| Grover Cleveland | |
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| In office March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 |
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| Vice President | Adlai E. Stevenson (1893-1897) |
| Preceded by | Benjamin Harrison |
| Succeeded by | William McKinley |
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| In office March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889 |
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| Vice President | Thomas A. Hendricks (1885, died in office), None (1885–1889) |
| Preceded by | Chester A. Arthur |
| Succeeded by | Benjamin Harrison |
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28th Governor of New York
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| In office January 1, 1883 – January 6, 1885 |
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| Lieutenant | David B. Hill |
| Preceded by | Alonzo B. Cornell |
| Succeeded by | David B. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1897 ( MDCCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Adlai Ewing Stevenson I (October 23 1835 &ndash June 14 1914 was a Congressman from Illinois and the twenty-third Vice President of the United States Benjamin Harrison (August 20 1833 &ndash March 13 1901 was the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893 William McKinley Jr ( January 29, 1843 September 14, 1901) was the twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Thomas Andrews Hendricks (September 7 1819 November 25 1885 He moved on to study law in Chambersburg Pennsylvania and was admitted to the bar in 1843 This is a list of heads of state and government who died in office, most often from illness Chester Alan Arthur (October 5 1829 &ndash November 18 1886 was an American politician who served as the twenty-first President of the United States. Benjamin Harrison (August 20 1833 &ndash March 13 1901 was the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893 The Governor of New York is the head of the Executive branch of New York 's government and the Commander-in-chief of the state's military New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1883 ( MDCCCLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1885 ( MDCCCLXXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Lieutenant Governor of New York is the second highest ranking official in the government of New York. For other people with a similar name see David Hill David Bennett Hill ( August 29, 1843 Havana, then Chemung County Alonzo Barton Cornell ( January 22, 1832 October 15, 1904) was a New York politician and businessman who served as Governor Hill |
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| Born | March 18, 1837 Caldwell, New Jersey |
| Died | June 24, 1908 (aged 71) Princeton, New Jersey |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Frances Folsom Cleveland |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Religion | Presbyterian |
| Signature |  |
Stephen Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837–June 24, 1908) was the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Caldwell is a borough located in northwestern Essex County, New Jersey, about sixteen miles outside of New York New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year See also Princeton Township New Jersey, Borough of Princeton New Jersey Princeton Borough New Jersey Princeton Township New Jersey this The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Frances Cornelia Cleveland (née Folsom later Preston (July 21 1864 &ndash October 29 1947 wife of the President of the United States, Grover Cleveland A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Cleveland is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897). He was the winner of the popular vote for President three times—in 1884, 1888, and 1892—and was the only Democrat elected to the Presidency in the era of Republican political domination that lasted from 1860 to 1912. The United States has a federal government, with elected officials at federal (national state and local level The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Cleveland's admirers praise him for his honesty, independence, integrity, and commitment to the principles of classical liberalism. Classical liberalism (also known as traditional liberalism, Laissez-faire liberalism, Market liberalism or in much of the world [1] As a leader of the Bourbon Democrats, he opposed imperialism, taxes, subsidies and inflationary policies, but as a reformer he also worked against corruption, patronage, and bossism. Bourbon Democrat was a term used in the United States from 1876 to 1904 to refer to a conservative or Classical liberal member of the Democratic Party Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector Patronage is the support encouragement privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization Bossism, in the History of the United States (particularly in the Gilded Age) is a system of political control centering about a single powerful figure (the
Some of Cleveland's actions caused controversy even within his own party. His intervention in the Pullman Strike of 1894 in order to keep the railroads moving angered labor unions, and his support of the gold standard and opposition to free silver alienated the agrarian wing of the Democrats. The A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold Free Silver was an important political issue in the late 19th century United States. Agrarianism is a social and Political philosophy which stresses the viewpoint that the cultivation of plants or Farming leads to a fuller and happier life [2] Furthermore, critics complained that he had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nation's economic disasters—depressions and strikes—in his second term. In Economics, a depression is a term commonly used for a sustained downturn in one or more national economies Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. [2] Even so, his reputation for honesty and good character survived the troubles of his second term. In the words of his biographer, Allan Nevins, "in Grover Cleveland the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. Allan Nevins ( May 20, 1890 - March 5, 1971) was an American historian and journalist He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have. He possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not. "[3]
Family and early life
Childhood and family history
Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837 in Caldwell, New Jersey to Richard Falley Cleveland and his wife, Ann Neal. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Caldwell is a borough located in northwestern Essex County, New Jersey, about sixteen miles outside of New York New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. [4] Cleveland's father was a Presbyterian minister, originally from Connecticut. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. [5] His mother was from Baltimore, the daughter of a bookseller. [6] On his father's side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first Cleveland having emigrated to Massachusetts from northeastern England in 1635. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [7] On his mother's side, Cleveland was descended from Anglo-Irish Protestants and German Quakers from Philadelphia. " Anglo-Irish " was a term used historically to describe a privileged Social class in Ireland, whose members were the descendants and successors of the The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as [8] He was distantly related to the General Moses Cleaveland after whom the city of Cleveland, Ohio, was named. Moses Cleaveland ( January 29, 1754 &ndash November 16, 1806) was a lawyer politician soldier and surveyor from Connecticut Cleveland is a City in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state [9]
Cleveland was the fifth of nine children born to Richard and Ann Cleveland, five sons and four daughters. [6] He was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell, where his father was pastor at the time, but never used the name Stephen in his adult life. [10] In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to Fayetteville, New York, where Cleveland spent much of his childhood. Fayetteville is a Village located in Onondaga County, New York, United States. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous [11] Neighbors would later describe Cleveland as "full of fun and inclined to play pranks",[12] and fond of outdoor sports. [13] In 1850, Cleveland's father took a job in Clinton, New York, and the family relocated there. Clinton is a Village in Oneida County, New York, United States. [14] They moved again in 1853 to Holland Patent, New York, near Utica. Holland Patent is a Village in Oneida County, New York, United States. Utica is a City in the American state of New York, and the County seat of Oneida County. [15] Not long after the family arrived in Holland Patent, Cleveland's father died. [15]
Education and moving west
Cleveland's education began in grammar school at the Fayetteville Academy. [16] When the family moved to Clinton, Cleveland was enrolled at the Clinton Liberal Academy. [17] After his father died in 1853, Cleveland left school and helped to support his family. [18] Later that year, Cleveland's brother William was hired as a teacher at the New York Institute for the Blind in New York City, and William obtained a place for Cleveland as an assistant teacher. The City of New York [18] After teaching for a year, Cleveland returned home to Holland Patent at the end of 1854. [19]
Back in Holland Patent, the seventeen-year-old Cleveland looked for work unsuccessfully. [19] An elder in his church offered to pay for his college education if he would promise to become a minister, but Cleveland declined. An elder (in Greek, πρεσβυτερος; see Presbyter) in Christianity is a person valued for his Wisdom who accordingly holds a particular [19] Instead, the following spring Cleveland decided to make his way west to the city of Cleveland, Ohio. [19] He stopped first in Buffalo, where his uncle, Lewis W. Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. Allen, lived. Allen dissuaded Cleveland from continuing west, and offered him a job arranging his herdbooks. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food [20] Allen was an important man in Buffalo, and he introduced his nephew to influential men there, including the partners in the law firm of Rogers, Bowen, and Rogers. A law firm is a business entity formed by one or more Lawyers to engage in the practice of law [21] Cleveland later took a clerkship with the firm, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction [22]
Early career and the Civil War
After becoming a lawyer, Cleveland worked for the Rogers firm for three years, leaving in 1862 to start his own practice. [24] In January 1863, he accepted an appointment as an assistant district attorney of Erie County. A district attorney (DA is in some US jurisdictions the title of the local public official who represents the government in the prosecution of alleged criminals County of Erie, commonly referred to as Erie County, is a county located in the U [25] With the American Civil War raging, Congress passed the Conscription Act of 1863, requiring able-bodied men to serve in the army if called upon, or else to hire a substitute. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The New York Draft Riots (July 11 to July 16 1863 known at the time as Draft Week) were violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination [22] Cleveland chose the latter course, paying George Benninsky, a thirty-two year-old Polish immigrant, $150 to serve in his place. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. [26] As a lawyer, Cleveland became known for his single-minded concentration and dedication to hard work. [27] In 1866, he defended some of the participants in the Fenian raid of that year, doing so successfully and free of charge. The Fenian raids were attacks by members of the Fenian Brotherhood based in the United States, on British army forts customs posts and other targets in [28] In 1868, Cleveland attracted some attention within his profession for his successful defense of a libel suit against the editor of the Commercial Advertiser, a Buffalo newspaper. [29] During this time, Cleveland lived simply in a boarding house; although his income grew sufficient to support a more lavish lifestyle, Cleveland continued to support his mother and younger sisters. A boarding house, also known as a "rooming house" (mainly in the United States) or a "lodging house" is a House (often a family home [30] While his personal quarters were austere, Cleveland did enjoy an active social life and enjoyed "the easy-going sociability of hotel-lobbies and saloons. "[31]
Political career in New York
Sheriff of Erie County
