A gristmill or grist mill is a building where grain is ground into flour, or the grinding mechanism itself. Flour is a powder made of Cereal grains It is the key ingredient of Bread, which is a staple food in many countries and therefore the availability In many countries these are referred to as corn mills or flour mills.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Classical British and American mills 2 Modern mills 3 List of historic gristmills 3.1 United States 3.1.1 Notable functioning gristmills 3.1.2 Ruins, remnants, partially preserved) 3.2 United Kingdom 3.3 Sweden 4 References 5 See also 6 External links

History

Early history

The first water powered gristmills in Europe were built toward the end of the first century BC. Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived from the Force or Energy of moving water which may The first written account is that of Strabo, describing the mill at Cabira, in operation in 63 BC. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. For the Comb jelly Genus, see Cabira (ctenophore. Cabira (τὰ Κάβειρα a place in Pontus, at the base These mills had horizontal wheels. Vertical wheels were in use in the Roman Empire by the end of the first century BC, and these were described by Vitruvius. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c 80–70 BC died after c 15 BC was a Roman Writer, Architect and Engineer (possibly praefectus fabrum The peak of Roman technology is probably the Barbegal aqueduct and mill where water with a 19-meter fall drove sixteen water wheels, giving a grinding capacity estimated at 2. The Barbegal aqueduct and mill is a Roman Watermill complex located on the territory of the commune of Fontvieille, near the town of Arles, in 4 to 3. 2 tonnes per hour. Water mills seem to have remained in use during the post-Roman period, and by 1000 AD, mills in Europe were rarely more than a few miles apart. In England, the Domesday survey of 1086 gives a precise count of England's water-powered flour mills: There were 5,624, or about one for every 300 inhabitants, and this was probably typical throughout western and southern Europe. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Domesday Book (ˈduːmzdeɪ bʊk also known as Domesday, or Book of Winchester) was the record of the great survey From this time onward, water wheels began to be used for purposes other than grist milling. In England, the number of mills in operation followed population growth, and peaked around 17,000 by 1300^[1].

Limited examples of gristmills can be found in Europe from the High Middle Ages. The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 An extant well-preserved waterwheel and gristmill on the Ebro River in Spain is associated with the Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda, built by the Cistercian monks in 1202. A water wheel is a means of extracting power from the flow (or fall of water otherwise known as Hydropower. The Ebro ( Ebre) is Spain 's most voluminous river Its source is in Fontibre ( Cantabria) Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Real Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Rueda (Royal Monastery of Our Lady of the Wheel is an early Cistercian monastery in the Aragon region of Spain. MONK is a Monte Carlo software package for simulating nuclear processes particularly for the purpose of determining the neutron multiplication factor or k-effective The Cistercians were known for their use of this technology in Western Europe in the period 1100 to 1350.

Classical British and American mills

Classical mill designs are usually water powered, though some are wind mills, or powered by livestock. This article is about a type of structure For other locational uses see Milldam. A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food A sluice gate is used to open a channel and so start the water flowing and a water wheel turning. A sluice is a water channel that is controlled at its head by a gate A water wheel is a means of extracting power from the flow (or fall of water otherwise known as Hydropower. In most such mills the water wheel was mounted vertically, i. e. , edge-on, in the water, but in some cases horizontally (the tub wheel and so-called Norse wheel). Later designs incorporated horizontal steel or cast iron turbines and these were also sometimes refitted into the old wheel mills. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. A turbine is a rotary Engine that extracts Energy from a Fluid flow

In most wheel-driven mills, a large gear-wheel called the pit wheel is mounted on the same axle as the water wheel and this drives a smaller gear-wheel, the wallower, on a main driveshaft running vertically from the bottom to the top of the building. This is the page for mechanical Gears For other uses see Gear (disambiguation For the gear-like device used to drive a roller chain see Sprocket This system of gearing ensures that the main shaft turns faster than the water wheel, which typically rotates at 10 rpm, or so.

