Groningen 1946 was the first major international chess tournament to be held after World War II. Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [1] Held at Groningen in August and September 1946, it was considered a miracle that the Netherlands could stage such an event just fifteen months after the end of the war. Groningen is the capital city of the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Mikhail Botvinnik won the tournament a half point ahead of former World Champion Max Euwe. Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May See also Development of the World Chess Championship The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the Board game Chess Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster It was Botvinnik's first unshared victory outside of the Soviet Union and Euwe's last major success. [2]
Groningen was the first tournament outside the Soviet Union to which the Soviets sent a team of masters to compete. The Soviet players were very successful, Botvinnik taking first, Vassily Smyslov third, and Isaac Boleslavsky and Salo Flohr tied for sixth and seventh, beginning an era of Soviet domination of international chess. Vasily Vasiliyevich Smyslov (Васи́лий Васильевич Смысло́в (born March 24, 1921, in Moscow) is a Russian Chess Isaac Yefremovich Boleslavsky ( Russian: Исаак Ефремович Болеславский) ( June 9, 1919 Zolotonosha, Ukraine Salomon Mikhailovich Flohr ( November 21, 1908 &ndash July 18, 1983) was a leading Czech and later Soviet Chess The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 [3]
The tournament was a twenty-player round-robin. A round-robin tournament or all-play-all tournament is a type of group tournament in which each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times Although the field was strong, some top players were not present. From the United States Samuel Reshevsky and Reuben Fine were missing. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Samuel Herman (Sammy Reshevsky (born Szmul Rzeszewski, November 26, 1911, Ozorków near Lodz, (then Russian Empire Reuben Fine ( October 11 1914 &ndash March 26 1993) was one of the best Chess players in the world from the mid 1930s through From the Soviet Union Paul Keres was missing, as Soviet authorities would not let him play outside the country during this period. Paul Keres ( January 7, 1916 – June 5, 1975) was an Estonian Chess grandmaster. [4]
Botvinnik and Euwe quickly jumped ahead of the field, making it a two-person contest for first place. At the halfway point (after round 10), Botvinnik had 9 points, Euwe 7. 5, and Smyslov and Arnold Denker 7. Arnold Sheldon Denker ( February 20 1914 – January 2 2005) was an American Chess player a Grandmaster After round 13, Botvinnik had 11. 5, Euwe 10. 5, and Smyslov and László Szabó 8. László Szabó ( March 19, 1917 – August 8, 1998) was a prominent Hungarian Grandmaster of Chess. 5. In round 14, Euwe beat Ossip Bernstein, who at age 65 was the oldest player in the tournament. Ossip Samoilovich Bernstein (born 20 September 1882 at Zhytomyr, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) – died 30 November Botvinnik lost to his countryman Alexander Kotov, creating a first place tie with Euwe. Alexander Alexandrovich Kotov (Александр Александрович Котов ( &ndash January 8, 1981) was a Russian Chess grandmaster Years later Kotov reported that he received considerable criticism for beating Botvinnik at a critical point in a major tournament. (Botvinnik was favored at the time by the Soviet chess establishment as a challenger for the world chess championship. ) Kotov would make up for his imprudence in the final round. In round 15 Euwe pulled ahead by a game by defeating Milan Vidmar, while Botvinnik lost a second consecutive game, this time to Daniel Yanofsky. Milan Vidmar ( June 22 1885 – October 9 1962) was a Slovene Electrical engineer, chess player, chess theorist Daniel Abraham (Abe Yanofsky ( March 25, 1925 – March 5, 2000) was Canada 's first Chess grandmaster, an eight-time With four rounds remaining, the scores stood Euwe 12. 5, Botvinnik 11. 5, Smyslov 10. 5, and Szabó 9. 5. Euwe's one point lead was not safe as he drew his next three games (Gösta Stoltz, Flohr, and Savielly Tartakower) while Botvinnik won three (Čeněk Kottnauer, Martin Christoffel, and Carlos Guimard) to pull ahead by half a point. Gösta Stoltz ( May 9 1904 – July 25 1963) was a Swedish Chess grandmaster. Ksawery Tartakower (Russian Савелий Григорьевич Тартаковер generally known as Saviely or Savielly Tartakower in English less often Čeněk Kottnauer (24 February 1910 Prague – 14 February 1996 London) was a Czech British chess master Carlos Enrique Guimard ( 6 April 1913 –1998 was an Argentine chess Grandmaster. In the final round, both Botvinnik and Euwe were playing black and both had strong opponents. The positions of the leaders did not change as both Botvinnik and Euwe lost. Botvinnik was outplayed by Miguel Najdorf, but Euwe blundered to lose in an even position against Kotov to leave Botvinnik with first place. Miguel Najdorf (born Mendel (Mieczysław Najdorf in Grodzisk Mazowiecki near Warsaw, Poland, April 15, 1910 &ndash [4]
Crosstable
| Player | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | Total | Place | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 |  Mikhail Botvinnik (USSR) |
* | ½ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 14½ | 1 |
| 02 |  Max Euwe (NED) |
½ | * | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 14 | 2 |
| 03 | Vassily Smyslov (USSR) |
0 | 1 | * | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12½ | 3 |
| 04 |  Miguel Najdorf (ARG) |
1 | ½ | ½ | * | 1 | 1 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11½ | 4–5 |
| 05 |  László Szabó (HUN) |
0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | * | 1 | ½ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11½ | 4–5 |
| 06 | Isaac Boleslavsky (USSR) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | * | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 | 6–7 |
| 07 | Salo Flohr (USSR) |
