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Gruiformes
Crested Crane, Balearica regulorum gibbericeps
Crested Crane, Balearica regulorum gibbericeps
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Gruiformes
Bonaparte, 1854
Families

Some 5-10 living, see article text. The Grey Crowned Crane ( Balearica regulorum) is a bird in the crane family Gruidae. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Charles Lucien (Carlo Jules Laurent Bonaparte 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano ( May 24, 1803 &ndash July 29, 1857) was a French Year 1854 ( MDCCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year In Biological classification, family ( Latin

The diverse order Gruiformes contains a considerable number of living and extinct bird families with, on first sight, little in common. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. In Biological classification, family ( Latin Gruiform means "crane-like. "

Traditionally, a number of wading and terrestrial bird families that did not seem to belong to any other order were classified together as Gruiformes. These include, the very large cranes, or the relatively small and secretive water-loving crakes and rails (families with a wide distribution and a dozen or more member species), as well as a variety of very small families, some of them containing very few species, such as the Heliornithidae, the limpkin, or the trumpeters. Cranes are large long-legged and long-necked Birds of the order Gruiformes, and family Gruidae. The rails, or Rallidae, are a large cosmopolitan family of small to medium-sized Birds The family exhibits considerable diversity In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. The Heliornithidae are a small family of tropical Birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of Grebes and Coots The family overall The Limpkin (common names carrao, courlan, crying bird) Aramus guarauna, is a bird that looks like a large rail, but is skeletally The trumpeters are a small family of Birds restricted to the forests of the Amazon and Orinoco basins in South America.

On first sight, the Gruiformes seem to have little in common with one another because they are morphologically diverse. However, anatomical evidence indicates that several groups within the traditional Gruiformes do appear to be evolutionarily related, and this is further supported by molecular analyses. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Other birds have been placed in this order more out of necessity to place them somewhere; this has caused the expanded Gruiformes to lack distinctive apomorphies. Cladistics is the hierarchical classification of Species based on evolutionary ancestry Luckily for phylogeneticists, more recent studies indicate that these "odd Gruiformes" are if at all only loosely related to the cranes, rails, and relatives ("core Gruiformes"). A notable feature in several gruiform lineages is that flighlessness evolves far more easily than in most other birds. About one-third of the extinct families were at least partially flightless, and numerous living and extinct flightless rails are known.

Systematics

The Gruiformes have been further divided into suborders. This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used The Rallidae and the Heliornithidae are united in the Ralli; although the Rallidae are sometimes separated as order Ralliformes, this is not supported by the current data. Aramidae, Gruidae and the Psophiidae form the Grui. This arrangement is quite well-supported by the available molecular and morphological data.

A number of potential candidates for Gruiformes status have been rejected by Sibley & Ahlquist (1990) based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies. DNA-DNA hybridization generally refers to a Molecular biology technique that measures the degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences Their research led them to remove the Otididae, Eurypygidae, Rhynochetidae, Cariamidae, Mesitornithidae and Turnicidae from the Gruiformes. The mesites ( Mesitornithidae) are a family of Birds of uncertain affinities The buttonquails or hemipodes are a small family of Birds which resemble but are unrelated to the true Quails They inhabit warm grasslands in Asia The Eurypygidae and Rhynochetidae were similar to the Ardeidae, and were therefore associated with certain birds that are traditionally interpreted as Ciconiiformes and others such as Charadriiformes in a vastly expanded Ciconiiformes. The herons are wading Birds in the Ardeidae family Some are called Egrets or Bitterns instead of herons Traditionally the order Ciconiiformes has included a variety of large long-legged wading birds with large bills Storks Herons Egrets Charadriiformes is a diverse order of small to medium-large Birds It includes about 350 Species and has members in all parts of the world The Mesitornithidae and Cariamidae were indicated to be close to the Cuculiformes, but the Otididae did not seem to be close to other extant birds and on the placement of the Turnicidae they could reach no firm conclusion. The Near passerine Bird order Cuculiformes traditionally included three families as below Musophagidae - turacos and allies

However, DNA-DNA hybridization is often insufficient to determine more than the most basic phylogenies; Sibley & Ahlquist's "Ciconiiformes" are not a natural group for example. While the families that they did not believe to belong to this group probably indeed do not do so, their proposed affinities according to Sibley and Monroe are generally seen as erroneous nowadays. Removing these taxa from the Gruiformes has the additional benefit of enabling the order to be defined by morphological apomorphies, as noted above. The International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, known for short as the PhyloCode, is a developing draft for a formal set of rules governing Phylogenetic

DNA sequence analyses has led to the Plains Wanderer - which was formerly believed to be an aberrant buttonquail in the Gruiformes - being reassigned as a charadriiform wader related to jacanas (Paton et al. A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the Primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA Molecule The Plains Wanderer, Pedionomus torquatus, is a unique Bird and is put in a family of its own The buttonquails or hemipodes are a small family of Birds which resemble but are unrelated to the true Quails They inhabit warm grasslands in Asia Waders, called shorebirds in North America (where "wader" is used to refer to long-legged wading Birds such as Storks and For the Melbourne suburb see Jacana Victoria. The jacanas or jaçanas (sometimes referred to as Jesus birds are a group of tropical Waders 2003, Thomas et al. 2004, van Tuinen et al. 2004). The buttonquails have in the meantime also turned out to be Charadriiformes, but form a lineage rather distinct from other members of that order (van Tuinen et al. , 2005; Paton & Baker, 2006).

