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Green politics is a political ideology which places a high importance on ecological and environmental goals, and on achieving these goals through broad-based, grassroots, participatory democracy. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions A Green party' or ecologist party is a formally organized Political party based on the principles of Green politics. This list of Green topics includes people parties organizations and ideas associated with Green politics. Bright green environmentalism is an ideology based on the belief that New technologies and Social innovation provide the most successful path to Sustainable development Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. Ecofeminism is a social and political movement which attempts to unite Environmentalism and Feminism, with some currents linking Deep ecology and Eco-socialism, Green socialism or Socialist ecology is an Ideology merging aspects of Marxism, Socialism, Green politics Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. Green conservatism is a term used to refer to conservatives who have incorporated green concerns into their Ideology. Green liberalism is a term used to refer to liberals who have incorporated green concerns into their Ideology. Green libertarianism is a Political philosophy that has developed in the United States. Green syndicalism has been used as a name for the philosophy of the green guild or sustainable trades movement Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s The Global Greens is a global network of Green parties and political movements The Federation of Green Parties of Africa is the organization of Green parties in Africa, similar to other continental Green Party groupings like in the Americas The Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas is the organization of Green parties in North America and South America. The Asia-Pacific Green Network is a federation of national Green parties in countries in the Pacific Ocean and Asia, and is a member of the Global Greens The European Green Party (or European Greens or EGP) is the Green Political party at European level. The Four Pillars of the Green Party are a foundational statement of Green politics and form the basis of many Worldwide Green parties. The term ecological Wisdom, or Ecosophy, is a philosophy of ecological harmony or equilibrium Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than Grassroots democracy is a tendency towards designing political processes where as much decision-making authority as practical is shifted to the organization's lowest geographic Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. The conservation movement also known as nature conservation is a political social and to some extent scientific movement that seeks to protect natural resources including The global ecology movement is based upon environmental protection and is one of several new Social movements that emerged at the end of the sixties. Ecocentrism is a philosophy that recognizes that the Ecosphere, rather than any individual organism is the source and support of all life and as such advises a holistic and Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. This is a list of environmental issues that are due to human activity Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. For other meanings see Grass roots (disambiguation. A grassroots movement (often referenced in the context of a Political movement Participatory democracy is a process emphasizing the broad Participation (decision making of constituents in the direction and operation of political systems Green politics is advocated by supporters of the Green movement, which has been active through Green parties in many nations since the early 1980s. A Green party' or ecologist party is a formally organized Political party based on the principles of Green politics. The political term Green, a translation of the German Grün, was coined by die Grünen, the first successful Green party, formed in the late 1970s. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Alliance '90/The Greens ( Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) the German Green party, is a Political party in Germany whose regional The term political ecology is sometimes used in Europe and in academic circles.
Supporters of Green politics, called Greens, share many ideas with the ecology, conservation, environmental, feminist, and peace movements. The global ecology movement is based upon environmental protection and is one of several new Social movements that emerged at the end of the sixties. The conservation movement also known as nature conservation is a political social and to some extent scientific movement that seeks to protect natural resources including The environmental movement, a term that includes the conservation and green movements is a diverse scientific social and Political movement for The feminist movement (also known as the Women's Movement or Women's Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as Reproductive rights (sometimes A peace movement is a Social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or In addition to democracy and ecological issues, green politics is concerned with civil liberties, social justice and nonviolence. thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence.