From his earliest involvement in politics, Cleveland had aligned himself with the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. [32] In 1865, he ran for District Attorney, losing narrowly to his friend and roommate, Lyman K. Bass, the Republican nominee. A district attorney (DA is in some US jurisdictions the title of the local public official who represents the government in the prosecution of alleged criminals Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=B000221 [27] Cleveland then stayed out of politics for a few years, but in 1870, with the help of his friend, Oscar Folsom, he secured the Democratic nomination for sheriff of Erie County. In the United States, a Sheriff is generally (but not always the highest law enforcement officer of a county and commander of Militia [33] At the age of thirty-three, Cleveland found himself elected sheriff by a 303-vote margin, taking office on January 1, 1871. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [34] While this new career took him away from the practice of law, it was rewarding in other ways: the fees were said to yield up to $40,000 over the two-year term. [33] The most well-known incident of his term involved the execution of a murderer, Patrick Morrisey, on September 6, 1872. Capital punishment of a Felon in the United States, in modern times is employed and in practice only in cases involving murder This list of individuals executed in New York gives the names of some of the individuals executed by the U Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year [35] Cleveland, as sheriff, was responsible for either personally carrying out the execution, or paying a deputy $10 to perform the task. [35] Cleveland had qualms about the hanging, but opted to carry out the duty himself. Hanging is the lethal suspension of a person by a ligature The Oxford English Dictionary states that hanging in this sense is "specifically to put to death [35] He hanged another murderer, John Gaffney, on 14 February 1873. This list of individuals executed in New York gives the names of some of the individuals executed by the U Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1873 ( MDCCCLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [36]
After his term as sheriff ended, Cleveland returned to private practice, opening a law firm with his friends Lyman K. Bass and Wilson S. Bissell. Wilson Shannon Bissell (born December 31 1847, New London, New York - died October 6 1903, in Buffalo New York [37] Bass did not spend much time at the firm, being elected to Congress in 1873, but Cleveland and Bissell soon found themselves at the top of Buffalo's legal community. [38] Up to that point, Cleveland's political career had been honorable but unremarkable. As his biographer Allan Nevins wrote "probably no man in the country, on March 4, 1881, had less thought than this limited, simple, sturdy attorney of Buffalo that four years later he would be standing in Washington and taking the oath as President of the United States. Allan Nevins ( May 20, 1890 - March 5, 1971) was an American historian and journalist Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D "[39]
Mayor of Buffalo
In the 1870s, the government of Buffalo had grown increasingly corrupt, with Democratic and Republican political machines cooperating to share the spoils. A political machine is an unofficial system of a political organization based on Patronage, the Spoils system, "behind-the-scenes" control and longstanding In the Politics of the United States, a spoils system is an informal practice where a political party after winning an election gives government jobs to its voters as a reward [40] When, in 1881, the Republicans nominated a slate of particularly disreputable machine politicians, the Democrats saw the opportunity to gain the votes of disaffected Republicans by nominating a more honest candidate. [41] The party leaders approached Cleveland and he agreed to run for mayor, provided that the rest of the ticket was to his liking. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government [42] When the more notorious politicians were left off of the Democratic ticket, Cleveland accepted the nomination. [42] Cleveland was elected mayor with 15,120 votes, as against 11,528 for Milton C. This is a list of mayors of Buffalo New York. List of mayors Mayoral Elections (winners are in bold) Beebe, his opponent. [43] He took office January 2, 1882. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Cleveland's term as mayor was spent fighting the entrenched interests of the party machines. [44] Among the acts that established his reputation was a veto of the street-cleaning bill passed by the Common Council. The Buffalo Common Council is the legislative branch of the Buffalo New York City Government [45] The street-cleaning contract was open for bids, and the Council selected the highest bidder, rather than the lowest, because of the political connections of the bidder. [45] While this sort of bi-partisan graft had previously been tolerated in Buffalo, Mayor Cleveland would have none of it, and replied with a stinging veto message: "I regard it as the culmination of a most bare-faced, impudent, and shameless scheme to betray the interests of the people, and to worse than squander the public money". [46] The Council reversed themselves and awarded the contract to the lowest bidder. [47] For this, and several other acts to safeguard the public funds, Cleveland's reputation as an honest politician began to spread beyond Erie County. [48]
Governor of New York
As his reputation grew, state Democratic party officials began to consider Cleveland a possible nominee for governor. [49] Daniel Manning, a party insider who admired Cleveland's record, promoted his candidacy. Daniel Manning ( May 16 1831 &ndash December 24 1887) was an American businessman journalist and politician [50] With a split in the state Republican party, 1882 looked to be a Democratic year and there were several contenders for that party's nomination. [49] The two leading Democratic candidates were Roswell P. Flower and Henry W. Slocum, but their factions deadlocked and the convention could not agree on a nominee. Roswell Pettibone Flower ( August 7 1835 – May 12 1899) was the Democrat Governor of New York between 1892 and 1894 For the American tennis player see Henry Slocum (tennis Henry Warner Slocum ( September 24 1827 &ndash April 14 [51] Cleveland, in third place on the first ballot, picked up support in subsequent votes and emerged as the compromise choice. [52] The Republican party remained divided against itself, and in the general election Cleveland emerged the victor, with 535,318 votes to Republican nominee Charles J. Folger's 342,464. Charles James Folger ( April 16, 1818 &ndash September 4, 1884) was an American politician jurist and U [53] Cleveland's margin of victory was, at the time, the largest in a contested New York election, and the Democrats also picked up seats in both houses of the legislature. The New York Legislature is the state legislature of the US state of New York. [54]
Continuing his opposition to unnecessary spending, Cleveland sent the legislature eight vetos in his first two months in office. A veto, Latin for "I forbid" is used to Denote that a certain party has the right to stop unilaterally a certain piece of Legislation. [55] The first to attract attention was his veto of a bill to reduce the fares on New York City elevated trains to five cents. This article is an expansion of a section entitled '''History''' from within the main article New York City Subway The [56] The bill had broad support because the el trains' owner, Jay Gould, was unpopular and his fare increases were widely denounced. Jason "Jay" Gould ( May 27, 1836 &ndash December 2, 1892) was an American Financier who became a leading American railroad [57] Cleveland saw the bill as unjust—Gould had taken over the railroads when they were failing and had made the system solvent again. [58] Moreover, Cleveland believed that altering Gould's franchise would violate the Contract Clause of the federal Constitution. This article relates to an article of the United States Constitution. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. [58] Despite the initial popularity of the measure, the newspapers praised Cleveland's veto. [58] Theodore Roosevelt, then a member of the Assembly, said that he had initially voted for the bill believing it was wrong, but wishing to punish the unscrupulous railroad barons. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T The New York State Assembly is the Lower house of the New York Legislature, the state legislature of the U [59] After the veto, Roosevelt reversed himself, as did many legislators, and the veto was sustained. [59]
Cleveland's blunt, honest ways won him popular acclaim, but they also gained him the enmity of certain factions of his own party, especially the Tammany Hall organization in New York City. Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party Political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably [60] Tammany, under its boss, John Kelly, had not supported Cleveland's nomination as governor, and disliked him all the more when Cleveland openly opposed the re-election of one of their State Senators. John Kelly (1822 &ndash 1886 of New York City, known as "Honest John" was a boss of Tammany Hall and a U [61] Losing Tammany's support was balanced, however, by gaining the support of Theodore Roosevelt and other reform-minded Republicans who helped Cleveland to pass several laws reforming municipal governments. [62]
Election of 1884
Nomination for President
The Republicans convened in Chicago and nominated former Speaker of the House James G. Blaine of Maine for President on the fourth ballot. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. James Gillespie Blaine ( January 31, 1830 &ndash January 27, 1893) was a U The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Blaine's nomination alienated many Republicans who viewed Blaine as ambitious and immoral. [63] Democratic party leaders saw the Republicans' choice as an opportunity to take back the White House for the first time since 1856 if the right candidate could be found. [63]
Among the Democrats, Samuel J. Tilden was the initial front-runner, having been the party's nominee in the contested election of 1876. Samuel Jones Tilden ( February 9, 1814 August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U Please DO NOT flip the colors --> The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of the most disputed and intense presidential elections in American history [64] Tilden, however, was in poor health, and after he declined to be nominated, his supporters shifted to several other contenders. [64] Cleveland was among the leaders in early support, but Thomas F. Bayard of Delaware, Allen G. Thurman of Ohio, and Benjamin Butler of Massachusetts also had considerable followings, along with various favorite sons. Thomas Francis Bayard ( October 29 1828 &ndash September 29 1898) was an American Lawyer and Politician Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Allen Granberry Thurman ( November 13, 1813 &ndash December 12, 1895) was a Democratic Representative and Senator Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads Benjamin Franklin Butler (November 5 1818 January 11 1893 was an American Lawyer and Politician who represented Massachusetts in the United States The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. A favorite son (or a favorite daughter) is a political term that can refer to two different types of Politicians A politician whose electoral [64] Each of the other candidates had hindrances to his nomination: Bayard had spoken in favor of secession in 1861, making him unacceptable to Northerners; Butler, conversely, was reviled throughout the South for his actions during the Civil War; Thurman was generally well-liked, but was growing old and infirm and his views on the silver question were uncertain. Secession (derived from the Latin term secessio is the act of withdrawing from an organization union or especially a political entity Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South In Economics, bimetallism is a Monetary standard in which the value of the Monetary unit can be expressed as a certain amount of gold or as a certain amount [65] Cleveland, too, had detractors—Tammany remained opposed to him—but the nature of his enemies made him more friends still. [66] Cleveland led on the first ballot, with 392 votes out of 820. [67] On the second ballot, Tammany threw its support behind Butler, but the rest of the delegates shifted to Cleveland, and he was nominated. [68] Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana was selected as his running mate. Thomas Andrews Hendricks (September 7 1819 November 25 1885 He moved on to study law in Chambersburg Pennsylvania and was admitted to the bar in 1843 The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union [68]
Campaign against Blaine
