A room, in Architecture, is any distinguishable space within a structure Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined A robot is a mechanical or Virtual Artificial agent In practice it is usually an electro-mechanical system which by its appearance or movements For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of A wallet, or billfold, is a small flat case used to carry personal items such as Cash, Credit cards and identification documents such as a Driver's An envelope is a Packaging product usually made of flat planar material such as Paper or cardboard and designed to contain a flat object which in a postal-service A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of Negotiable instrument, a Promissory note made by a A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" The term air conditioning refers to the cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for Thermal comfort. A minute is a Unit of measurement of Time or of Angle. The minute is a unit of Time equal to 1/60th of an Hour or 60 A writing slate is a piece of flat material used as a medium for Writing. A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short-term basis A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral A train is a connected series of vehicles that move along a track ( Permanent way) to transport freight or passengers from one place to another The District Collector is a Central Indian Government appointee who is in charge of the governance of a district in a state. Radio is the transmission of signals by Modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible Light. A non-resident Indian (NRI is an Indian citizen who has migrated to another country a person of Indian origin who is born outside India or a person of

Portuguese

The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be (see Portuguese India, Portuguese-based creole languages#India and Sri Lanka). Portuguese India (Índia Portuguesa or Estado da Índia) was the aggregate of Portugal 's colonial holdings in India. This article is about Portuguese-based Creole languages See Creole peoples for the Portuguese Creole ethnicity Comparatively, the impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages^[53] and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals^[54]. The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ]. ^[29]

¹ "Lengthen". Ironing or smoothing is the work of using a heated tool or tools (an iron) to remove Wrinkles from fabric A carpenter (builder is a skilled craftsman who performs carpentry - a wide range of Woodworking that includes constructing buildings, SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using A key is a device which is used to open a lock. A typical key consist of two parts the blade, which slides into the Keyway of the lock and distinguishes Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. The cabbage ( Brassica oleracea var capitata) is a leafy garden plant of the Family Brassicaceae (or Cruciferae used as a The cashew ( Anacardium occidentale; Syn Anacardium curatellifolium A Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae Pineapple ( Ananas comosus) is the common name for an edible Tropical Plant and also its Fruit It is native to the southern part of Brazil The Reverend is a style used as a Prefix to the names of many Christian Clergy and ministers It is correctly called a style rather

² Common occupational surname. A surname is a name added to a Given name and is part of a Personal name.

³ "Master".

Loans into English

Bungalow—

Coolie—

Tank—

Grammar

Main article: Gujarati grammar

Gujarati is a head-final, or left-branching language. The grammar of the Gujarati language is the study of the Word order, case marking, Verb conjugation, and other morphological and syntactic In Linguistics, branching is the general tendency towards a given order of Words within sentences and smaller grammatical units within sentences (such as Adjectives precede nouns, direct objects come before verbs, and there are postpositions. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the An object in Grammar is a Sentence element and part of the sentence predicate. For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. The word order of Gujarati is SOV, and there are three genders and two numbers. In Linguistics, word order typology refers to the study of the different ways in which languages arrange the constituents of their sentences relative to each other and the systematic In Linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and Verb of a sentence appear or usually In Linguistics, grammatical genders, sometimes also called Noun classes are classes of nouns reflected in the behavior of associated words every noun must belong In linguistics grammatical number is a Grammatical category of nouns pronouns and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one" There are no definite or indefinite articles. A verb is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be, marking tense and mood, and also showing agreement. The root is the primary lexical unit of a Word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents In Grammar, a suffix (also postfix, ending) is an Affix which is placed at the end of a word In Linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a Verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof in the described event or state In Languages agreement is a form of cross-reference between different parts of a sentence or phrase In Linguistics, an auxiliary (also called helping verb, helper verb, auxiliary verb, or verbal auxiliary) is a Verb functioning Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at during or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive Verb forms that are used to signal modality. Causatives (up to double) and passives have morphological basis'. A causative form in Linguistics, is an expression of an agent causing or forcing a patient to perform an action (or to be in a certain condition ^[58]

