Groat is the traditional name of an English silver coin worth four English pennies, and also a Scottish coin originally worth fourpence, with later issues being valued at eightpence and a shilling. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review The coinage of Scotland covers currency issued under a variety of local and national rulers including the Kingdom of Scotland. The shilling is a unit of Currency used in current and former Commonwealth countries and was continued to be used in countries that left the commonwealth

Contents 1 Name 2 History 3 Cultural references 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links

Name

The name has also been applied to any thick or large coin, such as the Groschen (grosso), a silver coin issued by Tyrol in 1271 and Venice in the 13th century, which was the first of this general size to circulate in the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. Groschen (Grossus Groschen grossone groš grosz garas гроші, грош grosh, gros грош was the (sometimes colloquial name for a Coin Tyrol is a region in Western Central Europe, which included the present day Austrian state of Tyrol (consisting of North Tyrol and East Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in The immediate ancestor to the groat was the French gros tournois or groat of Tours, which was known as the groot (Dutch for "great" or "large") in the Netherlands. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Tours is a city in France the Préfecture (capital city of the Indre-et-Loire département, on the lower reaches of the river The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

The name groat also refers to a range of other European coins such as those of the Italian peninsula known as a grosso including the grosso of Venice. Groschen (Grossus Groschen grossone groš grosz garas гроші, грош grosh, gros грош was the (sometimes colloquial name for a Coin The grosso of Venice (plural Grossi) is a silver coin first introduced in Venice in 1194 by Enrico Dandolo. Marco Polo referred to the groat in recounts of his travels to East Asia when describing the currencies of the Yuan Empire. Marco Polo ( September 15 1254 – January 9 1324 at earliest but no later than June 1325 was a Venetian trader and explorer The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai ^[1] His descriptions were based on the conversion of 1 bezant = 20 groats = 133⅓ tornesel. Bezant is a Medieval name for a Gold coin. Gold coins were not minted in early medieval Western Europe, Silver and Bronze being the The tornesel, tornesol, or tornese was a Silver coin of Europe in the late Middle Ages and the early modern era ^[2]

History

David II of Scotland
++DAVID x REX x SCOTORVm Crowned bust left holding sceptre before; star at base of sceptre	Outer circle: +DNS PTECTOR MS F LIBATOR MS - inner circle: VILL A ED InBV RGh Long cross quartered with of five points mullets.
AR Groat (3. 11 g). Light coinage, 1367-1371. Edinburgh mint.

Henry VIII: Irish groat
hEnRIC VIII DI GR REX AnGLIE, crowned coat-of-arms over cross fourchee; mm: trefoil	FRAnCIE ET hIBERnIE REX, crowned harp; crowned h and crowned R flanking (henricus Rex).
AR Groat (25mm, 2. 32 gm, 12h). Second harp issue, as king of Ireland, 1541-1542. London mint (exported).

It was after the French silver coin had circulated in England that an English groat was first minted under King Edward I. Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307 popularly known as Longshanks, was a King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost

Scots groats were not issued until the reign of David II. Daibhidh a Briuis ( Modern Gaelic: Dàibhidh Bruis) anglicised as David II ( 5 March 1324 &ndash 22 February Scots groats were originally also worth fourpence, but later issues were valued at eightpence and a shilling. The coinage of Scotland covers currency issued under a variety of local and national rulers including the Kingdom of Scotland. The shilling is a unit of Currency used in current and former Commonwealth countries and was continued to be used in countries that left the commonwealth ^[3][4]

Irish groats were minted first in 1425 and the last ones were minted under the reign of Elizabeth I of England. There were also two more issues, both emergency coinage. ^[5]

While strictly speaking, the English groat should have contained four pennyweights or 96 grains (6. A pennyweight (dwt is a unit of Mass which is the same as 24 grains, 1/240th of a Troy pound, 1/20th of a Troy ounce, approximately 0 In many cultures a grain is a unit of measurement of Mass that is based upon the mass of a single seed of a typical Cereal. 2 grams) of sterling silver, the first ones issued weighed 89 grains (5. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. Sterling silver is an Alloy of Silver containing 925% pure silver and 7 Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object 8 g) and later issues became progressively lighter. The weight was reduced to 72 grains (three pennyweights or 4. 7 g) under Edward III, 60 grains (3. Edward III (13 November 1312 &ndash 21 June 1377 was one of the most successful English monarchs of the Middle Ages. 9 g) under Henry IV, and 48 grains (3. Henry IV (3 April 1367 &ndash 20 March 1413 was King of England and Lord of Ireland (1399&ndash1413 1 g) under Edward IV. Edward IV ( 28 April 1442 – 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 until 2 October From 1544 to 1560 (the weight being reduced to 32 grains (2. 1 g) in 1559) the silver fineness was less than sterling, and after the 1561 issue they were not generally issued for circulation again for about a hundred years.