After Cleveland's nomination, reform-minded Republicans called "Mugwumps" denounced Blaine as corrupt and flocked to Cleveland. The Mugwumps were Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of [69] The Mugwumps, including such men as Carl Schurz and Henry Ward Beecher, were more concerned with ideals than with party, and hoped that Cleveland would endorse their crusade for civil service reform and efficiency in government. Carl Schurz (March 2 1829 &ndash May 14 1906 was a German revolutionary American statesman and reformer and Union Army General in the This is an article about Henry Beecher the American clergyman [69] At the same time that the Democrats gained support from the Mugwumps, they lost some to the Greenback-Labor party, led by ex-Democrat Benjamin Butler. The Greenback Party (also known as the Independent Party, the National Party, and the Greenback-Labor Party) was an American political party [70]
Each candidate's supporters cast aspersions on their opponents. Cleveland's supporters rehashed the old allegations that Blaine had corruptly influenced legislation in favor of the Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad and the Northern Pacific Railway, later profiting on the sale of bonds he owned in both companies. The Northern Pacific Railway was a railway that operated in the north-central region of the United States. [71] Although the stories of Blaine's favors to the railroads had made the rounds eight years earlier, this time Blaine's correspondence was discovered, making his earlier denials less plausible. [71] On some of the most damaging correspondence, Blaine had written "Burn this letter," giving Democrats the last line to their rallying cry: "Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine, the continental liar from the state of Maine, 'Burn this letter!'"[72]
To counter Cleveland's image of purity, his opponents reported that Cleveland had fathered an illegitimate child while he was a lawyer in Buffalo. [73] The derisive phrase "Ma, Ma, where's my Pa?" rose as an unofficial campaign slogan for those who opposed him. [73] When confronted with the emerging scandal, Cleveland's instructions to his campaign staff were: "Tell the truth. "[74] Cleveland admitted to paying child support in 1874 to Maria Crofts Halpin, the woman who claimed he fathered her child named Oscar Folsom Cleveland. [73] Halpin was involved with several men at the time, including Cleveland's friend and law partner, Oscar Folsom, for whom the child was named. [73] Cleveland did not know which man was the father, and is believed to have assumed responsibility because he was the only bachelor among them. [73]
Both candidates believed that the states of New York, New Jersey, Indiana, and Connecticut would determine the election. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. [75] In New York, the Tammany machine, after vacillating, decided that they would gain more from supporting a Democrat they disliked than a Republican who would do nothing for them. [76] Blaine hoped that he would have more support from Irish Americans than Republicans typically did; while the Irish were mainly a Democratic constituency in the nineteenth century, Blaine's mother was Irish Catholic, and he had been supportive of the Irish National Land League while he was Secretary of State. Irish Americans (Gael-Mheiriceánach are citizens of the United States who can claim ancestry originating in Ireland. The Irish Land League was an Irish political organization of the late 19th century which sought to help poor Tenant farmers Its primary aim was to abolish [77] The Irish, a significant group in three of the swing states, did appear inclined to support Blaine until one of his supporters, Samuel D. Burchard, gave a speech denouncing the Democrats as the party of "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion". [78] The Democrats spread the word of this insult in the days before the election, and Cleveland narrowly won all four of the swings states, including New York by just over one thousand votes. [79] While the popular vote total was close, with Cleveland winning by just one-quarter of a percent, the electoral votes gave Cleveland a majority of 219–182. [79] Following the electoral victory, the "Ma, Ma. . . " attack phrase gained a classic rejoinder: "Gone to the White House. Ha! Ha! Ha!"
First term as President (1885–1889)
Reform
Soon after taking office, Cleveland was faced with the task of filling all of the government jobs for which the President had the power of appointment. These jobs were typically filled under the spoils system, but Cleveland announced that he would not fire any Republican who was doing his job well, and would not appoint anyone based solely on party service. In the Politics of the United States, a spoils system is an informal practice where a political party after winning an election gives government jobs to its voters as a reward [80] He also used his appointment powers to reduce the number of federal employees, as many departments had become bloated with political time-servers. [81] Later in his term, as his fellow Democrats chafed at being excluded from the spoils, Cleveland began to replace more of the partisan Republican officeholders with Democrats. [82] While some of his decisions were influenced by party concerns, more of Cleveland's appointments were decided by merit alone than was the case in his predecessors' administrations. [83]
Cleveland reformed other parts of the government, as well. In 1887, he signed the act creating the Interstate Commerce Commission. The Interstate Commerce Commission (or ICC) was a Regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 which was signed [84] He and his Secretary of the Navy, William C. Whitney, undertook to modernize the navy and canceled construction contracts that had resulted in inferior ships. The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. William Collins Whitney ( July 5, 1841 - February 2, 1904) was an American political leader and Financier and founder of [85] Cleveland angered railroad investors by ordering an investigation of western lands they held by government grant. [86] Secretary of the Interior Lucius Q.C. Lamar charged that the rights of way for this land must be returned to the public because the railroads failed to extend their lines according to agreements. The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. This article is about the Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court for Justice Lamar's father of the same name who was a Georgia lawyer and state court judge [86] The lands were forfeited, resulting in the return of approximately 81,000,000 acres (330,000 km²). [86]
Vetoes
Cleveland faced a Republican Senate and often resorted to using his veto powers. [87] He vetoed hundreds of private pension bills for American Civil War veterans, believing that if their pensions requests had already been rejected by the Pensions Bureau, Congress should not attempt to override that decision. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South [88] When Congress, pressured by the Grand Army of the Republic, passed a bill granting pensions for disabilities not caused by military service, Cleveland vetoed that, too. [89] Cleveland used the veto far more often than any President up to that time. [90] In 1887, Cleveland issued his most well-known veto, that of the Texas Seed Bill. [91] After a drought had ruined crops in several Texas counties, the Congress appropriated $10,000 to purchase seed grain for farmers there. [91] Cleveland vetoed the expenditure. In his veto message, he espoused a theory of limited government: "I can find no warrant for such an appropriation in the Constitution; and I do not believe that the power and duty of the General Government ought to be extended to the relief of individual suffering which is in no manner properly related to the public service or benefit. A prevalent tendency to disregard the limited mission of this power and duty should, I think, be steadily resisted, to the end that the lesson should be constantly enforced that, though the people support the Government, the Government should not support the people. "[92]
Silver
One of the most volatile issues of the 1880s was whether the currency should be backed by gold and silver, or by gold alone. In Economics, bimetallism is a Monetary standard in which the value of the Monetary unit can be expressed as a certain amount of gold or as a certain amount The gold standard is a monetary system in which a region's common media of exchange are paper notes that are normally freely convertible into pre-set fixed quantities of Gold [93] The issue cut across party lines, with western Republicans and southern Democrats joining together in the call for the free coinage of silver, and both parties' representatives in the northeast holding firm for the gold standard. [94] Because silver was worth less than its legal equivalent in gold, taxpayers paid their government bills in silver, while international creditors demanded payment in gold, resulting in a depletion of the nation's gold supply. [94]
Cleveland and his Treasury Secretary, Daniel Manning, stood firmly on the side of the gold standard, and tried to reduce the amount of silver that the government was required to coin under the Bland-Allison Act of 1878. The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Daniel Manning ( May 16 1831 &ndash December 24 1887) was an American businessman journalist and politician The Bland-Allison Act was a 1878 law passed over the veto of President Rutherford B [95] This angered Westerners and Southerners, who advocated for cheap money to help their poorer constituents. [96] In reply, one of the foremost silverites, Richard P. Bland, introduced a bill in 1886 that would require the government to coin unlimited amounts of silver, inflating the then-deflating currency. Richard Parks Bland ( August 19 1835 &ndash June 15 1899) American school teacher Lawyer, and Democratic [97] While Bland's bill was defeated, so was a bill the administration favored that would repeal any silver coinage requirement. [97] The result was a retention of the status quo, and a postponement of the resolution of the free silver issue. [98]
Tariffs
| "When we consider that the theory of our institutions guarantees to every citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and enterprise, with only such deduction as may be his share toward the careful and economical maintenance of the Government which protects him, it is plain that the exaction of more than this is indefensible extortion and a culpable betrayal of American fairness and justice. . . The public Treasury, which should only exist as a conduit conveying the people's tribute to its legitimate objects of expenditure, becomes a hoarding place for money needlessly withdrawn from trade and the people's use, thus crippling our national energies, suspending our country's development, preventing investment in productive enterprise, threatening financial disturbance, and inviting schemes of public plunder. " |
| Cleveland's third annual message to Congress, December 6, 1887. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 1887 ( MDCCCLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [99] |
Another contentious financial issue at the time was the protective tariff. For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary While it had not been a central point in his campaign, Cleveland's opinion on the tariff was that of most Democrats: that the tariff ought to be reduced. [100] Republicans generally favored a high tariff to protect American industries. [100] American tariffs had been high since the Civil War, and by the 1880s the tariff brought in so much revenue that the government was running a surplus. [101]
In 1886, a bill to reduce the tariff was narrowly defeated in the House. [102] The tariff issue was emphasized in the Congressional elections that year, and the forces of protectionism increased their numbers in the Congress. The US House election 1886 was an election for the United States House of Representatives in 1886 which occurred in the middle of President Grover Cleveland [103] Nevertheless, Cleveland continued to advocate tariff reform. As the surplus grew, Cleveland and the reformers called for a tariff for revenue only. [104] His message to Congress in 1887 (quoted at left) pointed out the injustice of taking more money from the people than the government needed to pay for its operating expenses. [105] Republicans, as well as protectionist northern Democrats like Samuel J. Randall, believed that without high tariffs American industries would fail, and continued to fight reformers' efforts. Samuel Jackson Randall ( October 10, 1828 &ndash April 13, 1890) was a Pennsylvania politician attorney soldier and a prominent [106] Roger Q. Mills, the chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means, proposed a bill that would reduce the tariff burden from about 47% to about 40%. Roger Quarles Mills ( March 30, 1832 &ndash September 2, 1911) was an American politician and an officer in the Confederate [107] After significant exertions by Cleveland and his allies, the bill passed the House. [107] The Republican Senate, however, failed to come to agreement with the Democratic House, and the bill died in the conference committee. A conference committee is a committee of the Congress appointed by the House of Representatives and Senate to resolve disagreements on a particular Dispute over the tariff would carry over into the 1888 Presidential election.