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History and influences
Adherents to green politics tend to consider it to be part of a higher worldview and not simply a political ideology. Green politics draws its ethical stance from a variety of sources, from the values of indigenous peoples, to the ethics of Mohandas Gandhi, Spinoza and Uexküll. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, Jakob Johann von Uexküll ( September 8, 1864 - July 25, 1944) was a Baltic German biologist who had important achievements in the These people influenced green thought in their advocacy of long-term "seventh generation" foresight, and on the personal responsibility of every individual to make moral choices. Seven generations Sustainability is an ecological concept that admonishes the current generation of humans to be working for the benefit of the seventh generation into the future
Unease about adverse consequences of human actions on nature predates the modern concept of “environmentalism. ” Social commentators as far apart as ancient Rome and China complained of air, water and noise pollution. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National [1]
The philosophical roots of environmentalism can be traced back to enlightenment thinkers such as Rousseau in France and, later, the author and naturalist Thoreau in America. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Organised environmentalism began in late 19th Century Europe and the United States as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution with its emphasis on unbridled economic expansion. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the
“Green politics” first began as conservation movements; for example the Sierra Club, founded in San Francisco in 1892. Mission statement To explore enjoy and protect the wild places of the earth To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources To educate and The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city
The problematic history of “eco-fascism” has been extensively analysed in Germany, where the modern Green Party first became established as an important political force. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A Green party' or ecologist party is a formally organized Political party based on the principles of Green politics. [2] And there can be many superficial similarities between policies of Green parties and those of neo-fascist parties. [3]
Green platforms draw terminology from the science of ecology, and policy from environmentalism, deep ecology, feminism, pacifism, anarchism, libertarian socialism, social democracy, eco-socialism, and social ecology. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Eco-socialism, Green socialism or Socialist ecology is an Ideology merging aspects of Marxism, Socialism, Green politics Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s In the 1970s, as these movements grew in influence, green politics arose as a new philosophy which synthesized their goals.
In March of 1972 the world's first green party, the United Tasmania Group, was formed at a public meeting in Hobart, Australia. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Tasmania Group (UTG is generally acknowledged as the world's first Green Party. Hobart is the state capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. At about that same time, in Atlantic Canada, the Small Party was formed with similar goals. Atlantic Canada, also known as the Atlantic provinces, is the region of Canada comprising four provinces located on the Atlantic coast: [4] In May 1972, a meeting at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, launched the Values Party, the world's first countrywide green party to contest Parliamentary seats nationally. Victoria University of Wellington, also known in Māori as Te Whare Wānanga o te Ūpoko o te Ika a Māui was established in 1897 by Act of New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The Values Party, considered the world's first national-level environmentalist party that pre-dated any fashionable Green terminology was established in 1972 [5] A year later in 1973, Europe's first green party, the UK's Ecology Party, came into existence. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. The Green Party was a Green Political party in the United Kingdom
The first successful Green party was the German Greens, who contended in their first national election in 1980. The Alliance '90/The Greens ( Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) the German Green party, is a Political party in Germany whose regional Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) The German Greens drew support for their opposition to nuclear power, pollution, and the actions of NATO. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions The North Atlantic Treaty In the 1983 federal election, the Greens won 27 seats in the Bundestag. The Bundestag ("Federal Diet " or "Lower House of German Parliament" is the Parliament of Germany. It was this party that first coined the term "Green" ("Grün" in German) and adopted the sunflower symbol. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) is an Annual plant in the family Asteraceae and native to the Americas, with a large flowering Most importantly, the German Greens adopted the Four Pillars of the Green Party, a statement of the principles of Green politics which has been repeated by Green parties worldwide. The Four Pillars of the Green Party are a foundational statement of Green politics and form the basis of many Worldwide Green parties.
In Finland, in 1995, the Green League became the first European Green party to form part of a state-level Cabinet. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. This article refers to the political party for the university environmental performance table see The People & Planet Green League The Green League (in The German Greens followed, forming a government with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (the "Red-Green Alliance") from 1998 to 2005. In Politics, a red-green alliance is an alliance of "red" socialist or social democratic parties with "green" environmentalist Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 2001, they reached an agreement to end reliance on nuclear power in Germany, and agreed to remain in coalition and support the German government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder in the 2001 Afghan War. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions ˌɡeɐ̯haɐ̯t fʁɪʦ kʊɐ̯t ˈʃʁøːdɐ (born 7 April 1944 German politician, was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005 The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U This put them at odds with many Greens worldwide but demonstrated also that they were capable of difficult political tradeoffs.