From the reigns of Charles II to George III, groats (by now often known as fourpences) were issued on an irregular basis for general circulation, the only years of mintage after 1786 being in 1792, 1795, and 1800. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( Year 1786 ( MDCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1795 ( MDCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. After this the only circulating issues were from 1836 to 1855, with proofs known from 1857 and 1862 and a colonial issue of 1888. Year 1836 ( MDCCCXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Click here for Indian Rebellion of 1857 Year 1857 ( MDCCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Year 1888 ( MDCCCLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (click on link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a These last coins had the weight further reduced to about 27 grains (1. 9 grams) and were the same diameter as the silver threepenny pieces of the day although thicker. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. They also had Britannia on the reverse, while all other silver fourpenny pieces since the reign of William and Mary have had a crowned numeral "4" as the reverse, including the silver fourpenny Maundy money coins of the present. Britannia was the term originally used by the Romans to refer first to the British Isles, and later to the island of Great Britain. William III or William of Orange (14 November 1650 &ndash 8 March 1702 He is informally known in Northern Ireland and Scotland as "King Billy" Mary II (30 April 1662 &ndash 28 December 1694 reigned as Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until her death Maundy money, legally called "the Queen's Maundy money" is a welcoming British coinage given to deserving poor people in a religious ceremony performed Some groats continued to circulate in Scotland until the 20th century. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on

At times in the past, silver twopenny coins have been called "half-groats. "

Cultural references

The word "groat" has entered into a number of English and Scottish expressions, many of them now archaic.

In the north of England, there is the saying "Blood without groats is nothing" meaning "family without fortune is worthless. " The allusion is to black-pudding, which consists chiefly of blood and oats formed into a sausage. Black pudding or (less often blood pudding is a British English term for Sausage made by cooking blood with a filler until it is thick enough to congeal Oats redirects here It may mean either the common cereal oat discussed here or any cultivated or wild species of the Genus Avena. A sausage is a prepared Food, usually made from Ground meat, animal fat salt and Spices (sometimes with other ingredients such as herbs typically packed "Not worth a groat" is an old saying meaning "not worth a penny", i. e. worthless.

Benjamin Franklin, in his book, Necessary Hints gives the following thrifty advice:

He that spends a groat a day idly, spends idly above six pounds a year. Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. "

In Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin, there is the following riddle:

"Riddle me, riddle me, rot-tot-tote! A little wee man in a red red coat! A staff in his hand, and a stone in his throat; If you'll tell me this riddle, I'll give you a groat. The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin is a children's story written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter, first published by Frederick Warne in 1903 A riddle is a Statement or Question having a double or veiled meaning put forth as a Puzzle to be solved "

The answer is a cherry. This article is about the Cherry berry also classified as fruit for the ornamental tree See Cherry Blossom.

According to Hawkins' History of the Silver Coins of England^[6], groats were also known as "Joeys",

"so called from Joseph Hume, M. Joseph Hume FRS ( January 22, 1777 – February 20, 1855) was a Scottish doctor and politician born in Montrose Angus P. , who strongly recommended the coinage for the sake of paying short cab-fares, etc. "

This refers to the Victorian four-penny piece. The mention of cab fares is related to the fact that the standard minimum was four pence, so many passengers paid with a six-penny piece, allowing the cabby to keep the two pence change as a tip. The slang name "Joey" was transferred to the silver / cupronickel three-penny pieces in use in the first third of the twentieth century.

John o' Groats, commonly (and mistakenly) regarded as the most northerly part of the Scottish mainland, in Caithness despite its appearance has nothing to do with the coin, but is in fact a corruption of "Jan de Groot", the name of a Dutchman who migrated there, in the reign of James IV [1] [2]

See also

• British coinage
• Scottish coinage

Notes

References

• Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898)
• Grueber, Herbert Appold (1899), Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland in the British Museum, London: The British Museum, <http://www.archive.org/details/handbookofcoinso00brituoft> 
• James Mackay - John Mussel (eds. Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, sometimes referred to simply as Brewer's — is a Reference work containing definitions and explanations of many ): Coin Price Guide to British coins, Token Publishing Ltd, Axminster, Devon
• Ian Halley Stewart. The Scottish Coinage, Spink & Son, Londra, 1955

External links

• British Coins - Free information about British coins. Includes an online forum.

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