The Grotte du Lazaret (English: Cave of Le Lazaret) is a cave now in the eastern suburbs of the French town of Nice and now overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek
It is famous as being a prehistoric occupation site and the results of archaeological excavations there have been interpreted as representing the construction of shelters by early types of human during the Lower Palaeolithic period. Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. It has also produced more than 20,000 bone fragments from the remains of prehistoric animals.
Part of the skull of a nine-year old child from the cave suggests that either homo heidelbergensis or a proto-Neanderthal group occupied it almost two hundred thousand years ago. Homo heidelbergensis ("Heidelberg Man" is an Extinct Species of the Genus Homo which may be the direct ancestor The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from
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The possible shelter
Occupation layers of the cave in use during marine isotopic stage 6 (186,000-127,000 years ago) were excavated during the 1970s and may demonstrate construction abilities and other organisational skills by the inhabitants at the time. Marine isotopic stage s (MIS are alternating warm and cool periods in the Earth's paleoclimate, deduced from oxygen isotope data reflecting temperature curves derived
Close to the mouth of the cave and along one wall were found Acheulean stone tools along with fragments of animal bone surrounding two circular charcoal concentrations which likely served as hearths. Acheulean (also spelled Acheulian,) is the name given to an Archaeological industry of Stone tool manufacture associated with prehistoric Hominins Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation In common historic and modern usage a hearth (Har-th is a Brick - or stone -lined Fireplace or Oven used for Cooking and/or Heating This occupation area measures 11m by 3. 5m (36ft by 11ft) and was delimited by the cave wall on three sides and on the fourth by a sinuous line of large stones. It is these which have been interpreted as having served as packing stones that could have been used to support the poles of an animal skin tent pitched against the cave wall. No evidence of the organic tent poles or tent itself would have survived but stone tool flakes and animal bone appear to spill outwards from between the stones at two points which may represent entrances to the conjectured shelter.
Finds of tiny sea shells surrounding the hearths may represent seaweed brought into the cave to serve as bedding. Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic Multicellular, benthic marine Algae. This may indicate specialised activity areas with in the settlement with an inner domestic area and an outer one which would have been covered by the tent but presumably used for another purpose.
It is by no means certain that the stones were brought into the cave and placed by people however and natural processes or a reason for their placement not involving a structure may explain their presence. The limited evidence from nearby sites where similar stone tools and other cultural material have been found close to concentrations of natural rocks is less compelling than at Le Lazaret. Examples of these similar sites include La Baume Bonne and Orgnac. The evidence for housing in the archaeological record prior to the arrival of modern humans 50,000 years ago is slim, although any flimsy structure built prior to this time is unlikely to leave unmistakable archaeological traces after so long.
External links
- Laboratoire du Prehistoire du Lazaret - the French academic and government body that studies early prehistory in the region and which is based close to the cave (in French only).
Bibliography
- Scarre, C (ed. ) (2005). The Human Past, London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28531-4.
Footnote
- ^ De Lumley, 1975, Cultural evolution in France in its palaeoecological setting during the middle Pleistocene, in After the Australopithecines, Butzer, KW and Issac, G Ll. (eds) 745--808. The Hague:Mouton, qtd in Scarre, 2005
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