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Group decision making is decision making in groups consisting of multiple members/entities. An entity is something that has a distinct separate Existence, though it need not be a material existence The challenge of group decision is deciding what action a group should take. There are various systems designed to solve this problem.

Contents

Formal systems

Decision making in social setting

See also: Groupthink

Decision making in groups is sometimes examined separately as process and outcome. Groupthink is a type of thought exhibited by group members who try to minimize conflict and reach consensus without critically testing analyzing and evaluating ideas Process refers to the group interactions. Some relevant ideas include coalitions among participants as well as influence and persuasion. The use of politics is often judged negatively, but it is a useful way to approach problems when preferences among actors are in conflict, when dependencies exist that cannot be avoided, when there are no super-ordinate authorities, and when the technical or scientific merit of the options is ambiguous.

In addition to the different processes involved in making decisions, group decision support systems (GDSS) may have different decision rules. An interactive Computer -based system that facilitates users finding (partial solutions to semi-structured problems A decision rule is the GDSS protocol a group uses to choose among scenario planning alternatives. Scenario planning '''scenario thinking''' or '''scenario analysis''' is a Strategic planning method that some organizations use to make flexible long-term plans

Plurality and dictatorship are less desirable as decision rules because they do not require the involvement of the broader group to determine a choice. Thus, they do not engender commitment to the course of action chosen. An absence of commitment from individuals in the group can be problematic during the implementation phase of a decision.

There are no perfect decision making rules. Depending on how the rules are implemented in practice and the situation, all of these can lead to situations where either no decision is made, or to situations where decisions made are inconsistent with one another over time.

Moral dimension of decision making

The ethical principles of decision making vary considerably. Some common choices of principles and the methods which seem to match them include:

There are many decision making levels having a participation element. A dictatorship is usually defined as an autocratic Form of government in which the Government is ruled by a Dictator. Oligarchy' ( Greek, Oligarkhía) is a Form of government where Political power effectively rests with a small elite segment Meta (from Greek: μετά = "after" "beyond" "with" "adjacent" is a prefix used in English in order to indicate a concept Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public WikipediaConsensus here as this is the article namespace and that information is irrelevant to the reader A common example is that of institutions making decisions that affect those for whom they provide. In such cases an understanding of what participation level is involved becomes crucial to understand the process and power structures dynamics. Participation in Social science is an umbrella term including different means for the public to directly participate in political economic management or other social decisions

Control-Ethics. When organisations/institutions make decisions it is important to find the balance between the parameters of control mechanisms and the ethical principles which ensure 'best' outcome for individuals and communities impacted on by the decision. Controls may be set by elements such as Legislation, historical precedents, available resources, Standards, policies, procedures and practices. Ethical elements may include equity, fairness, transparency, social justice, choice, least restrictive alternative, empowerment.

Empowerment is a persons way of expressing control.

Decision making in healthcare

In the health care field, the steps of making a decision may be remembered with the mnemonic BRAND, which includes

Decision making in business and management

In general, business and management systems should be set up to allow decision making at the lowest possible level. Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Value theory encompasses a range of approaches to understanding how why and to what degree humans should or do value things whether the thing is a person idea object or anything else Risk is a Concept that denotes the precise probability of specific eventualities Nothing is a concept that describes the lack or absence of anything at all Management (covering theory practice and scope of management and Manager' (covering the people who manage might help clarify and systematise

Several decision making models or practices for business include:

Decision-makers and influencers

In the context of marketing, there is much theory, and even more opinion, expressed about how the various 'decision-makers' and 'influencers' (those who can only influence, not decide, the final decision) interact. In popular usage "marketing" is the promotion of products especially Advertising and Branding However in professional usage the term has a wider meaning of Large purchasing decisions are frequently taken by groups, rather than individuals, and the official buyer often does not have authority to make the decision.

Decision Support Systems

Decision making software is essential for autonomous robots and for different forms of active decision support for industrial operators, designers and managers. See also Robot Robotics is the science and technology of Robots and their design manufacture and application

Due to the large number of considerations involved in many decisions, computer-based decision support systems (DSS) have been developed to assist decision makers in considering the implications of various courses of thinking. Decision support systems constitute a class of computer-based Information systems including knowledge-based systems that support Decision-making activities They can help reduce the risk of human errors. Risk is a Concept that denotes the precise probability of specific eventualities The word error has different meanings and usages relative to how it is conceptually applied [1] DSSs which try to realize some human/cognitive decision making functions are called Intelligent Decision Support Systems (IDSS), see for ex. Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought In engineering in psychology as well as in common parlance function denotes the property of something which is used/applied for an objective/ goal / Purpose / Scope "An Approach to the Intelligent Decision Advisor (IDA) for Emergency Managers, 1999". On the other hand, an active/intelligent DSS is an important tool for the design of complex engineering systems and the management of large technological and business projects, see also: "Decision engineering, an approach to Business Process Reengineering (BPR) in a strained industrial and business environment". For all other uses see Project (disambiguation. A project, as defined in the field of Project management, consists of a temporary

References

  1. ^ Flyvbjerg, Bent, "From Nobel Prize to Project Management: Getting Risks Right." Project Management Journal, vol. 37, no. 3, August 2006, pp. 5-15.
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