Sample Text

Gujarati sample (Sign about Gandhi's hut)

Gujarati script —

ગાંધીજીની ઝૂંપડી-કરાડી

જગ પ્રસિદ્ધ દાંડી કૂચ પછી ગાંધીજીએ અહીં આંબાના વૃક્ષ નીચે ખજૂરીનાં છટિયાંની એક ઝૂંપડીમાં તા. A signboard is a board carrying a Sign or notice usually used for Advertising of products events houses for sale or let etc Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January A Hut is a small and crude shelter usually used for Dwelling. The Gujarati script (ગુજરાતી લિપિ, Gujǎrātī Lipi) which like all Nāgarī writing systems is strictly speaking an Abugida rather ૧૪-૪-૧૯૩૦થી તા. ૪-૫-૧૯૩૦ સુધી નિવાસ કર્યો હતો. દાંડીમાં છઠ્ઠી એપ્રિલે શરૂ કરેલી નિમક કાનૂન ભંગની લડતને તેમણે અહીંથી વેગ આપી દેશ વ્યાપી બનાવી હતી. અહીંથીજ તેમણે ધરાસણાના મીઠાના અગરો તરફ કૂચ કરવાનો પોતાનો સંકલ્પ બ્રિટિશ વાઈસરૉયને પત્ર લખીને જણાવ્યો હતો.

તા. ૪થી મે ૧૯૩૦ની રાતના બાર વાગ્યા પછી આ સ્થળેથી બ્રિટિશ સરકારે તેમની ધરપકડ કરી હતી.

Transliteration —

gāndhījīnī jhū̃pṛī-Karāṛī

jag prasiddh dāṇḍī kūc pachī gāndhījīe ahī̃ āmbānā vr̥kṣ nīce khajūrīnā̃ chaṭiyā̃nī ek jhū̃pṛīmā̃ tā. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice 14-4-1930thī tā. 4-5-1930 sudhī nivās karyo hato. dāṇḍīmā̃ chaṭhṭhī eprile śarū karelī nimak kānūn bhaṅgnī laṛatne temṇe ahī̃thī veg āpī deś vyāpī banāvī hatī. ahī̃thīj temṇe dharāsaṇānā mīṭhānā agaro taraph kūc karvāno potāno saṅkalp briṭiś vāīsarôyne patra lakhīne jaṇāvyo hato.

tā. 4thī me 1930nī rātnā bār vāgyā pachī ā sthaḷethī briṭiś sarkāre temnī dharpakaṛ karī hatī.

Transcription (IPA) —

gɑn̪d̪ʱiʤini ʤʱũpɽi-kəɾɑɽi

ʤəg pɾəsɪd̪d̪ʱ ɖɑɳɖi kuʧ pəʧʰi gɑn̪d̪ʱiʤie ə̤j̃ ɑmbɑnɑ ʋɾʊkʃ niʧe kʰəʤuɾnɑ̃ ʧʰəʈijɑ̃ni ek ʤʱũpɽimɑ̃ t̪ɑ _________t̪ʰi t̪ɑ. Phonetic transcription (or phonetic notation) is the visual system of symbolization of the sounds occurring in spoken human Language. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic _______ sud̪ʱi niʋɑs kəɾjot̪o. ɖɑɳɖimɑ̃ ʧʰəʈʰʈʰi epɾile ʃəɾu kəɾeli nimək kɑnun bʱəŋgni ləɽət̪ne t̪ɛmɳe ə̤j̃t̪ʰi ʋeg ɑpi deʃ ʋjɑpi bənɑʋit̪i. ə̤j̃t̪ʰiʤ t̪ɛmɳe d̪ʱəɾɑsəɽ̃ɑnɑ miʈʰɑnɑ əgəɾo t̪əɾəf kuʧ kəɾʋɑno pot̪ɑno səŋkəlp bɾiʈiʃ ʋɑjsəɾɔjne pət̪ɾə ləkʰine ʤəɽ̃ɑʋjot̪o.

t̪ɑ. __t̪ʰi me ____ni ɾɑt̪nɑ bɑɾ ʋɑgjɑ pəʧʰi ɑ st̪ʰəɭet̪ʰi bɾiʈiʃ səɾkɑɾe t̪ɛmni d̪ʱəɾpəkəɽ kəɾit̪i.