Statements of principles
Since green politics emerged as an ideology, it has been defined by a few key green principles. The German Greens drafted the earliest statement of this kind, called the Four Pillars of the Green Party. The Four Pillars of the Green Party are a foundational statement of Green politics and form the basis of many Worldwide Green parties. The Four Pillars have been repeated by many green parties worldwide as a foundational statement of the green ideology:
In 1984, the Green Committees of Correspondence in the United States expanded the Four Pillars into Ten Key Values which, in addition to the Four Pillars mentioned above, include:
- Decentralization
- Community-based economics
- Post-patriarchal values (later translated to Feminism)
- Respect for diversity
- Global responsibility
- Future focus
In 2001, the Global Greens were organized as an international Green movement. The term ecological Wisdom, or Ecosophy, is a philosophy of ecological harmony or equilibrium Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a Society in which Justice is achieved in every aspect of society rather than Grassroots democracy is a tendency towards designing political processes where as much decision-making authority as practical is shifted to the organization's lowest geographic Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical Violence. Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) The Green Committees of Correspondence (CoC were founded in the summer of 1984 with the purpose of organizing local Green groups providing a clearinghouse and newsletter and working __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people Community-based economics or just community economics encourages local substitution and a rejection of outside Energy subsidy and coercion Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate The prerogative to respect diversity, often said to "begin with Biodiversity " of non-human life is basic to some 20th century studies such as Cultural ecology The Global Greens is a global network of Green parties and political movements The Global Greens Charter identified six guiding principles:
- Ecological wisdom
- Social justice
- Participatory democracy
- Nonviolence
- Sustainability
- Respect for diversity
Local movements
Green ideology emphasizes participatory democracy and the principle of "thinking globally, acting locally. The Global Greens Charter is a document that 800 delegates from the Green parties of 72 countries decided upon a first gathering of the Global Greens Participatory democracy is a process emphasizing the broad Participation (decision making of constituents in the direction and operation of political systems Sustainability, in a general sense is the capacity to maintain a certain process or state indefinitely Participatory democracy is a process emphasizing the broad Participation (decision making of constituents in the direction and operation of political systems Think Globally Act Locally was reportedly coined by David Brower, founder of Friends of the Earth, as the slogan for FOE when it was founded in 1969 although others " As such, the ideal Green Party is thought to grow from the bottom up, from neighborhood to municipal to (eco-)regional to national levels. The goal is rule by a consensus decision making process. WikipediaConsensus here as this is the article namespace and that information is irrelevant to the reader Strong local coalitions are considered a pre-requisite to higher-level electoral breakthroughs. Historically, Green growth has been sparked by a single issue where Greens can bridge the gap to ordinary citizens' concerns. In Germany, for example, the Greens' early opposition to nuclear power won them their first successes in the federal elections.
Global organization
There is a growing level of global cooperation between Green parties. Global gatherings of Green Parties now happen. The first Planetary Meeting of Greens was held May 30th-31st, in Rio de Janeiro, immediately preceding the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held there. More than 200 Greens from 28 nations attended. The first formal Global Greens Gathering took place in Canberra, in 2001, with more than 800 Greens from 72 countries in attendance. Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The next Global Green Gathering will be held in Nairobi, Kenya in 2008
Global Green networking dates back to 1990. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Following the Planetary Meeting of Greens in Rio de Janeiro, a Global Green Steering Committee was created, consisting of two seats for each continent. Rio de Janeiro ("River of January" ˈhiw dʒi ʒʌˈnejɾu in Brazilian Portuguese, /ˈriːoʊ di ʒəˈnɛroʊ/ in English is the second largest city of Brazil In 1993 this Global Steering Committee met in Mexico City and authorized the creation of a Global Green Network including a Global Green Calendar, Global Green Bulletin, and Global Green Directory. The Directory was issued in several editions in the next years. In 1996, 69 Green Parties from around the world signed a common declaration opposing French nuclear testing in the South Pacific, the first statement of global greens on a current issue. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) A second statement was issued in December 1997, concerning the Kyoto climate change treaty. [6]
At the 2001 Canberra Global Gathering delegates for Green Parties from 72 countries decided upon a Global Greens Charter which proposes six key principles. The Global Greens Charter is a document that 800 delegates from the Green parties of 72 countries decided upon a first gathering of the Global Greens Over time, each Green Party can discuss this and organize itself to approve it, some by using it in the local press, some by translating it for their web site, some by incorporating it into their manifesto, some by incorporating it into their constitution. [7] This process is taking place gradually, with online dialogue enabling parties to say where they are up to with this process. [8]
The Gatherings also agree on organizational matters. The first Gathering voted unanimously to set up the Global Green Network (GGN). The GGN is composed of three representatives from each Green Party. A companion organization was set up by the same resolution: Global Green Coordination (GGC). This is composed of three representatives from each Federation (Africa, Europe, The Americas, Asia/Pacific, see below). Discussion of the planned organization took place in several Green Parties prior to the Canberra meeting. [9] The GGC communicates chiefly by email. Any agreement by it has to be by unanimity of its members. It may identify possible global campaigns to propose to Green Parties world wide. The GGC may endorse statements by individual Green Parties. For example, it endorsed a statement by the US Green Party on the Israel-Palestine conflict. [10]