Foreign policy
Cleveland was a committed non-interventionist who had campaigned in opposition to expansion and imperialism. He refused to promote the previous administration's Nicaragua canal treaty, and generally struck a less expansionist note in foreign relations. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America [108] Cleveland's Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bayard, negotiated with Joseph Chamberlain of the United Kingdom over fishing rights in the waters off Canada, and struck a conciliatory note, despite the opposition of New England's Republican Senators. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Thomas Francis Bayard ( October 29 1828 &ndash September 29 1898) was an American Lawyer and Politician Joseph Chamberlain ( 8 July 1836 &ndash 2 July 1914) was an influential British businessman politician and statesman The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the [109] Cleveland also withdrew from Senate consideration the Berlin Conference treaty which guaranteed an open door for U. See also Congress of Berlin (1878 and Berlin Conference of 1954 (Cold War S. interests in the Congo. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to [110]
Marriage
Cleveland entered the White house as a bachelor, but did not long remain one. In 1885, the widow and daughter of Cleveland's friend, Oscar Folsom, visited him in Washington. [111] Folsom's daughter, Frances, was a student at Wells College, and when she returned to school Cleveland received her mother's permission to correspond with her. Frances Cornelia Cleveland (née Folsom later Preston (July 21 1864 &ndash October 29 1947 wife of the President of the United States, Grover Cleveland Wells College is a nationally recognized private Coeducational Liberal arts college located in Aurora Cayuga County New York, on the eastern shore [111] They were soon engaged to be married. [111] On June 2, 1886, Cleveland married Frances in the Blue Room in the White House. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Blue Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor in the White House, the home of the President of the United States. [112] He was the second President to marry while in office, and the only President to have a wedding in the White House. [113] This marriage was unusual because Cleveland was the executor of Oscar Folsom's estate and had supervised Frances' upbringing, but the public did not, in general, take exception to the match. [114] At twenty-two years old, Frances was the youngest First Lady in American history, but the public soon warmed to her beauty and warm personality. First Lady of the United States is the unofficial title of the hostess of the White House. [115] The Clevelands had five children: Ruth (1891–1904); Esther (1893–1980); Marion (1895–1977); Richard Folsom (1897–1974); and Francis Grover (1903–1995). "Baby" Ruth Cleveland ( October 3, 1891 &ndash January 7, 1904) was the first child of United States President Grover Esther Cleveland ( 9 September 1893 &ndash June 25 1980) was the daughter of American President Grover Cleveland
Administration and Cabinet
Front row, left to right: Thomas F. Bayard, Cleveland, Daniel Manning, Lucius Q. C. Lamar
Back row, left to right: William F. Vilas, William C. Whitney, William C. Endicott, Augustus H. Garland
| OFFICE | TERM | |
|---|---|---|
| President | Grover Cleveland | 1885–1889 |
| Vice President | Thomas A. Hendricks | 1885 |
| None | 1885–1889 | |
| Secretary of State | Thomas F. Bayard | 1885–1889 |
| Secretary of the Treasury | Daniel Manning | 1885–1887 |
| Charles S. Fairchild | 1887–1889 | |
| Secretary of War | William C. Endicott | 1885–1889 |
| Attorney General | Augustus H. Garland | 1885–1889 |
| Postmaster General | William F. Vilas | 1885–1888 |
| Donald M. Dickinson | 1888–1889 | |
| Secretary of the Navy | William C. Whitney | 1885–1889 |
| Secretary of the Interior | Lucius Q. C. Lamar | 1885–1888 |
| William F. Vilas | 1888–1889 | |
| Secretary of Agriculture | Norman Jay Coleman | 1889 |
Supreme Court appointments
Cleveland successfully appointed two Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States. Thomas Francis Bayard ( October 29 1828 &ndash September 29 1898) was an American Lawyer and Politician Daniel Manning ( May 16 1831 &ndash December 24 1887) was an American businessman journalist and politician This article is about the Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court for Justice Lamar's father of the same name who was a Georgia lawyer and state court judge William Freeman Vilas ( July 9, 1840 &ndash August 28, 1908) was a member of the Democratic Party who served in the United States William Collins Whitney ( July 5, 1841 - February 2, 1904) was an American political leader and Financier and founder of William Crowninshield Endicott ( November 19, 1826 &ndash May 6, 1900) was an American politician and Secretary of War in the Augustus Hill Garland ( June 11, 1832 January 26, 1899) was an Arkansas lawyer and politician The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by The Vice President of the United States is the first person in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of the United States upon the death Thomas Andrews Hendricks (September 7 1819 November 25 1885 He moved on to study law in Chambersburg Pennsylvania and was admitted to the bar in 1843 The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Thomas Francis Bayard ( October 29 1828 &ndash September 29 1898) was an American Lawyer and Politician The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Daniel Manning ( May 16 1831 &ndash December 24 1887) was an American businessman journalist and politician Charles Stebbins Fairchild ( April 30, 1842 - November 24, 1924) was a New York businessman and politician The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington 's administration William Crowninshield Endicott ( November 19, 1826 &ndash May 6, 1900) was an American politician and Secretary of War in the The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Augustus Hill Garland ( June 11, 1832 January 26, 1899) was an Arkansas lawyer and politician The United States Postmaster General is the executive head of the United States Postal Service. William Freeman Vilas ( July 9, 1840 &ndash August 28, 1908) was a member of the Democratic Party who served in the United States Donald McDonald Dickinson ( January 17, 1846 &ndash October 15, 1917) was a Lawyer and Politician from the U The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. William Collins Whitney ( July 5, 1841 - February 2, 1904) was an American political leader and Financier and founder of The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the United States Department of the Interior. This article is about the Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court for Justice Lamar's father of the same name who was a Georgia lawyer and state court judge William Freeman Vilas ( July 9, 1840 &ndash August 28, 1908) was a member of the Democratic Party who served in the United States The United States Secretary of Agriculture is the head of the United States Department of Agriculture. Norman Jay Coleman ( May 16 1827 &ndash November 3 1911) was a Newspaper Publisher and the first United States The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. The first, Lucius Q.C. Lamar, was a former Mississippi Senator then serving in Cleveland's Cabinet as Interior Secretary. This article is about the Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court for Justice Lamar's father of the same name who was a Georgia lawyer and state court judge Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States When William Burnham Woods died, Cleveland nominated Lamar to his seat in late 1887. William Burnham Woods ( August 3, 1824 &ndash May 14, 1887) was an American Jurist, politician and soldier [116] While Lamar had been well-liked as a Senator, his service under the Confederacy two decades earlier caused many Republicans to vote against him. The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 [116] Lamar's nomination was confirmed by the narrow margin of 32 to 28. [116]
Chief Justice Morrison Waite died a few months later, and Cleveland nominated Melville Fuller to his seat on April 30, 1888. The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U Morrison Remick Waite, nicknamed "Mott" ( November 29 1816 &ndash March 23 1888) was the Chief Justice of the United States Melville Weston Fuller ( February 11 1833 &ndash July 4 1910) was the Chief Justice of the United States between 1888 and 1910 Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a [117] Cleveland had previously offered to nominate Fuller to the Civil Service Commission, but Fuller declined to leave his Chicago law practice. A Civil service commission regulates the wages and working conditions of Civil servants and promotes their work [118] Fuller accepted the Supreme Court nomination, and the Senate Judiciary Committee spent several months examining the little-known nominee. The United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (informally Senate Judiciary Committee) is a Standing committee of the United States Senate, the [117] Finding him acceptable, the Senate confirmed the nomination 41 to 20. [117]
Election of 1888 and return to private life
Defeated by Harrison
Cleveland-Thurman campaign poster
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Harrison-Morton campaign poster