Simple gloss —

gandhiji's hut-karadi

world famous dandi march after gandhiji here mango's tree under palm date's bark's one hut-in date. This article is about the literary term For other uses see Gloss (disambiguation. 14-4-1930-from date. 4-5-1930 until residence done was. dandi-in sixth april-at started done salt law break's fight(-to) he here-from speed gave country wide made was. here-from he dharasana's salt's mounds towards march doing's self's resolve british viceroy-to letter written-having notified was.

date. 4-from may 1930's night's twelve struck after this place-at-from british government his arrest done was.

Transliteration and detailed gloss —

gāndhījī-n-ī	jhū̃pṛ-ī-Ø	Karāṛī
gandhiji–GEN–FEM	hut–FEM–SG	karadi

jag	prasiddh	dāṇḍī	kūc	pachī	gāndhījī-e	ahī̃	āmb-ā-Ø-n-ā	vṛkṣ	nīce
world	famous	dandi	march	after	gandhiji–ERG	here	mango–MASC. OBL–SG–GEN–MASC. OBL	tree	under

khajūr-ī-Ø-n-ā̃	chaṭiy-ā̃-n-ī	ek	jhū̃pṛ-ī-Ø-mā̃	tā.	14 4 1930thī	tā.	4 5 1930	sudhī
palmdate–FEM–SG–GEN–NEUT. OBL	bark–NEUT. PL. OBL–GEN–FEM. OBL	one	hut–FEM–SG–in	date	14 4 1930–from	date		until

nivās	kar-y-o	ha-t-o	.	dāṇḍī-mā̃	chaṭhṭhī	epril-e	śarū	kar-el-ī	nimak
residence. MASC. SG. OBJ. NOM	do–PERF–MASC. SG	be–PAST–MASC. SG		dandi–in	sixth	April–at	started	do–PAST. PTCP–FEM	salt

kānūn	bhaṅg-n-ī	laṛat-Ø-ne	te-m-ṇe	ahī̃-thī	veg	āp-ī	deś	vyāpī
law	break–GEN–FEM. OBL	fight. FEM. OBJ–SG–ACC	3. DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG	here–from	speed–OBJ	give–CONJUNCTIVE	country	wide

ban-āv-Ø-ī	ha-t-ī	.	ahī̃-thī-j	te-m-ṇe	dharāsaṇā-n-ā
become–CAUS–PERF–FEM	be–PAST–FEM		here–from–INTENSIFIER	3. DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG	dharasana–GEN–MASC. PL

mīṭh-ā-n-ā	agar-o	taraph	kūc	kar-v-ā-n-o	potā-n-o
salt–NEUT. SG. OBL–GEN–MASC. PL	mound. MASC–PL	towards	march. MASC. SG	do–INF–OBL–GEN–MASC. SG	REFL–GEN–MASC. SG

saṅkalp	briṭiś	vāīsarôy-Ø-ne	patra	lakh-īne	jaṇ-āv-y-o	ha-t-o	.	tā.
resolve. MASC. SG. OBJ. ACC	British	viceroy. OBJ–SG–DAT	letter	write–CONJUNCTIVE	know–CAUS–PERF–MASC. SG	be–PAST–MASC. SG		date

4-thī	me	1930-n-ī	rāt-Ø-n-ā	bār	vāg-y-ā	pachī	ā	sthaḷ-e-thī	briṭiś
4-from	may	1930–GEN–FEM. OBL	night. FEM–SG–GEN–MASC. OBL	twelve	strike–PERF–OBL	after	3. PROX	place–at–from	British

sarkār-e	te-m-n-ī	dharpakaṛ	kar-Ø-ī	ha-t-ī	.
government–ERG	3. DIST–HONORIFIC–GEN–FEM	arrest. FEM. SG. OBJ. ACC	do–PERF–FEM	be–PAST–FEM