Thirdly, Global Green Gatherings are an opportunity for informal networking, from which joint campaigning may arise. For example, a campaign to protect the New Caledonian coral reef, by getting it nominated for World Heritage Status: a joint campaign by the New Caledonia Green Party, New Caldonian indigenous leaders, the French Green Party, and the Australian Greens. For the former North American fur-trading district see New Caledonia (Canada, and for the Scottish colony in Panama see Darien scheme. Les Verts (or The Greens are an Ecologist Political party to the Centre-left of the Political spectrum in France. The Australian Greens, commonly known as The Greens, is a Green Australian political party. [11] Another example concerns Ingrid Betancourt, the leader of the Green Party in Colombia, the Green Oxygen Party (Partido Verde Oxigeno). Ingrid Betancourt Pulecio (born December 25 1961) is a Colombian French politician former senator and anti- corruption Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Oxygen Green Party (Partido Verde Oxígeno was a Political party in Colombia founded in 1998. Ingrid Betancourt and the party's Campaign Manager, Claire Rojas, were kidnapped by a hard-line faction of FARC on 7 March 2002, while travelling in FARC-controlled territory. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo also known by the Acronym of See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Betancourt had spoken at the Canberra Gathering, making many friends. As a result, Green Parties all over the world have organized, pressing their governments to bring pressure to bear. For example, Green Parties in African countries, Austria, Canada, Brazil, Peru, Mexico, France, Scotland, Sweden and other countries have launched campaigns calling for Betancourt's release. Bob Brown, the leader of the Australian Greens, went to Colombia, as did an envoy from the European Federation, Alain Lipietz, who issued a report. Robert James Brown (born December 27, 1944) is an Australian Senator the inaugural Parliamentary Leader of the Australian Greens and the Alain Lipietz (born September 19 1947 Charenton-le-Pont as Alain Guy Lipiec) is a French engineer economist and politician [12]The four Federations of Green Parties issued a message to FARC. [13] Ingrid Betancourt and Claire Rojas are still prisoners, facing death. However, the efforts of the Green Parties shows their potential to unite and campaign jointly. [14]
Global Green meetings
Separately from the Global Green Gatherings, Global Green Meetings take place. For instance, one took place on the fringe of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesberg. The World Summit on Sustainable Development, WSSD or Earth Summit 2002 took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September Green Parties attended from Australia, Taiwan, Korea, South Africa, Mauritius, Uganda, Cameroon, Republic of Cyprus, Italy, France, Belgium, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Norway, the USA, Mexico and Chile. The Global Green Meeting discussed the situation of Green Parties on the African continent; heard a report from Mike Feinstein, former Mayor of Santa Monica, about setting up a web site of the GGN; discussed procedures for the better working of the GGC; and decided two topics on which the Global Greens could issue statements in the near future: Iraq and the 2003 WTO meeting in Cancun. Mike Feinstein is an American politician and a member of the Green Party.
Green federations
The member parties of the Global Greens are organised into four continental federations:
- Federation of Green Parties of Africa
- Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas / Federación de los Partidos Verdes de las Américas
- Asia-Pacific Green Network
- European Federation of Green Parties
The European Federation of Green Parties formed itself as the European Green Party on 22 February 2004, in the run-up to European Parliament elections in June 2004, a further step in trans-national integration. The Global Greens is a global network of Green parties and political movements The Federation of Green Parties of Africa is the organization of Green parties in Africa, similar to other continental Green Party groupings like in the Americas The Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas is the organization of Green parties in North America and South America. The Asia-Pacific Green Network is a federation of national Green parties in countries in the Pacific Ocean and Asia, and is a member of the Global Greens The European Green Party (or European Greens or EGP) is the Green Political party at European level. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
Green issues
Economics
Green economics focuses on the importance of the health of the biosphere to human well-being. Ecological economics is a Transdisciplinary field of academic research within Economics that aims to address the interdependence between human economies and natural The biosphere is the broadest level of ecological study the global sum of all Ecosystems. Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people Consequently, most Greens distrust conventional capitalism, as it tends to emphasize economic growth while ignoring ecological health; the "full cost" of economic growth often includes damage to the biosphere, which is unacceptable according to green politics. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time Full cost accounting (FCA generally refers to the process of collecting and presenting information (costs as well as advantages for each proposed alternative when a decision is necessary Green economics considers such growth to be "uneconomic growth"— material increase that nonetheless lowers overall quality of life. Uneconomic growth (or economic degrowth in Human development theory, Welfare economics (the economics of social welfare and some forms of Ecological economics
Some Greens refer to productivism, consumerism and scientism as "grey", as contrasted with "green", economic views. Productivism is the belief that measurable economic productivity and growth is the purpose of human organization (e Consumerism is the equation of personal Happiness with the purchase of material possessions and consumption. The term scientism can be used as a neutral term to describe the view that Natural science has authority over all other interpretations of life such as philosophical "Grey" implies age, concrete, and lifelessness.
