Grenache
Grenache noir grapes
Species:	Vitis vinifera
Also called:	Alicante, Cannonau, Garnacha (more)
Origin:	Spain
Notable regions:	Rhône, Sardinia, Spain

Contents 1 History 2 Clones, mutants and crosses 3 Distribution and wines 3.1 Australia 3.2 France 3.3 Italy 3.4 Spain 3.5 USA 4 Vine and viticulture 5 Synonyms 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Further reading

Grenache (pronounced gren-ash) (in Spanish, Garnacha, in Catalan, Garnatxa) is probably the most widely planted variety of red wine grape in the world. Vitis vinifera ( Common Grape Vine) is a species of Vitis, native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This list of wine-producing regions catalogues significant Growing regions where Vineyards are planted Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is It ripens late, so needs hot, dry conditions such as those found in Spain and in the south of France. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. ^[1] It is generally spicy, berry-flavoured and soft on the palate with a relatively high alcohol content, but it needs careful control of yields for best results. It tends to lack acid, tannin and colour, and is usually blended with other varieties such as Syrah, Carignan and Cinsaut. Tannins are Astringent, bitter plant Polyphenols that either bind and Precipitate or shrink Proteins The astringency from the tannins is what Syrah is a dark-skinned variety of Grape used in Wine. Syrah is grown in many countries and is primarily used to produce powerful Red wines which enjoy Carignan is a red Wine grape that originated in Cariñena Aragon and was later transplanted to Sardinia, elsewhere in Italy, France Cinsaut or Cinsault (pronounced "san-so" is a red Wine Grape, whose heat tolerance and productivity make it important in Languedoc-Roussillon

Grenache is the dominant variety in most Southern Rhône wines, especially in Châteauneuf-du-Pape where it is typically over 80% of the blend. The Rhône wine region in Southern France is situated in the Rhône river valley and produces numerous wines under various Appellation d'origine contrôlée Châteauneuf-du-Pape is a town and commune in the Vaucluse département in Provence, in southern France. In Australia it is typically blended in "GSM" blends with Syrah and Mourvèdre. Mourvèdre, is a variety of red Wine Grape grown around the world

Grenache is also used to make rosé wines in France and Spain, notably those of the Tavel district in the Côtes du Rhône. A rosé (From French rosé ‘pinkish’ Wine has some of the color typical of a red wine but only enough to turn it pink And the high sugar levels of Grenache have led to extensive use in fortified wines, including the red vins doux naturels of Roussillon such as Banyuls, and as the basis of most Australian 'port'. Vins doux naturels are lightly Fortified wines typically made from white Muscat grapes or red Grenache grapes in the south of France.

History

Grenache may have originated in Spain, probably in Aragon or Catalonia, but has since spread over the Pyrenees into southern France and the rest of the Mediterranean. Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. ^[1] It is the same grape variety as Cannonau which is claimed to originate in Sardinia. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) This might imply that it is really from Sardinia, and was imported to Spain when Sardinia was under Aragón rule. Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. ^[1]

Clones, mutants and crosses

Like the Pinot family, Grenache comes in 'black', 'grey' and 'white' versions, plus a mutant with an altered epidermis. Pinot noir ('pino nwar is a red Wine Grape variety of the species Vitis vinifera.

The standard "black Grenache" is known as "Garnatxa Fina" in Catalan, and is the most common version.

The "hairy Grenache" is also known by names such as Lladoner Pelud (see below). The leaves look similar to Macabeo, but with fine little hairs. Macabeo ( Alcañón or Viura in parts of Spain --> Macabeu in Catalan) is a variety of Wine Grape. Recent research in Spain into this bizarre clone indicates that it produces smaller berries with a thicker skin, which suggests a greater potential than the original for making fine wine. This is an active area of investigation.

Grenache Gris is widely planted in France in particular, but is declining under the current vine pull schemes. Vine pull schemes are programs whereby Grape growers receive a financial incentive to pull up their grape Vines a process known as arrachage in French

Grenache blanc is a major variety in its own right, particularly in France, where it is an important component of many white wines from the Rhône. Grenache blanc is a variety of white Wine Grape that is related to the red grape Grenache. It is often blended with Roussanne. Roussanne is a white Wine Grape grown originally in the Rhône wine region in France, where it is often blended with Marsanne

Grenache Noir was crossed with Petit Bouschet to give Alicante Bouschet, sometimes called Garnacha Tintorera. Alicante Bouschet is a Wine Grape variety that has been widely cultivated since 1866 It was an important grape during Prohibition, as its thick skins survived being transported from Californian vineyards to consumers, who were allowed to make small amounts of wine at home. Prohibition of alcohol, often referred to simply as prohibition, also known as Noble Experiment, refers to a Sumptuary law which prohibits Alcohol

In 1961, a cross between Grenache and Cabernet Sauvignon produced the French wine grape Marselan. Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the world's most widely recognized red Wine grape varieties. Marselan is a French wine grape that is a cross between Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache. ^[2]