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The debate over tariff reduction continued into the 1888 presidential campaign. The United States Presidential Election of 1888 was held on November 6 1888 [119] The Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison of Indiana for President and Levi P. Morton of New York for Vice President. Benjamin Harrison (August 20 1833 &ndash March 13 1901 was the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893 The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Levi Parsons Morton (May 16 1824 May 16 1920 was a Representative from New York and the twenty-second Vice President of the United States. Cleveland was easily renominated at the Democratic convention in St. Louis. [120] Vice President Hendricks having died in 1885, the Democrats chose Allen G. Thurman of Ohio to be Cleveland's running mate. Thomas Andrews Hendricks (September 7 1819 November 25 1885 He moved on to study law in Chambersburg Pennsylvania and was admitted to the bar in 1843 Allen Granberry Thurman ( November 13, 1813 &ndash December 12, 1895) was a Democratic Representative and Senator [120] The Republicans campaigned heavily on the tariff issue, turning out protectionist voters in the important industrial states of the North. [119] Further, the Democrats in New York were divided over the gubernatorial candidacy of David B. Hill, weakening Cleveland's support in that swing state. For other people with a similar name see David Hill David Bennett Hill ( August 29, 1843 Havana, then Chemung County [121]
As in 1884, the election focused on the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Indiana. Unlike that year, when Cleveland triumphed in all four, in 1888 he won only two, losing his home state of New York by 14,373 votes. [122] More notoriously, the Republicans were victorious in Indiana, largely as the result of fraud. [123] Republican victory in that state, where Cleveland lost by just 2,348 votes, was sufficient to propel Harrison to victory, despite his loss of the nationwide popular vote. [122] Cleveland continued his duties diligently until the end of the term and began to look forward to return to private life. [124]
Private citizen for four years
As Frances Cleveland left the White House, she told a staff member, "Now, Jerry, I want you to take good care of all the furniture and ornaments in the house, for I want to find everything just as it is now, when we come back again. " When asked when she would return, she responded, "We are coming back four years from today. "[125] In the meantime, the Clevelands moved to New York City where Cleveland took a position with the law firm of Bangs, Stetson, Tracy, and MacVeigh. Francis Lynde Stetson ( April 23, 1846 &ndash December 5, 1920) was an American Lawyer. [126] Cleveland's income with the firm was not high, but neither were his duties especially onerous. [127] While they lived in New York, the Clevelands' first child, Ruth, was born in 1891. [128]
The Harrison administration worked with Congress to pass the McKinley Tariff and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, two policies Cleveland deplored as dangerous to the nation's financial health. The McKinley Tariff of 1890 was what set the average ad valorem Tariff rate for imports to the United States at 48 The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was enacted in 1890 as a United States federal law. [129] At first he refrained from criticizing his successor, but by 1891 Cleveland felt compelled to speak out, addressing his concerns in an open letter to a meeting of reformers in New York. [130] The "silver letter" thrust Cleveland's name back into the spotlight just as the 1892 election was approaching. [131]
Election of 1892
Democratic nomination
Cleveland's stature as an ex-President and recent pronouncements on the monetary issues made him a leading contender for the Democratic nomination. The United States presidential election of 1892 was held on November 8 1892 [132] His leading opponent was David B. Hill, who was by that time a Senator for New York. For other people with a similar name see David Hill David Bennett Hill ( August 29, 1843 Havana, then Chemung County [133] Hill united the anti-Cleveland elements of the Democratic party—silverites, protectionists, and Tammany Hall—but was unable to create a coalition large enough to deny Cleveland the nomination. [133] Despite some desperate maneuvering by Hill, Cleveland was nominated on the first ballot at the convention in Chicago. The 1892 Democratic National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois June 21-23 1892 and renominated Grover Cleveland, who had been the party's standard-bearer [134] For Vice President, the Democrats chose to balance the ticket with Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois, a silverite. Adlai Ewing Stevenson I (October 23 1835 &ndash June 14 1914 was a Congressman from Illinois and the twenty-third Vice President of the United States [135]
Campaign against Harrison
The Republicans renominated President Harrison, making the 1892 election a rematch of the one four years earlier. Unlike the elections of 1884 and 1888, the 1892 election was "the cleanest, quietest, and most creditable in the memory of the post-war generation. "[136] The issue of the tariff had worked to the Republicans' advantage in 1888, but the revisions of the past four years had made imported goods so expensive that now many voters shifted to the reform position. [137] Many westerners, traditionally Republican voters, defected to the new Populist Party candidate, James Weaver, who promised free silver, generous veterans' pensions, and an eight-hour work day. The Populist Party (also known as the People's Party) was a relatively short-lived Political party in the United States in the late 18th century James Baird Weaver ( June 12, 1833 &ndash February 6, 1912) was a United States Politician and member of the United The 8-hour day movement or 40-hour week movement (aka the Short-time movement) had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where [138] Finally, the Tammany Hall Democrats adhered to the national ticket, allowing a united Democratic party to carry New York. [139] The result was a victory for Cleveland by wide margins in both the popular and electoral votes. [140]
Second term as President (1893–1897)
Economic panic and the silver issue
Shortly after Cleveland's second term began, the Panic of 1893 struck the stock market, and he soon faced an acute economic depression. The Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U [141] The panic was worsened by the acute shortage of gold that resulted from the free coinage of silver, and Cleveland called Congress into session early to deal with the problem. [142] The debate over the coinage was as heated as ever, but the effects of the panic had driven more moderates to support repealing the free coinage provisions of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was enacted in 1890 as a United States federal law. [142] Even so, the silverites rallied their following at a convention in Chicago, and the House of Representatives took fifteen weeks of debate before passing the repeal by a considerable margin. [143] In the Senate, the repeal of free coinage was equally contentious, but Cleveland convinced enough Democrats to stand by him that they, along with eastern Republicans, formed a 48-37 majority. [144] With the passage of the repeal, the Treasury's gold reserves were restored to safe levels. [145] At the time the repeal seemed a minor setback to silverites, but it marked the beginning of the end of silver as a basis for American currency. [146]
Tariff reform
Having succeeded in reversing the Harrison administration's silver policy, Cleveland sought next to reverse the effects of the McKinley tariff. The McKinley Tariff of 1890 was what set the average ad valorem Tariff rate for imports to the United States at 48 What would become the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act was introduced by West Virginian Representative William L. Wilson in December 1893. The Revenue Act or Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 (ch 349 §73, August 27, 1894) slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the William L Wilson may refer to Bill Wilson (Scottish politician (born 1963 as William L [147] After lengthy debate, the bill passed the House by a considerable margin. [148] The bill proposed moderate downward revisions in the tariff, especially on raw materials. [149] The shortfall in revenue was to be made up by an income tax of two percent on incomes in excess of $4,000. [149]
The bill was next considered in the Senate, where opposition was stronger. [150] Many Senators, led by Arthur Pue Gorman of Maryland, wanted more protection for their states' industries than the Wilson bill allowed. Arthur Pue Gorman ( March 11, 1839 &ndash June 4, 1906) was a United States Senator from Maryland, serving from 1881-1899 [150] Others, such as Morgan and Hill, opposed partly out of a personal enmity to Cleveland. [150] By the time the bill left the Senate, it had more than 600 amendments attached that nullified most of the reforms. [151] The Sugar Trust in particular lobbied for changes that favored it at the expense of the consumer. American Sugar Refining Company was the largest American business unit in the Sugar refining industry in the early 1900s [152] Cleveland was unhappy with the result, and denounced the revised measure as a disgraceful product of the control of the Senate by trusts and business interests. [153] Even so, he believed it was an improvement over the McKinley tariff and allowed it to become law without his signature. [154]
Labor unrest
The Panic of 1893 had damaged labor conditions across the United States, and the victory of anti-silver legislation worsened the mood of western laborers. [156] A group of workingmen led by Jacob S. Coxey began to march east toward Washington, D. Jacob Sechler Coxey Sr (also Jacob Coxey or Jacob S Coxey; sometimes known as General Coxey) (born April 16, 1854 in Selinsgrove C. to protest Cleveland's policies. [156] This group, known as Coxey's Army, agitated in favor of a national roads program to give jobs to workingmen, and a weakened currency to help farmers pay their debts. Coxey's Army was a protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. [156] By the time they reached Washington, only a few hundred remained and when they were arrested the next day for walking on the grass of the United States Capitol, the group scattered. [156] Coxey's Army was never a threat to the government, but it showed a growing dissatisfaction in the West with Eastern monetary policies. [157]