Therefore, adherents to green politics advocate economic policies designed to safeguard the environment. Greens want governments to stop subsidizing companies that waste resources or pollute the natural world, subsidies that Greens refer to as "dirty subsidies". In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector A dirty subsidy is a payment or incentive by a Government to a private Corporation (or another level of government that encourages Waste of raw materials Some currents of green politics place automobile and agribusiness subsidies in this category, as they may harm human health. On the contrary, Greens look to a green tax shift that will encourage both producers and consumers to make ecologically friendly choices. Ecotax, short for Ecological taxation, can refer to A policy that introduces taxes intended to promote ecologically sustainable activities via economic incentives
Green economics is on the whole anti-globalist. " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Economic globalization is considered a threat to well-being, which will replace natural environments and local cultures with a single trade economy, termed the global economic monoculture. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones New totalitarianism is a term coined by Ethicist John McMurtry to describe the Political economy implied by so-called Market theology; in other
Since green economics emphasizes biospheric health, an issue outside the traditional left-right spectrum, different currents within green politics incorporate ideas from socialism and capitalism. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Greens on the Left are often identified as Eco-socialists, who merge ecology and environmentalism with socialism and Marxism and blame the capitalist system for environmental degradation, social injustice, inequality and conflict. Eco-socialism, Green socialism or Socialist ecology is an Ideology merging aspects of Marxism, Socialism, Green politics Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Eco-capitalists, on the other hand, believe that the free market system, with some modification, is capable of addressing ecological problems. Eco-capitalism is one of several strategies of the Green movement and Green Parties. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers
Participatory democracy
Since the beginning, green politics has emphasized local, grassroots-level political activity and decision-making. For other meanings see Grass roots (disambiguation. A grassroots movement (often referenced in the context of a Political movement According to its adherents, it is crucial that citizens play a direct role in the decisions that influence their lives and their environment. Therefore, green politics seeks to increase the role of deliberative democracy, based on direct citizen involvement and consensus decision making, wherever it is feasible. Deliberative democracy also sometimes called discursive democracy, is a term used by some political theorists to refer to any system of political decisions based WikipediaConsensus here as this is the article namespace and that information is irrelevant to the reader
Green politics also encourages political action on the individual level, such as ethical consumerism, or buying things that are made according to environmentally ethical standards. Ethical consumerism is buying products and services that are made ethically. Indeed, many green parties emphasize individual and grassroots action at the local and regional levels over electoral politics. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office Historically, green parties have grown at the local level, gradually gaining influence and spreading to regional or provincial politics, only entering the national arena when there is a strong network of local support.
In addition, many Greens believe that governments should not levy taxes against strictly local production and trade. Some Greens advocate new ways of organizing authority to increase local control, including urban secession and bioregional democracy. Urban secession is a city's Secession from its surrounding region to form a new political unit Bioregionalism is a term used to describe a political cultural and environmental system based on naturally-defined areas called bioregions or Ecoregions Bioregions are defined
Other issues
Green politics on the whole is opposed to nuclear power and the buildup of persistent organic pollutants, supporting adherence to the precautionary principle, by which technologies are rejected unless they can be proven to not cause significant harm to the health of living things or the biosphere. The anti-nuclear movement is a loosely-linked international social movement opposed to the use of nuclear technologies Persistent organic pollutants ( POP s are organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic The precautionary principle is a moral and political principle which states that if an action or policy might cause severe or irreversible harm to the public or to the environment in the The biosphere is the broadest level of ecological study the global sum of all Ecosystems. In Germany and Sweden programs have been initiated to shut down all nuclear plants (known as nuclear power phase-out). Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.