Fain & Houde (2004) found that the families split out of the Gruiformes by Sibley & Ahlquist do indeed seem to be distinct. Their data indicated that a motley clade of families might exist which they termed Metaves, but the suggested internal structure of these is hardly likely to be correct and the group as a whole is not robustly supported. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Thus, the "Metaves" might be a pseudo-clade based on molecular homoplasies. Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages However, the case for reducing the Gruiformes to a core of families is nonetheless strengthened as despite it not being known where the "odd" families should be placed, maintaining them in the Gruiformes is less and less supported either.

The kagu and sunbittern seem to constitute a distinct Gondwanan lineage, which might also include the extinct adzebills of New Zealand. KAGU is a Classical music Radio station run by Gonzaga University in Spokane Washington. The Sunbittern, Eurypyga helias is a Bittern -like Bird of tropical regions of the Americas, and the sole member of the family Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago The adzebills ( Genus Aptornis) were two closely related Bird Species, the North Island Adzebill, Aptornis otidiformis New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Its relationship to the more distinct but possibly still somewhat related mesites and the core Gruiformes is unresolved. The seriemas and bustards are possibly lineages fairly basal in a clade uniting the "higher waterbirds", aquatic Neoaves such as Procellariiformes and Ciconiiformes but not the waterfowl which are Galloanserae. The Seriemas are a small and ancient family (Cariamidae of tropical South American Birds related to the rails and Bustards There are two Bustards are large terrestrial Birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. In Phylogenetics, a basal Clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram Neognaths ( Neognathae) are Birds within the Subclass Neornithes of the class Aves. Procellariiformes is an order of Seabirds that comprises four families: the Albatrosses procellariids, Storm-petrels and Diving Traditionally the order Ciconiiformes has included a variety of large long-legged wading birds with large bills Storks Herons Egrets See also UK Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust USA Ducks Unlimited Most or all Birds collectively referred to as fowl belong to one of two orders namely the gamefowl or landfowl ( Galliformes) and the waterfowl

The enigmatic Kagu may not be a gruiform
The enigmatic Kagu may not be a gruiform

ORDER GRUIFORMES

The gruiforms are one of the older lineages of modern birds. KAGU is a Classical music Radio station run by Gonzaga University in Spokane Washington. The rails, or Rallidae, are a large cosmopolitan family of small to medium-sized Birds The family exhibits considerable diversity The Heliornithidae are a small family of tropical Birds with webbed lobes on their feet similar to those of Grebes and Coots The family overall FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Cranes are large long-legged and long-necked Birds of the order Gruiformes, and family Gruidae. The Limpkin (common names carrao, courlan, crying bird) Aramus guarauna, is a bird that looks like a large rail, but is skeletally The trumpeters are a small family of Birds restricted to the forests of the Amazon and Orinoco basins in South America. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Songzia is the name given to a Genus of Gruiform Bird related to rails It lived in the Eocene epoch FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Gastornithiformes are an order of prehistoric Birds The birds from this group lived from the Paleocene to the Eocene and were spread out across Asia FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. The Messel Pit is a disused Quarry near the village of Messel, about 35 km southeast of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Phorusrhacids ("Rag-Bearers" or terror birds, were a family of large Carnivorous Flightless birds that were the dominant FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. The Seriemas are a small and ancient family (Cariamidae of tropical South American Birds related to the rails and Bustards There are two Bustards are large terrestrial Birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. The Sunbittern, Eurypyga helias is a Bittern -like Bird of tropical regions of the Americas, and the sole member of the family KAGU is a Classical music Radio station run by Gonzaga University in Spokane Washington. The adzebills ( Genus Aptornis) were two closely related Bird Species, the North Island Adzebill, Aptornis otidiformis Prehistoric birds are various taxa of Birds that became Extinct before recorded History, or more precisely before they could be studied The mesites ( Mesitornithidae) are a family of Birds of uncertain affinities Ancestral gruiforms were in all probability among the survivors of the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event c. The Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which occurred approximately ( Ma) was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically 65 mya already. In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". No unequivocal basal gruiforms are known from the fossil record. In Phylogenetics, a basal Clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram However, there are several genera which are not unequivocally assignable to the known families and which may occupy a more basal position:

Other even more enigmatic fossil birds are occasionally suggested to belong into this order, such as the proposed Late Cretaceous family Laornithidae and the following taxa:

References

External links

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