The Pullman Strike had a significantly greater impact than Coxey's Army. The A strike began against the Pullman Company, and sympathy strikes, encouraged by American Railway Union leader Eugene V. Debs, soon followed. Pullman Porter redirects here For the 1919 film starring Fatty Arbuckle, see The Pullman Porter The Pullman Palace Car Company, founded The American Railway Union (ARU was the largest union of its time and the first industrial union in the United States. Eugene Victor Debs (November 5 1855 &ndash October 20 1926 was an American union leader one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial [158] By June 1894, 125,000 railroad workers were on strike, paralyzing the nation's commerce. [159] Because the railroads carried the mail, and because several of the affected lines were in federal receivership, Cleveland believed a federal solution was appropriate. The United States Constitution (Article 1 Section 8 Clause 4 authorizes Congress to enact "uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout [160] Cleveland obtained an injunction in federal court and when the strikers refused to obey it, he sent in federal troops to Chicago, Illinois and other rail centers. An injunction is an Equitable remedy in the form of a Court order, whereby a party is required to do or interact with in certain ways all right or to refrain from Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. [161] Leading newspapers of both parties applauded Cleveland's actions, but the use of troops hardened the attitude of organized labor toward his administration. [162]
Foreign policy
| "I suppose that right and justice should determine the path to be followed in treating this subject. If national honesty is to be disregarded and a desire for territorial expansion or dissatisfaction with a form of government not our own ought to regulate our conduct, I have entirely misapprehended the mission and character of our government and the behavior which the conscience of the people demands of their public servants. " |
| Cleveland's message to Congress on the Hawaiian question, December 18, 1893. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [163] |
In January 1893, a group of Americans living in Hawai'i overthrew Queen Liliuokalani and established a provisional government under Sanford Dole. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the The Kingdom of Hawaii was established during the years 1795 to 1810 with the subjugation of the smaller independent chiefdoms of O{{okina}}ahu, Liliuokalani ( September 2, 1838 – November 11, 1917) born Lydia Liliu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaeha, was the last Sanford Ballard Dole ( April 23 1844 June 9 1926) was a Politician and Jurist of Hawai{{okina}}i as a kingdom [164] By February, the Harrison administration had agreed with representatives of the new government on a treaty of annexation and submitted it to the Senate for approval. [164] Five days after taking office, Cleveland withdrew the treaty from the Senate and sent former Congressman James Henderson Blount to Hawaii to investigate the conditions there. James Henderson Blount ( September 12, 1837 - March 8, 1903) an American statesman was born near Clinton Jones County Georgia [165]
In his first term, Cleveland had supported free trade with Hawai'i and accepted an amendment that gave the United States a coaling and naval station in Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor is a Harbor on the Island of O{{okina}}ahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. [110] Now, however, Cleveland agreed with Blount's report, which found the populace to be opposed to annexation. [165] Liliuokalani refused to grant amnesty as a condition of her reinstatement and said she would execute the current government in Honolulu, and Dole's government refused to yield their position. [166] By December 1893, the matter was still unresolved, and Cleveland referred the issue to Congress. [166] In his message to Congress, Cleveland rejected the idea of annexation and encouraged the Congress to continue the American tradition of non-intervention (see excerpt at right). [163] Many in Congress, led by Senator John Tyler Morgan favored annexation, and the report Congress eventually issued favored neither annexation of Hawaii nor the use of American force to restore the Hawaiian monarch. John Tyler Morgan ( June 20 1824 – June 11 1907) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American The Morgan Report was an 1894 report concluding an official U [167]
Closer to home, Cleveland adopted a broad interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine that did not just simply forbid new European colonies but declared an American interest in any matter within the hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine is a US doctrine which on December 2 1823 stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with [168] When Britain and Venezuela disagreed over the boundary between the latter nation and British Guiana, Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney pressured Britain into agreeing to arbitration. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the British Guiana was the name of the British Colony on the northern coast of South America, now the independent nation of Guyana. For the Member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts see Richard Olney II; for the food and wine writer see Richard Olney (food writer [169] A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter, and issued its award in 1899. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city [170] The tribunal awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana. [171] By standing with a Latin American nation against the encroachment of a colonial power, Cleveland improved relations with the United States' southern neighbors, but the cordial manner in which the negotiations were conducted also made for good relations with Britain. [172]
Cancer
In the midst of the fight for repeal of free silver coinage in 1893, Cleveland's doctor found a small ulcerated sore on the left surface of Cleveland's hard palate. The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the Skull, located in the roof of the mouth Initial biopsies were inconclusive; later the samples were proven to be a malignant cancer. Malignant (from the Latin roots mal- = "bad" and -genus = "born" is a medical term used to describe a severe and progressively worsening disease Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Because of the financial depression of the country, Cleveland decided to have surgery performed in secrecy to avoid further market panic. [173] The surgery occurred on July 1, to give Cleveland time to make a full recovery in time for the upcoming Congressional session. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. [174]
Under the guise of a vacation cruise, Cleveland and his surgeon, Dr. Joseph Bryant, left for New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The surgeons operated aboard the yacht Oneida as it sailed off Long Island. Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches [175] The surgery was conducted through the President's mouth, to avoid any scars or other signs of surgery. [176] The team, sedating Cleveland with nitrous oxide and ether, successfully removed parts of his upper left jaw and hard palate. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O. Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear colorless and highly Flammable liquid with a low Boiling point and a This article is about the Mammal maxilla For Arthropod maxillae see Mouthparts; for Insect maxillae in particular see Insect mouthparts [176] The size of the tumor and the extent of the operation left Cleveland's mouth disfigured. [177] During another surgery, an orthodontist fitted Cleveland with a hard rubber prosthesis that corrected his speech and restored his appearance. Orthodontics is a specialty of Dentistry that is concerned with the study and treatment of Malocclusions (improper bites which may be a result of Tooth [177]
A cover story about the removal of two bad teeth kept the suspicious press placated. [178] Even when a newspaper story appeared giving details of the actual operation, the participating surgeons discounted the severity of what transpired during Cleveland's vacation. [177] In 1917, one of the surgeons present on the Oneida, Dr. William W. Keen, wrote an article detailing the operation. [179]
Administration and Cabinet
Front row, left to right: Daniel S. Lamont, Richard Olney, Cleveland, John G. Carlisle, Judson Harmon
Back row, left to right: David R. Francis, William L. Wilson, Hilary A. Herbert, Julius S. Morton
| OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
|---|---|---|
| President | Grover Cleveland | 1893–1897 |
| Vice President | Adlai E. Stevenson | 1893–1897 |
| Secretary of State | Walter Q. Gresham | 1893–1895 |
| Richard Olney | 1895–1897 | |
| Secretary of the Treasury | John G. Carlisle | 1893–1897 |
| Secretary of War | Daniel S. Lamont | 1893–1897 |
| Attorney General | Richard Olney | 1893–1895 |
| Judson Harmon | 1895–1897 | |
| Postmaster General | Wilson S. Bissell | 1893–1895 |
| William L. Wilson | 1895–1897 | |
| Secretary of the Navy | Hilary A. Herbert | 1893–1897 |
| Secretary of the Interior | M. Hoke Smith | 1893–1896 |
| David R. Francis | 1896–1897 | |
| Secretary of Agriculture | Julius S. Morton | 1893–1897 |
Supreme Court appointments
Cleveland's trouble with the Senate hindered the success of his nominations to the Supreme Court in his second term. In 1893, after the death of Samuel Blatchford, Cleveland nominated William B. Hornblower to the Court. For the university president and grandfather of Samuel Blatchford see Rev William Butler Hornblower ( May 13 1851 &ndash June 16 1914) was a New York jurist who was unsuccessfully nominated to the by President [180] Hornblower, the head of a New York City law firm, was thought to be a qualified appointee, but his campaign against a New York machine politician had made Senator David B. Hill his enemy. For other people with a similar name see David Hill David Bennett Hill ( August 29, 1843 Havana, then Chemung County [180] Further, Cleveland had not consulted the Senators before naming his appointee, leaving many who were already opposed to Cleveland on other grounds even more aggrieved. [180] The Senate rejected Hornblower's nomination on January 15, 1894, by a vote of 24 to 30. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [180]