Translation (by Wikipedia) —

Gandhiji's hut-Karadi

After the world-famous Dandi March Gandhiji resided here in a date palm bark hut underneath a/the mango tree, from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930. Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation The Salt Satyagraha was a campaign of non-violent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi on March 12 1930 The Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera) is a palm in the genus Phoenix, extensively cultivated for its edible Fruit. Bark, also known as periderm is the outermost layer of stems and Roots of Woody plants such as Trees It overlays the Wood and consists Mangoes belong to the genus Mangifera, consisting of numerous species of tropical fruiting Trees in the Flowering plant family Anacardiaceae Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. From here he gave speed to and spread country-wide the anti-Salt Law struggle, started in Dandi on April the 6th. April holidays and events National Poetry Month - in United States National Sexual Assault Awareness Month - in United From here, writing in a letter, he notified the British Viceroy of his resolve in marching towards the salt mounds of Dharasana. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants A mound is a general term for an artificial heaped Pile of Earth, Gravel, Sand, rocks

The British government arrested him at this location, after twelve o'clock on the night of the 4th of May, 1930. MAY ( also known as: Mei メイ 메이 is a Korean singer well known in South Korea for singing the song "Miracle"

Translation (provided at location) —

Gandhiji's hut-Karadi

Here under the mango tree in the hut made of palm leaves (khajoori) Gandhiji stayed from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930 after the world famous Dandi march. From here he gave impetus to the civil disobedience movement for breaking the salt act started on April 6 at Dandi and turned it into a nation wide movement. It was also from this place that he wrote a letter to the British viceroy expressing his firm resolve to march to the salt works at Dharasana.

This is the place from where he was arrested by the British government after midnight on May 4, 1930.

Common Words, Phrases, and Idioms

See also

• Languages of India
• List of national languages of India
• List of Indian languages by total speakers

References

Bibliography

Dictionaries

• Belsare, M. B. (1904) An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary.
• Deshpande, P. Deshpande (देशपांडे is a common surname in the states of Maharashtra and Northern Karnataka, India. G. (1974) Gujarati-English Dictionary. Ahmadabad: University Granth Nirman Board.
• Deshpande, P. G. (1982) Modern English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
• Deshpande, P. G. & Parnwell, E. C. (1977) Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati. Oxford University Press.
• Deshpande, P. G. (1988) Universal English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
• Mehta, B. N. & Mehta, B. B. (1925) The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary.
• Platts, J. T. (1884), written at London, A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, W. H. Allen & Co, <http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/platts/>.
• Suthar, B. (2003) Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary (1 Mb)
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1966), written at London, A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, Oxford University Press, <http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/>. Babu Suthar is a Gujarati Lecturer in South Asia Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, currently the only full-time instructor in this language in North America Sir Ralph Lilley Turner MC ( 5 October 1888 &ndash 22 April 1983) was an English Indian languages Philologist

Grammars

• Cardona, George (1965), A Gujarati Reference Grammar, University of Pennsylvania Press. George Cardona is an American linguist and Indologist He is professor emeritus of Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania.
• Taylor, G. P. (1908), written at New Delhi, The Student's Gujarati Grammar, Asian Educational Services.
• Tisdall, W. S. (1892), A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language, <http://www.archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00tisdiala>.

Courses

• Dave, Jagdish (1995), Colloquial Gujarati (2004 ed. ), Routledge, ISBN 0415091969.
• Dwyer, Rachel (1995), written at London, Teach Yourself Gujarati, Hodder and Stoughton, <http://www.racheldwyer.com/publications.html>.
• Lambert, H. M. (1971), Gujarati Language Course, Cambridge University Press.