½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | * | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 11 | 6–7 |
| 08 |  Erik Lundin (SWE) |
0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 0 | ½ | * | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10½ | 8–9 |
| 09 | Gösta Stoltz (SWE) |
0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | * | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 1 | 10½ | 8–9 |
| 10 |  Arnold Denker (USA) |
½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 0 | ½ | 1 | 0 | * | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | 9½ | 10 |
| 11 | Alexander Kotov (USSR) |
1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | * | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | 0 | 1 | 0 | 9½ | 10 |
| 12 |  Savielly Tartakower (FRA) |
0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | * | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | ½ | 9½ | 10 |
| 13 |  Čeněk Kottnauer (ENG) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | * | 1 | 1 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | 1 | 9 | |
| 14 |  Daniel Yanofsky (CAN) |
1 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | * | ½ | 1 | 1 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 8½ | |
| 15 | Ossip Bernstein (FRA) |
0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 0 | ½ | * | ½ | ½ | ½ | 0 | 0 | 7 | |
| 16 | Carlos Guimard (ARG) |
0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ½ | * | 1 | ½ | ½ | 1 | 7 | |
| 17 |  Milan Vidmar (YUG) |
0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | * | ½ | ½ | 0 | 6½ | |
| 18 | Herman Steiner (USA) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 0 | 1 | ½ | ½ | 0 | ½ | ½ | ½ | * | 1 | ½ | 6 | |
| 19 | .svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png){kind=small} Albéric O'Kelly de Galway (BEL) |
0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 1 | ½ | ½ | 0 | * | 1 | 5½ | |
| 20 |  Martin Christoffel (SUI) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ½ | 1 | ½ | 0 | ½ | 1 | 0 | 1 | ½ | 0 | * | 5 |
References
- ^ The USA–USSR 1945 Radio Match preceded it, although only two nations participated and the players did not meet in one location. Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (mʲixaˈiɫ̺ mʌiˈs̺ʲɛjɛvʲiʧʲ bʌt̺ˈvʲin̺n̻ʲik Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник) ( &ndash May The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Machgielis (Max Euwe (last name is pronounced /øwə/ ( May 20, 1901 – November 26, 1981) was a Dutch Chess Grandmaster The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Vasily Vasiliyevich Smyslov (Васи́лий Васильевич Смысло́в (born March 24, 1921, in Moscow) is a Russian Chess The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Miguel Najdorf (born Mendel (Mieczysław Najdorf in Grodzisk Mazowiecki near Warsaw, Poland, April 15, 1910 &ndash For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. László Szabó ( March 19, 1917 – August 8, 1998) was a prominent Hungarian Grandmaster of Chess. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Isaac Yefremovich Boleslavsky ( Russian: Исаак Ефремович Болеславский) ( June 9, 1919 Zolotonosha, Ukraine The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Salomon Mikhailovich Flohr ( November 21, 1908 &ndash July 18, 1983) was a leading Czech and later Soviet Chess The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Erik Lundin ( 2 July 1904 – 5 December 1988) a Swedish Chess master "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Gösta Stoltz ( May 9 1904 – July 25 1963) was a Swedish Chess grandmaster. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Arnold Sheldon Denker ( February 20 1914 – January 2 2005) was an American Chess player a Grandmaster The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Alexander Alexandrovich Kotov (Александр Александрович Котов ( &ndash January 8, 1981) was a Russian Chess grandmaster The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Ksawery Tartakower (Russian Савелий Григорьевич Тартаковер generally known as Saviely or Savielly Tartakower in English less often This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Čeněk Kottnauer (24 February 1910 Prague – 14 February 1996 London) was a Czech British chess master England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Daniel Abraham (Abe Yanofsky ( March 25, 1925 – March 5, 2000) was Canada 's first Chess grandmaster, an eight-time Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Ossip Samoilovich Bernstein (born 20 September 1882 at Zhytomyr, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) – died 30 November This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Carlos Enrique Guimard ( 6 April 1913 –1998 was an Argentine chess Grandmaster. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Milan Vidmar ( June 22 1885 – October 9 1962) was a Slovene Electrical engineer, chess player, chess theorist See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian Herman Steiner ( April 15 1905 – November 25 1955) was a US The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Albéric O'Kelly de Galway ( May 17, 1911, Brussels – October 3, 1980, Brussels) was a Belgian Chess The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation
- ^ Brace, Edward R. (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Hamlyn Publishing Group, p. 123, ISBN 1-55521-394-4
- ^ Hartston, William (1977), “Groningen 1946”, in Golombek, Harry, Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess, Crown Publishing, p. William Roland Hartston (born London 12 August 1947) is an English Chess player who played competitively from 1962 to 1987 with a highest Harry Golombek OBE ( March 1[[ 911]]– January 7 1995) was a British Chess International Master and honorary grandmaster 133, ISBN 0-517-53146-1
- ^ a b Pachman, Luděk [1975] (1987). Luděk Pachman ( German: Ludek Pachman May 11 1924, Bělá pod Bezdězem, today Czech Republic &ndash March 6 2003 Decisive Games in Chess History. Dover, 118–124. ISBN 0-486=26323-6.
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