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Guaifenesin
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane-1,2-diol | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | R05 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C10H14O4 |
| Mol. mass | 198. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 216 g/mol |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | ? |
| Metabolism | ? |
| Half life | 1 hour |
| Excretion | ? |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Licence data |
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| Pregnancy cat. |
C (US) |
| Legal status | |
| Routes | Oral (PO) |
Guaifenesin (IPA: [gwaɪˈfɛnəsɪn]) (INN) or guaiphenesin (former BAN) is an expectorant drug usually taken orally (by mouth) to assist the bringing up ("expectoration") of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections. In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route An International Nonproprietary Name ( INN; also known as rINN, for recommended International Nonproprietary Name or pINN for proposed A British Approved Name ( BAN) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a Pharmaceutical Substance, as defined in the British Pharmacopoeia A mucolytic agent is any agent which dissolves thick Mucus usually used to help relieve respiratory difficulties Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Phlegm ( is sticky Fluid secreted by the Mucous membranes of Humans and other Animals. The airways are those parts of the Respiratory system through which air flows to get from the external environment to the Alveoli.
Contents |
History
Similar medicines derived from the guaiac tree were in use as a generic remedy by Native Americans when explorers reached North America in the 1500s, but guaifenesin was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1952.
Availability
Guaifenesin is sold as pills or syrups under several brand names, including: Guai-Aid, GuaiLife, Ethex 208, Humibid, Mucinex, and Robitussin. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a Robitussin is a brand of cold and Cough medicines produced by Wyeth Consumer Healthcare. It is also included in many other over-the-counter cough and cold remedy combinations (usually in conjunction with dextromethorphan and/or pseudoephedrine and/or acetaminophen). Dextromethorphan ( DXM or DM) is an Antitussive (cough suppressant drug found in many over-the-counter cold and Cough medicines Pseudoephedrine (commonly abbreviated as PSE is a sympathomimetic Amine commonly used as a Decongestant. Paracetamol ( INN) (ˌpærəˈsiːtəmɒl -ˈsɛtə- or acetaminophen ( USAN) is a widely-used Analgesic and Antipyretic Medication
Uses
Treatment of asthma
Guaifenesin is effective in the treatment of the thickened bronchial mucosa characteristic of asthma. Asthma is a chronic Condition involving the Respiratory system in which the airways occasionally constrict become inflamed, and are It works by drawing water into the bronchi. A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a caliber of airway in the Respiratory tract that conducts air into the Lungs No Gas The water both thins mucus and lubricates the airway, facilitating the removal of mucus by coughing. In vertebrates mucus is a slippery secretion produced by and covering Mucous membranes It is a viscous Colloid containing Antiseptic enzymes (such as In Medicine, a cough ( Latin: tussis) is a sudden and often repetitively occurring defence Reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages One may notice a sense of dry mouth when taking this medication. Xerostomia is the medical term for a dry mouth due to a lack of Saliva. Water consumption is important, not only to help with dry mouth, but also to improve the effectiveness of the drug.
Treatment of coughing
Guaifenesin is frequently combined with dextromethorphan, an antitussive. Dextromethorphan ( DXM or DM) is an Antitussive (cough suppressant drug found in many over-the-counter cold and Cough medicines A cough medicine is a medicinal drug used to treat Coughing and related conditions Under normal circumstances this combination leads to fewer, but more productive coughs. However, in the above-normal quantities consumed by recreational users of dextromethorphan, it may cause nausea and vomiting, as well as the formation of stones in the urinary tract (urolithiasis). Dextromethorphan ( DXM or DM) is an Antitussive (cough suppressant drug found in many over-the-counter cold and Cough medicines Dextromethorphan ( DXM or DM) is an Antitussive (cough suppressant drug found in many over-the-counter cold and Cough medicines Kidney stones, also called renal calculi, are solid concretions (crystal aggregations of dissolved minerals in Urine; calculi typically form
Treatment of fibromyalgia
Because of its uricosuric effect, guaifenesin was chosen in the 1990s for the experimental guaifenesin protocol - a treatment for fibromyalgia. Uricosuric Medications ( Drugs are substances that increase the excretion of Uric acid in the Urine, thus reducing uric acid concentrations in Guaifenesin protocol is an experimental alternative treatment for Fibromyalgia proposed in the 1990s by Dr R Fibromyalgia (FM is a disorder classified by the presence of chronic widespread Pain and tactile Allodynia. Proponents of the guaifenesin protocol believe that it cures fibromyalgia by removing excess phosphate from the body. A lesser publicized and thus lesser known fact among fibromyalgia sufferers is that guaifenesin has skeletal muscle relaxant activity, and a form of guaifenesin known as guafenesin carbomate is used for this purpose. This may explain some of the symptomatic relief experienced by fibromyalgia sufferers who take guaifenesin.
Other uses
Guaifenesin also has other known neurological effects, including an analgesic effect that is related to its action as a skeletal muscle relaxant, and possible inhibition of platelet aggregation. Skeletal muscle is a type of Striated muscle, which usually attaches to tendons This article refers to skeletal muscle relaxants For information on Smooth muscle relaxants see Antispasmodic. An antiplatelet drug is a member of a class of pharmaceuticals that decreases Platelet aggregation and inhibits Thrombus formation
Guaifenesin's neurological properties first became known in the late 1940s, and it is still used in veterinary medicine to anesthetize horses being prepared for surgery. Veterinary medicine the application of medical, diagnostic, and therapeutic principles to companion, domestic, exotic, wildlife " Anesthetize " is a Porcupine Tree song It is the third track on the 2007 album Fear of a Blank Planet. The horse ( Equus caballus) is a hoofed ( Ungulate) Mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental When contrasted with other propanediol drugs used for this purpose, guaifenesin has less hemolytic activity (i. e. , less destruction of red blood cells) and is more soluble in water.
Use by singers
Opera singers sometimes refer to guaifenesin as the "wonder drug" for its ability to promote secondary mucosal secretion in the respiratory system. Secondary mucous is the thinner, lubricating mucus that occurs on the vocal folds naturally when they are healthy and well hydrated. Singers use guaifenesin to improve the state of their vocal folds in extremes of humidity (very humid or very dry), after flying long distances, and during mild allergies.
Use by women who want to conceive
Guaifenesin is widely used by women to facilitiate conception by thinning and increasing the amount of cervical mucus. For soil improvement see Fertilization (soil. The cervix (from Latin "neck" is the lower narrow portion of the Uterus where it joins with the top end of the Vagina. Evidence concerning the effectiveness of this use is almost entirely anecdotal; the exception[1] is a very small study without controls. For other uses see Anecdota. For a comparison of anecdote with other kinds of stories see Myth legend fairy tale and fable. In another very small but double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, guaifenesin reduced primary dysmenorrhea, but the effect was not significant. Dysmenorrhea (or dysmenorrhoea) is a medical condition characterized by severe Uterine Pain during Menstruation.
References
- ^ Check JH, Adelson HG, Wu CH (1982). "Improvement of cervical factor with guaifenesin. ". Fertil. Steril. 37 (5): 707–8. PMID 6896190.
See also
External links
- RxList site giving some properties
- MedlinePlus DrugInfo medmaster-a682494
- Information from MedicineNet.com
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