Distribution and wines

Australia

A clone from Perpignan arrived in Australia with James Busby in 1832 collection. James Busby ( 7 February 1801 - 15 July 1871) was involved in the drafting of the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand More significant was the introduction into South Australia of new cuttings from the South of France, by Dr Christopher Rawson Penfold in 1844. South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country Plantings in South Australia boomed, particularly in McLaren Vale, the Barossa Valley and Clare Valley. McLaren Vale is a Wine region approximately 35 km south of Adelaide in South Australia. The Barossa Valley is a major wine-producing region and tourist destination of South Australia, located 60 km northeast of Adelaide. For the town in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines see Clare Valley Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. ^[3] Traditionally much of the production went into a fortified wine sold as 'port', but recently interest has turned to unfortified wines either as a single varietal or in "GSM" blends with Shiraz (Syrah) and Mataro (Mourvèdre). Mourvèdre, is a variety of red Wine Grape grown around the world These wines are often the product of old vines grown in excellent conditions, and can be very successful. Old vine ( French: vieilles vignes, German: alte Reben) is a term commonly used on Wine labels to indicate that a wine is the

France

Grenache can make three very different styles of wine in France, where it is planted on nearly 100,000 hectares in the Rhône valley and across the huge vineyards of Languedoc-Roussillon, where it may be known as Alicante or Carignane Rousse. As a single varietal it makes rosé wines throughout the region, although the most famous are from the Tavel district of the Côtes du Rhône. Grenache is best known for making dry red wines, sometimes as a single varietal but more commonly blended with more chewy grapes such as Cinsault and Mourvèdre. It forms the basis of the red wines of Gigondas and Châteauneuf-du-Pape, where 12 other grapes can be included in the blend. Gigondas is a commune of the Vaucluse département in southern France. Châteauneuf-du-Pape is a town and commune in the Vaucluse département in Provence, in southern France. Emmanuel Reynaud of Château Rayas in Chateauneuf du Pape, and Philippe Laurent of Domaine du Gramenon are notable proponents of Grenache as a single varietal.

Grenache is also used in vins doux naturels, sweet fortified wines from French Catalonia. Banyuls is the best known of the red vins doux naturels, but they are also made in Maury and Rivesaltes.

Italy

Grenache is known as Cannonau in Sardinia, where it may have originated and is still common.

Spain

Garnacha (Garnatxa in Catalan) used to be the most widely planted variety in its homeland of Spain, but has now been surpassed by the fast-expanding Tempranillo. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Tempranillo is a variety of black Grape widely grown to make full-bodied red wines Its name is the Diminutive of the Spanish temprano ("early" ^[1] It is still the dominant variety in southern Aragón, particularly in the Cariñena, Calatayud and Campo de Borja appellations. In the famous Catalan wine producing region of Priorat it is traditionally blended with the dominant Carignan. Priorat is a comarca (county in Catalonia, Spain. The central part of the comarca "Priorat històric" produces the famous and prestigious Carignan is a red Wine grape that originated in Cariñena Aragon and was later transplanted to Sardinia, elsewhere in Italy, France In Terra Alta, just southwest of the Priorat, the blend is often the same but many wineries have been begun to blend it with Cabernet and Syrah. Terra Alta is a sparsely populated inland comarca (county in Catalonia, Spain. Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the world's most widely recognized red Wine grape varieties.

USA

Grenache is grown in California's Central Valley. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The Central Valley is a large flat valley that dominates the central portion of the U

Vine and viticulture

The vine is upright, with good wind tolerance. Its natural vigour must be controlled for best results. The three-lobed leaves are yellowy-green, with no hairs on the undersurface unless it's the 'hairy' clone mentioned above. The medium-sized bunches are conical and winged, with blue-black berries.

In commercial production, the vine tends to alternate, with one 'good' year of production, followed by a 'lighter' year whilst it recuperates.

Synonyms

Abundante, Aleante, Aleantedi Rivalto, Aleante Poggiarelli, Alicant Blau, Alicante, Alicante Grenache, Aragones, Bois Jaune, Cannonaddu, Cannonadu Nieddu, Cannonau, Cannonau Selvaggio, Canonazo, Carignane Rosso, Elegante, Francese, Garnaccho Negro, Garnacha Comun, Garnacha Negra, Garnacha Roja, Garnacha Tinta, Garnatxa Negra, Garnatxa Pais, Gironet, Granaccia, Granaxa, Grenache Noir, Grenache Rouge, Kek Grenache, Lladoner, Mencida, Navaro, Navarra, Navarre de la Dordogne, Navarro, Negru Calvese, Ranconnat, Red Grenache, Redondal, Retagliadu Nieddu, Rivesaltes, Rousillon Tinto, Roussillon, Rouvaillard, Sans Pareil, Santa Maria de Alcantara, Tentillo, Tintella, Tintilla, Tinto Aragones, Tinto Menudo, Tinto Navalcarnero, Tocai Rosso, Toledana and Uva di Spagna. ^[4]

Synonyms for the hairy Grenache include Garnatca Peluda, Garnatxa Pelud, Lladoner Gris, Lladoner Pelud and Lledoner Pelut. ^[4]

See also

• Grenache blanc

Notes and references

Further reading

• Robinson, Jancis Vines, Grapes & Wines Mitchell Beazley 1986 ISBN 1857329996

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