Phonology

• Dave, T. N. (1931), "Notes on Gujarati Phonology", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 6 (3): 673-678, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1356-1898%281931%296%3A3%3C673%3ANOGP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W>.
• Firth, J. R. (1957), "Phonetic Observations on Gujarati", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 20 (1): 231-241, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X%281957%2920%3A1%2F3%3C231%3APOOG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P>.
• Mistry, P. J. (1997), "Gujarati Phonology", written at Winona Lake, in Kaye, A. S, Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Eisenbrauns.
• Pandit, P. B. (1961), "Historical Phonology of Gujarati Vowels", Language 37 (1): 54-66, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-8507%28196101%2F03%2937%3A1%3C54%3AHPOGV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R>.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1921), "Gujarati Phonology", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 505-544.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1915), "Indo-Aryan Nasals in Gujarati", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1033-1038.

Overviews

• Cardona, George & Babu Suthar (2003), "Gujarati", in Cardona, George & Dhanesh Jain, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 9780415772945, <http://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA659&dq=indo-aryan+languages&sig=69z4DJxBuD4SPTTINIbzK_YW6ac>. George Cardona is an American linguist and Indologist He is professor emeritus of Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania. Babu Suthar is a Gujarati Lecturer in South Asia Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, currently the only full-time instructor in this language in North America
• Dalby, Andrew (1998), "Gujarati", written at New York, Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231115687. Andrew Dalby (born Liverpool, 1947 is an English linguist translator and historian who most often writes about Food history.
• Mistry, P. J. (2003), "Gujarati", written at Oxford, in Frawley, William, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, vol. 2 (2nd ed. ), Oxford University Press.
• Mistry, P. J. (2001), "Gujarati", in Garry, Jane & Carl Rubino, An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present, New England Publishing Associates.

Old Gujarati

• Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary. American Oriental Society: New Haven, Conn. ISBN 0-940490-73-0
• Brown, W. N. (1938), "An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story", Journal of the American Oriental Society 58 (1): 5-29, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28193803%2958%3A1%3C5%3AAOGTOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6>.
• Dave, T. N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century. The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0947593306
• Tessitori, L. P. (1914-1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani. " Indian Antiquary. 43-45.

Other

• Gajendragadkar, S. N. (1972), written at Bombay, Parsi Gujarati, University of Bombay.
• Gordon, Raymond G. , Jr. (ed. ) (2005), "Gujarati", written at Dallas, Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian ), SIL International. SIL International (the official name of what was originally the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a worldwide U
• Masica, Colin (1991), written at Cambridge, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521299442, <http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=indo-aryan+languages>. Colin P Masica (1931- is professor emeritus in the Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations and the Department of Linguistics at the University of Chicago.
• Mistry, P. J. (1996), "Gujarati Writing", in Daniels & Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press.

External links

Linguistic resources

• UCLA Language Materials Project: Gujarati
• Ratilal Chandaria's Online Language Resources
• Gujarati Wiktionary
• Website for reading Gujarati Literature Online
• Gujarati English Dictionary
• Online Gujarati Type Pad
• Gujarati script and alphabets
• Gujarati Editor

Newspapers

• Akila Daily
• Gurjari.Net
• Sandesh
• Gujarati Samachar
• Divya Bhaskar
• Sambhaav
• Jai Hind
• The Bombay Samachar
• Avadhtimes Daily
• wahgujarat

Religious

• Bhagavad Gita, Bhagavat, Ramayan, Mahabharat, Upanishad, Yog Sutra, Bhajans and more in Gujarati (Hinduism)
• Religious and Spiritual Texts in Gujarati (Islam)
• World Bible Translation Center: Gujarati New Testament (Christianity)
• Avesta -- Zoroastrian Archives: Khorda Avesta (Zoroastrianism)

Other

• Gujarati Language and Literature

• Gujarati Language and Literature
• A brief history of the Gujarati language
• Gujarati Writers Guild UK
• SBS Gujarati Radio (Australia)
• The South Asian Literary Recordings Project, The Library of Congress. Gujarati Authors.