Cleveland continued to defy the Senate by next appointing Wheeler Hazard Peckham another New York attorney who had opposed Hill's machine in that state. Wheeler Hazard Peckham ( January 1, 1833 &ndash September 27, 1905) was an American lawyer from New York and a failed [181] Hill used all of his influence to block Peckham's confirmation, and on February 16, 1894, the Senate rejected the nomination by a vote of 32 to 41. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [181] Reformers urged Cleveland to continue the fight against Hill and to nominate Frederic R. Coudert, but Cleveland acquiesced in an inoffensive choice, that of Senator Edward Douglass White of Louisiana, whose nomination was accepted unanimously. Frederic René Coudert Sr ( March 1, 1832 – December 20, 1903) was a French American lawyer with Coudert Brothers. Edward Douglass White Jr (November 3 1845 &ndash May 19 1921 American Politician and Jurist, was a United States senator, Associate The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America [181] Later, in 1896, another vacancy on the Court led Cleveland to consider Hornblower again, but he declined to be nominated. [182] Instead, Cleveland nominated Rufus Wheeler Peckham, the brother of Wheeler Hazard Peckham, and the Senate confirmed the second Peckham easily. This article is about the Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court for Justice Peckham's father of the same name who served in the U [182]
States admitted to the Union
Later life and death
As the 1896 election approached, eastern pro-gold standard Democrats wished Cleveland to run for a third term, but he declined. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. Year 1896 ( MDCCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Eastman Johnson ( July 29, 1824 - April 5, 1906) was an American painter and Co-Founder of the Metropolitan Museum The United States presidential election of November 3 1896 saw Republican William McKinley defeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by [183] Instead, the Democratic party turned to a silverite, William Jennings Bryan, for its nominee. For other persons of the same name see William Bryan and William Jennings. [184] Disappointed with the direction of their party, pro-gold Democrats even invited Cleveland to run as a third-party candidate, but he declined this offer, as well. The National Democratic Party or Gold Democrats was a short-lived political party of Bourbon Democrats, who opposed the regular party nominee William Jennings [183] William McKinley, the Republican nominee, triumphed easily over Bryan. William McKinley Jr ( January 29, 1843 September 14, 1901) was the twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last [185]
After leaving the White House, Cleveland lived in retirement at his estate, Westland Mansion, in Princeton, New Jersey. Westland Mansion was the Princeton, New Jersey Home of the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States, Grover Cleveland See also Princeton Township New Jersey, Borough of Princeton New Jersey Princeton Borough New Jersey Princeton Township New Jersey this [186] For a time he was a trustee of Princeton University, and was one of the majority of trustees who preferred Andrew Fleming West's plans for the Graduate School and undergraduate living over those of Woodrow Wilson, then president of the University. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States. [187] Conservative Democrats hoped to nominate him for another presidential term in 1904, but his age and health forced them to turn to other candidates. The United States presidential election of 1904 was held on November 8 1904 [188] Cleveland still made his views known in political matters. In a 1905 article in The Ladies Home Journal, Cleveland weighed in on the women's suffrage movement, writing that "sensible and responsible women do not want to vote. The relative positions to be assumed by men and women in the working out of our civilization were assigned long ago by a higher intelligence. "[189]
Cleveland's health had been declining for several years, and in the autumn of 1907 he fell seriously ill. [190] In 1908, he suffered a heart attack and died. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply [190] His last words were "I have tried so hard to do right. "[191] He is buried in the Princeton Cemetery of the Nassau Presbyterian Church. Princeton Cemetery is located in Borough of Princeton New Jersey. Nassau Presbyterian Church is located at 61 Nassau Street in the Borough of Princeton New Jersey, United States.
Honors and memorials
Cleveland's portrait was on the U. S. $1000 bill from 1928 to 1946. Today the Currency of the United States, the US dollar, is printed in bills in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10 He also appeared on a $1000 bill of 1907 and the first few issues of the $20 Federal Reserve Notes from 1914.
Since he was both the 22nd and 24th President, he will be featured on two separate dollar coins to be released in 2012 as part of the Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005. The Presidential $1 Coin Program is part of an Act of Congress,, which directs the United States Mint to produce $1 coins with
In 2006, Free New York, a nonprofit and nonpartisan research group, began raising funds to purchase the former Fairfield Library in Buffalo, New York and transform it into the Grover Cleveland Presidential Library & Museum. Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. [192]
Notes
- ^ Jeffers, 8–12; Nevins, 4–5
- ^ a b Tugwell, 220–249
- ^ Nevins, 4
- ^ Nevins, 8–10
- ^ Graff, 3–4; Nevins, 8–10
- ^ a b Graff, 3–4
- ^ Nevins, 6
- ^ Nevins, 9
- ^ Graff, 7
- ^ Nevins, 10; Graff, 3
- ^ Nevins, 11; Graff, 8–9
- ^ Nevins, 11
- ^ Jeffers, 17
- ^ Nevins, 17–19
- ^ a b Nevins, 21
- ^ Jeffers, 16–17
- ^ Nevins, 18–19; Jeffers, 19
- ^ a b Nevins, 23–24
- ^ a b c d Nevins, 27
- ^ Nevins, 28–33
- ^ Nevins, 31–36; Graff, 10–11
- ^ a b Graff, 14
- ^ From the Cleveland Family Papers at the New Jersey Archives.
- ^ Graff, 14–15
- ^ Graff, 15; Nevins, 46
- ^ Graff, 14; Nevins, 51–52. Benninsky survived the war.
- ^ a b Nevins, 52–53
- ^ Nevins, 54
- ^ Nevins, 54–55
- ^ Nevins, 55–56
- ^ Nevins, 56
- ^ Nevins, 44–45
- ^ a b Nevins, 58
- ^ Jeffers, 33
- ^ a b c Jeffers, 34; Nevins, 61–62
- ^ The Execution of John Gaffney. The Buffalonian. Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ Jeffers, 36; Nevins, 64
- ^ Nevins, 66–71
- ^ Nevins, 78
- ^ Nevins, 79; Graff, 18–19; Jeffers, 42–45; Welch, 24
- ^ Nevins, 79–80; Graff, 18–19; Welch, 24
- ^ a b Nevins, 80–81
- ^ Nevins, 83
- ^ Graff, 19; Jeffers, 46–50
- ^ a b Nevins, 84–86
- ^ Nevins, 85
- ^ Nevins, 86
- ^ Nevins, 94–95; Jeffers, 50–51
- ^ a b Nevins, 94–99; Graff, 26–27
- ^ Nevins, 95–101
- ^ Graff, 26; Nevins, 101–103
- ^ Nevins, 103–104
- ^ Nevins, 105
- ^ Graff, 28
- ^ Graff, 35
- ^ Graff, 35–36
- ^ Nevins, 114–116
- ^ a b c Nevins, 116–117
- ^ a b Nevins, 117–118
- ^ Nevins, 125–126; Graff, 49–51
- ^ Nevins, 133–138
- ^ Nevins, 138–140
- ^ a b Nevins, 185–186; Jeffers, 96–97
- ^ a b c Nevins, 146–147
- ^ Nevins, 147
- ^ Nevins, 152–153; Graff, 51–53
- ^ Nevins, 153
- ^ a b Nevins, 154; Graff, 53–54
- ^ a b Nevins, 156–159; Graff, 55
- ^ Nevins, 187–188
- ^ a b Nevins, 159–162; Graff, 59–60
- ^ Graff, 59; Jeffers, 111; Nevins, 177, Welch, 34
- ^ a b c d e Nevins, 162–169; Jeffers, 106–111; Graff, 60–65; Welch, 36–39
- ^ Nevins, 163, Graff, 62
- ^ Welch, 33
- ^ Nevins, 170–171
- ^ Nevins, 170
- ^ Nevins, 181–184
- ^ a b Leip, David. 1884 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (January 27, 2008). Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common , Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (January 27, 2008). Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Nevins, 208–211
- ^ Nevins, 214–217
- ^ Graff, 83
- ^ Nevins, 238–241; Welch, 59–60
- ^ Nevins, 354–357; Graff, 85
- ^ Nevins, 217–223; Graff, 77
- ^ a b c Nevins, 223–228
- ^ Graff, 85
- ^ Nevins, 326–328; Graff, 83–84
- ^ Nevins, 300–331; Graff, 83
- ^ See List of United States presidential vetoes
- ^ a b Nevins, 331–332; Graff, 85
- ^ (1892) The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland. The word Veto does not appear in the United States Constitution, but Article I requires every bill order resolution or other act of legislation by the New York: Cassell Publishing Co. , 450.
- ^ Jeffers, 157–158
- ^ a b Nevins, 201–205; Graff, 102–103
- ^ Nevins, 269
- ^ Nevins, 268
- ^ a b Nevins, 273
- ^ Nevins, 277–279
- ^ (1892) The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland. New York: Cassell Publishing Co. , 72–73.
- ^ a b Nevins, 280–282, Reitano, 46–62
- ^ Nevins, 286–287
- ^ Nevins, 287–288
- ^ Nevins, 290–296; Graff, 87–88
- ^ Nevins, 370–371
- ^ Nevins, 379–381
- ^ Nevins, 383–385
- ^ a b Graff, 88–89
- ^ Nevins, 205; 404–405
- ^ Nevins, 404–413
- ^ a b Zakaria, 80
- ^ a b c Graff, 78
- ^ Graff, 79
- ^ The previous President to marry during his term was John Tyler. John Tyler Jr (March 29 1790 January 18 1862 was the tenth President of the United States (1841-1845 and the first ever to obtain that office via succession Graff, 80
- ^ Jeffers, 170–176; Graff, 78–81; Nevins, 302–308; Welch, 51
- ^ Graff, 80–81
- ^ a b c Nevins, 339
- ^ a b c Nevins, 445–447
- ^ Nevins, 250
- ^ a b Nevins, 418–420
- ^ a b Graff, 90–91
- ^ Nevins, 423–427
- ^ a b Leip, David. 1888 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (February 18, 2008). Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common , Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (February 18, 2008). Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Nevins, 435–439; Jeffers, 220–222; Goldman, 143–144; see also Blocks of Five. The Blocks of Five were groups of electors who sold their votes to the United States Republican Party for the United States presidential election of
- ^ Nevins, 443–449
- ^ Nevins, 448
- ^ Nevins, 450. The successor to this law firm is Davis Polk & Wardwell. Davis Polk & Wardwell is an international Law firm headquartered in New York.
