The Group 3 elements are chemical elements comprising the third vertical column of the periodic table. In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in A period 4 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Scandium (ˈskændiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Sc and Atomic number 21 A period 5 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fifth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium Lanthanum (ˈlænθənəm is a Chemical element with the symbol La and Atomic number 57 Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 Praseodymium (ˌpreɪzioʊˈdɪmiəm or /ˌpreɪsioʊˈdɪmiəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Pr and Atomic number 59 Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 Promethium (prəˈmiːθiəm/ /proʊˈmiːθiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pm and Atomic number 61 Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65 Holmium (ˈhoʊlmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ho and Atomic number 67 Erbium (ˈɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Er and Atomic number 68 Thulium (ˈθjuːliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Tm and Atomic number 69 Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 A period 7 element is one of the Chemical elements in the seventh row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally Actinium (ækˈtɪniəm is a radioactive Chemical element with the symbol Ac and Atomic number 89 which was discovered in 1899, the earliest Thorium (ˈθɔːriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Th and Atomic number 90 Protactinium (ˌproʊtækˈtɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Pa and Atomic number 91 Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the Neptunium (nɛpˈtjuːniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Np and Atomic number 93 Americium (ˌæməˈrɪsiəm is a Synthetic element that has the symbol Am and Atomic number 95 This article is about the chemical element Curium for the ancient city also called Curium (located in Cyprus see Kourion Curium (ˈkjuːriəm Bk redirects here For other uses of the abbreviation see BK (disambiguation. Californium (ˌkælɪˈforniəm is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Cf and Atomic number 98 Einsteinium (aɪnˈstaɪniəm is a Metallic Synthetic element. Fermium (ˈfɝmiəm is a Synthetic element with the symbol Fm and Atomic number 100 Mendelevium (ˌmɛndəˈlɛviəm is a Synthetic element with the symbol Md (formerly Mv) and the Atomic number 101 Nobelium (noʊˈbɛliəm or /noʊˈbiːliəm/ is a Synthetic element with the symbol No and Atomic number 102 Lawrencium (ləˈrɛnsiəm is a Radioactive Synthetic element with the symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and Atomic number 103 A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is
IUPAC has not recommended a specific format for the periodic table, so different conventions are permitted and are often used for group 3. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization The following d-block transition metals are always considered members of group 3:
When defining the remainder of group 3, four different conventions may be encountered:
- Some tables [1] include lanthanum (La) and actinium (Ac), (the beginnings of the lanthanide and actinide series of elements, respectively) as the remaining members of group 3. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in Scandium (ˈskændiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Sc and Atomic number 21 Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Lanthanum (ˈlænθənəm is a Chemical element with the symbol La and Atomic number 57 Actinium (ækˈtɪniəm is a radioactive Chemical element with the symbol Ac and Atomic number 89 which was discovered in 1899, the earliest Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally In their most commonly encountered tripositive ion forms, these elements do not possess any partially filled f orbitals, thus resulting in more d-block-like behavior. The f-block of the Periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which in the The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy
- Some tables [2] include lutetium (Lu) and lawrencium (Lr) as the remaining members of group 3. Lutetium (ljuːˈtiːʃiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Lu and Atomic number 71 Lawrencium (ləˈrɛnsiəm is a Radioactive Synthetic element with the symbol Lr (formerly Lw) and Atomic number 103 These elements terminate the lanthanide and actinide series, respectively. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally Since the f-shell is nominally full in the ground state electron configuration for both of these metals, they behave most like d-block metals out of all the lanthanides and actinides, and thus exhibit the most similarities in properties with Sc and Y. For Lr, this behavior is expected, but it has not been observed because sufficient quantities are not available. (Also see Periodic table (wide) and Periodic table (extended). This is a version of the periodic table of the elements that places all elements of one period in the same row )
Some tables [3] refer to all lanthanides and actinides by a marker in group 3. A third and fourth alternative are suggested by this arrangement:
- The third alternative is to regard all 30 lanthanide and actinide elements as included in Group 3. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally Lanthanides, as electropositive trivalent metals, all have a closely related chemistry, and all show many similarities to Sc and Y. Electropositivity is a measure of an element's ability to donate Electrons, and therefore form positive Ions.
- The fourth alternative is to include none of the lanthanides and actinides in group 3. The lanthanides possess additional properties characteristic of their partially-filled f orbitals which are not common to Sc and Y. Furthermore, the actinides show a much wider variety of chemistry (for instance, in range of oxidation states) within their series than the lanthanides, and comparisons to Sc and Y are even less useful. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound.
Occurrence
Scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides (except promethium) tend to occur together in the Earth's crust, and are relatively abundant compared with most d-block metals, but often harder to extract from their ores. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy
Biological chemistry
Group 3 elements are generally hard metals with low aqueous solubility, and have low availability to the biosphere. No group 3 has any documented biological role in living organisms. The radioactivity of the actinides generally makes them highly toxic to living cells.
Notes
External links
In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium History of the actinoid series From the earlier known chemical properties of actinium (89 up to uranium (92 indicating a relation to the Transition metals it was generally EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. In chemistry the Chemical elements labeled as synthetic are too unstable to be found naturally on Earth.
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