The millstones themselves turn at around 120 rpm. They are laid one on top of the other. The bottom stone, called the bed, is fixed to the floor, while the top stone, the runner, is mounted on a separate spindle, driven by the main shaft. A wheel called the stone nut connects the runner's spindle to the main shaft, and this can be moved out of the way to disconnect the stone and stop it turning, leaving the main shaft going to drive other machinery. This might include driving a mechanical sieve to refine the flour, or turning a wooden drum to wind up a chain used to hoist sacks of grain to the top of the mill house.

The grain is lifted in sacks onto the sack floor at the top of the mill. A bag (also known as a Sack) is a non- rigid or semi-rigid container made of Paper, Cloth, Plastic, Leather, The sacks are emptied into bins, where the grain falls down through a hopper to the stones on the stone floor below. The flow of grain is regulated by shaking it along a gently sloping trough (the slipper) from which it falls into a hole in the center of the runner stone. The milled grain (flour) is collected as it emerges through the grooves in the runner stone from the outer rim of the stones and it gets fed down a chute to be collected in sacks on the ground or meal floor. A very similar process is used for grains such as wheat, kamut, etc to make flour as well as for maize to make corn meal. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. QK-77 is a type of Wheat marketed by Kamut International USA and Kamut Enterprises of Europe under the Trademark Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Cornmeal is Flour ground from dried corn, and is a common Staple food.

In order to prevent the vibrations of the mill machinery from shaking the building apart, a gristmill will often have at least two separate foundations.

American inventor Oliver Evans revolutionized this labor-intensive process. Oliver Evans ( 13 September, 1755 &ndash 15 April, 1819) was a United States Inventor. At the end of the eighteenth century he patented and promoted a fully automated mill design.

The Boykin Mill, in Boykin, South Carolina, has an operating grist mill where meal and grits have been ground by water power the same way for over 150 years. GRITS is a Christian hip hop group from Nashville, Tennessee. Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived from the Force or Energy of moving water which may

Old fashioned flour mill	Gristmill hopper, Skyline Drive, VA, 1938. This article refers to the road in Shenandoah National Park in Virginia The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Grain was funneled through the hopper to a grinding stone below.	Corn over the grinding stone in Kenyon's johnnycake flour mill in Usquepaugh, RI, (near Kingston) 1940	Gristmill drive machinery, Thomas Mill, Chester County, PA
Pedal powered wheat mill, Shediac Cape, New Brunswick	Remnants of some of the scores of flour mills built in Minneapolis between 1850 and 1900. Kingston is an unincorporated village and National historic district in the town of South Kingstown Rhode Island in the United States. Chester County (known colloquially as "Chesco" is a County located in the U Note the underground Mill race that powered mills on the west side of the Mississippi River at St. Anthony Falls. A mill race or raceway is the current or channel of a stream esp The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Saint Anthony Falls, or the Falls of Saint Anthony, located northeast of downtown Minneapolis Minnesota, was the only natural major Waterfall on the	Phelps Mill in Otter Tail County, Minnesota	Wheel of the 1840s-era Grist Mill at Old Sturbridge Village in Sturbridge, MA. Otter Tail County is a County located in the US state of Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Old Sturbridge Village ( OSV) is a Living museum located in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, in the United States which re-creates life in rural
"Slipper" feeding corn into the grindstones of George Washington's Grist Mill. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the

Modern mills

Historically, gristmills contained rotating stones powered by water or by wind; later mills used steam engines for power, and modern mills typically use electricity or fossil fuels to spin heavy steel rollers. Millstones or mill stones are used in Windmills and Watermills including Tide mills for grinding Wheat or other grains This article is about a type of structure For other locational uses see Milldam. A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. An electric motor uses Electrical energy to produce Mechanical energy. The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the Combustion of Fuel and an Oxidizer (typically air occurs in a confined space called a Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 These techniques produce visibly different results, but can be made to produce nutritionally and functionally equivalent output.