- ^ Nevins, 450-452
- ^ Nevins, 450; Graff, 99–100
- ^ Graff, 102–105; Nevins, 465–467
- ^ Graff, 104–105; Nevins, 467–468
- ^ Nevins, 470–471
- ^ Nevins, 468–469
- ^ a b Nevins, 470–473
- ^ Nevins, 480–491
- ^ Graff, 105; Nevins, 492–493
- ^ Nevins, 498
- ^ Nevins, 499
- ^ Graff, 106–107; Nevins, 505–506
- ^ Graff, 108
- ^ Leip, David. 1892 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (February 22, 2008). Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common , Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (February 22, 2008). Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Graff, 114
- ^ a b Nevins, 526–528
- ^ Nevins, 524–528, 537–540. The vote was 239 to 108.
- ^ Nevins, 541–548
- ^ Graff, 115
- ^ Timberlake, Richard H. (1993). Monetary Policy in the United States: An Intellectual and Institutional History. University of Chicago Press, 179. ISBN 0226803848.
- ^ Nevins, 565
- ^ Nevins, 567. The vote was 204 to 140
- ^ a b Nevins, 564–566; Jeffers, 285–287
- ^ a b c Nevins, 567–569
- ^ Nevins, 572–576. The income tax component of the Wilson-Gorman Act was partially ruled unconstitutional in 1895. See Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
- ^ Nevins, 577–578
- ^ Nevins, 585–587; Jeffers, 288–289
- ^ Nevins, 587–588; Graff, 117
- ^ Nevins, 568
- ^ a b c d Graff, 117–118; Nevins, 603–605
- ^ Graff, 118; Jeffers, 280–281
- ^ Nevins, 611–613
- ^ Nevins, 614
- ^ Nevins, 614–618; Graff, 118–119; Jeffers, 296–297
- ^ Nevins, 619–623; Jeffers, 298–302. Pollock v Farmers' Loan & Trust Company, 157 US 429, aff'd on reh'g, 158 U See also In re Debs. In re Debs, 158 US 564 ( 1895) was a United States Supreme Court decision handed down concerning Eugene V
- ^ Nevins, 624–628; Jeffers, 304–305; Graff, 120
- ^ a b Nevins, 560
- ^ a b Nevins, 549–552; Graff 121–122
- ^ a b Nevins, 552–554; Graff, 122
- ^ a b Nevins, 558–559
- ^ Graff, 123
- ^ Zakaria, 145–146
- ^ Graff, 123–125; Nevins, 633–642
- ^ Graff, 125
- ^ Nevins, 647
- ^ Nevins, 550, 647–648
- ^ Nevins, 528–529; Graff, 115–116
- ^ Nevins, 531–533
- ^ Nevins, 529
- ^ a b Nevins, 530–531
- ^ a b c Nevins, 532–533
- ^ Nevins, 533; Graff, 116
- ^ Keen, William W. (1917). The Surgical Operations on President Cleveland in 1893. G. W. Jacobs & Co. . The lump was preserved and is on display at the Mütter Museum in Philadelphia. The Mütter Museum is a medical Museum located in the Center City area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə
- ^ a b c d Nevins, 569–570
- ^ a b c Nevins, 570–571
- ^ a b Nevins, 572
- ^ a b Graff, 128–129
- ^ Nevins, 684–693
- ^ Leip, David. 1896 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (February 23, 2008). Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Graff, 131–133; Nevins, 730–735
- ^ Graff, p. 131; Alexander Leitch, A Princeton Companion, Princeton Univ Press, 1978, " Grover Cleveland"
- ^ Graff, 134
- ^ Ladies Home Journal 22, (October 1905), 7–8
- ^ a b Graff, 135–136; Nevins, 762–764
- ^ Jeffers, 340; Graff, 135. Nevins makes no mention of these last words.
- ^ Grover Cleveland Library. Retrieved on 2008-03-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a
References
Sources
- Graff, Henry F. Grover Cleveland (2002). ISBN 0805069232.
- Jeffers, H. Paul, An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland, HarperCollins 2002, New York. ISBN 038097746X.
- Nevins, Allan. Allan Nevins ( May 20, 1890 - March 5, 1971) was an American historian and journalist Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (1932) Pulitzer Prize-winning biography. ASIN B000PUX6KQ.
- Reitano, Joanne R. The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age: The Great Debate of 1888 (1994). ISBN 0271010355.
- Tugwell, Rexford Guy, Grover Cleveland: A Biography of the President Whose Uncompromising Honesty and Integrity Failed America in a Time of Crisis. Rexford Guy Tugwell ( July 10 1891 – July 21 1979) was an Agricultural Economist who became part of Franklin D Macmillan Co. , 1968. ISBN 0026203308.
- Welch, Richard E. Jr. The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (1988) ISBN 0700603557
- Zakaria, Fareed From Wealth to Power (1999) Princeton University Press. Fareed Zakaria ( born January 20, 1964) is an India -born American Journalist, Author, and television host specializing ISBN 0691010358.
Further reading
- Bard, Mitchell. "Ideology and Depression Politics I: Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)" Presidential Studies Quarterly 1985 15(1): 77–88. ISSN 0360-4918
- Beito, David T. and Beito, Linda Royster,"Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900,"Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000), 555-75.
- Blodgett, Geoffrey. "Ethno-cultural Realities in Presidential Patronage: Grover Cleveland's Choices" New York History 2000 81(2): 189–210. ISSN 0146–437X
- Blodgett, Geoffrey. "The Emergence of Grover Cleveland: a Fresh Appraisal" New York History 1992 73(2): 132–168. ISSN 0146–437X
- Cleveland, Grover. The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland (1892) online edition
- Cleveland, Grover. Presidential Problems. (1904) online edition
- Dewey, Davis R. National Problems: 1880–1897 (1907), online edition
- Doenecke, Justus. "Grover Cleveland and the Enforcement of the Civil Service Act" Hayes Historical Journal 1984 4(3): 44–58. ISSN 0364–5924
- Faulkner, Harold U. Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890–1900 (1959), online edition
- Ford, Henry Jones. The Cleveland Era: A Chronicle of the New Order in Politics (1921), short overview online
- Goldman, Ralph Morris The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top (1990). ISBN 0873326369.
- Hoffman, Karen S. "'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2002 5(1): 57–77. ISSN 1094–8392
- McElroy, Robert. Grover Cleveland, the Man and the Statesman: An Authorized Biography (1923) online edition
- Morgan, H. Wayne. From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 (1969).
- Nevins, Allan ed. Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850–1908 (1934)
- Sturgis, Amy H. ed. Presidents from Hayes through McKinley, 1877–1901: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents (2003) online edition
- Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Rum, Romanism & Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000) campaign techniques and issues online edition
- William L. Wilson; The Cabinet Diary of William L. Wilson, 1896–1897 1957
- National Democratic Committee (1896). Campaign Text-book of the National Democratic Party.
- Wilson, Woodrow, Mr. Cleveland as President Atlantic Monthly (March 1897): pp. 289–301 online. Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28 1856—February 3 1924 was the twenty-eighth President of the United States.
External links
- Extensive essay on Grover Cleveland and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- White House website biography of Grover Cleveland
- Works by Grover Cleveland at Project Gutenberg
- Audio clips of Cleveland's speeches
- A picture of Cleveland's Grave Marker in Princeton Cemetery
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Alexander Brush |
Mayor of Buffalo, New York 1882 |
Succeeded by Marcus Drake |
| Preceded by Alonzo B. Cornell |
Governor of New York 1883 – 1884 |
Succeeded by David B. Hill |
| Preceded by Chester A. Arthur |
President of the United States March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889 |
Succeeded by Benjamin Harrison |
| Preceded by Benjamin Harrison |
President of the United States March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 |
Succeeded by William McKinley |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Winfield Scott Hancock |
Democratic Party presidential candidate 1884, 1888, 1892 |
Succeeded by William Jennings Bryan |
| Honorary titles | ||
| Preceded by Benjamin Harrison |
Oldest U.S. President still living March 13, 1901 – June 24, 1908 |
Succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Cleveland, Grover |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Cleveland, Stephen Grover |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | 22nd and 24th President of the United States |
| DATE OF BIRTH | March 18, 1837 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Caldwell, New Jersey, United States |
| DATE OF DEATH | June 24, 1908 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Princeton, New Jersey, United States |
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