Gristmills only grind clean grains, that is, grain from which stalks and chaff have previously been removed, but some mills also housed equipment for threshing, sorting, and cleaning prior to grinding. Chaff (tʃɑːf or /tʃæf/ depending on dialect &ndash both to rhyme with "half" is the inedible dry scaly protective casings of the seeds of Cereal grain, or Threshing is the process of loosening the edible part of Cereal Grain from the scaly inedible Chaff that surrounds it Gristmills also grind corn into meal.

Modern mills are almost certainly "merchant mills", that is, they are privately owned and accept money or trade for milling grains, or the corporations that own the mills buy unmilled grain and then own the flour produced. Early mills were almost always built and supported by farming communities and typically a percentage of each farmer's grain called a "miller's toll" was set aside for the miller in lieu of wages. Although gristmill can refer to any mill that grinds grain, the term historically was used to refer to a local mill where farmers brought their own grain and received the flour from it, minus the "miller's toll. " ^[2] Modern mills use serrated and flat cast iron rollers to separate the bran and germ from the endosperm. Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. Whole grains are cereal grains that Bran and germ as well as the Endosperm, in contrast to Refined grains, which retain only Whole grains are cereal grains that Bran and germ as well as the Endosperm, in contrast to Refined grains, which retain only The endosperm is ground to create white flour which may be recombined with the bran and germ to create whole wheat or graham flour. Graham flour is a type of Whole wheat flour named after the American Presbyterian minister Rev

List of historic gristmills

United States

Notable functioning gristmills

• Glade Creek Grist Mill in Babcock State Park, West Virginia
• Jenney Grist Mill, Plymouth, Massachusetts
• Kymulga Mill, Childersburg, Alabama
• Grist Mill at Old Sturbridge Village, Sturbridge, Massachusetts
• West Point Mill, Durham, North Carolina
• Mingus Mill, Sevier County, Tennessee
• Cooper Mill, Chester, New Jersey
• Newlin Grist Mill, Glen Mills, Pennsylvania
• War Eagle Mill, Rogers, Arkansas
• Stony Brook Grist Mill, Stony Brook, New York
• Carpenter's Grist Mill, Perryville, RI
• Old Mill at Berry College, Rome, GA
• Dexter Grist Mill, Sandwich, Massachusetts
• Kings Landing Historical Settlement, New Brunswick, Canada

Ruins, remnants, partially preserved)

• Audra State Park, West Virginia
• Causey's Mill, Virginia
• Valley Falls State Park, West Virginia

United Kingdom

Main article: Watermills in the United Kingdom

Sweden

• Eldkvarn, Stockholm

References

See also

• grist
• water mill
• wind mill
• tide mill
• water wheel
• textile mill

External links

• Historic Mill Information and Images
• The Society for Preservation of Old Mills
• Old Stone Mill National Historic Site of Canada
• Stockdale Mill
• Greenbank Mill
• Gristmill diagram and description
• North American Millers' Association — How Wheat Flour is Milled
• Worlds Grits Festival St. George, SC
• Site of first grist mill in North America, 1607
• Prewetts Mill A British mill built in 1861 driven by steam until the 1970s
• Working Mill in Pickwick, Minnesota, 1854
• Cooper Mill - Working Grist Mill in Chester, New Jersey 1826
• Newlin Grist Mill - Only Working Grist Mill in Pennsylvania
• War Eagle Mill - A Working Water Powered Grist Mill in Rogers, Arkansas

For the publication see Grist Magazine. Grist is Grain that has been separated from its Chaff in preparation for grinding This article is about a type of structure For other locational uses see Milldam. A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind A tide mill is a specialist type of water mill driven by tidal rise and fall A water wheel is a means of extracting power from the flow (or fall of water otherwise known as Hydropower.

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