In the spirit of nonviolence, Green politics opposes the War on Terrorism and the curtailment of civil rights, focusing instead on nurturing deliberative democracy in war-torn regions and the construction of a civil society with an increased role for women. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U Deliberative democracy also sometimes called discursive democracy, is a term used by some political theorists to refer to any system of political decisions based Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning Society as opposed to the force-backed
Although Greens in the United States "call for an end to the 'War on Drugs'" and "for decriminalization of victimless crimes", they also call for developing "a firm approach to law enforcement that directly addresses violent crime, including trafficking in hard drugs" [15] . One of the Political parties in the United States, and similar in mission to many of the worldwide Green Parties, the Greens have been active as a third party The War on Drugs is a prohibition campaign undertaken by the United States government with the assistance of participating countries intended to reduce the Illegal The term victimless crime refers to infractions of Criminal law without any identifiable Corpus delicti, or evidence of an Individual that
Green platforms generally favor tariffs on fossil fuels, restricting genetically modified organisms, and protections for ecoregions or communities. Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. This article is about organisms which have been genetically modified An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. In keeping with their commitment to the preservation of diversity, greens are often committed to the maintenance and protection of indigenous communities, languages, and traditions. An example of this is the Irish Green Party's commitment to the preservation of the Irish Language. The Green Party (Comhaontas Glas lit Green Alliance) is a green Political party in Ireland. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. [16]
Currents
Green politics is usually said to include the green anarchism, eco-anarchism, anti-nuclear and peace movements - although these often claim not to be aligned with any party. Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. The anti-nuclear movement is a loosely-linked international social movement opposed to the use of nuclear technologies A peace movement is a Social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or all wars minimize inter-human violence in a particular place or Some claim it also includes feminism, pacifism and the animal rights movements. Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. Most Greens support special policy measures to empower women, especially mothers; to oppose war and de-escalate conflicts and stop proliferating technologies useful in conflict or likely to lead to conflict, and such radical measures as Great Ape personhood. Great ape personhood is a movement to create legal recognition of Bonobos Common chimpanzees Gorillas and Orangutans (the non- Human
Greens on the Left adhere to Eco-socialism, an ideology that combines ecology, environmentalism, socialism and Marxism to criticise the capitalist system as the cause of ecological crises, social exclusion, inequality and conflict. Eco-socialism, Green socialism or Socialist ecology is an Ideology merging aspects of Marxism, Socialism, Green politics Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Many Green Parties are not avowedly eco-socialist but most Green Parties around the world have or have had a large Eco-socialist membership. Eco-socialism, Green socialism or Socialist ecology is an Ideology merging aspects of Marxism, Socialism, Green politics This has led some on the right to refer to Greens as "watermelons" — green on the outside, red in the middle. [17]
Despite this stereotype, some centrist Greens follow more geo-libertarian views which emphasize natural capitalism — and shifting taxes away from value created by labor or service and charging instead for human consumption of the wealth created by the natural world. Geolibertarianism is a Political movement that strives to reconcile Libertarianism and Georgism (or geoism) Natural Capitalism Creating the Next Industrial Revolution is a 1999 book co-authored by Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins and Hunter Lovins. Greens may view the processes by which living beings compete for mates, homes, and food, ecology, and the cognitive and political sciences very differently. These differences tend to drive debate on ethics, formation of policy, and the public resolution of these differences in leadership races. There is no single Green Ethic.
Critique of green policy
Critics sometimes claim that the universal and immersive nature of ecology, and the necessity of converting some of it to serve humanity, predisposes the movement towards authoritarian and intrusive policies, particularly with regard to the means of production, as these sustain human life. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of
Skeptics point out that industrial nations are in the best position to adopt state-of-the-art clean energy and corresponding high pollution standards — and that Green Parties advocate going against economic progress. Green energy is a term used to describe sources of energy that are considered to be Environmentally friendly and non- polluting. However, Greens respond that industrial nations are still those which use the most resources, and contribute most to climate change, and that as the poor world develops, we must help it develop with renewable rather than finite/carbon-based energy sources. Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences
A further criticism is that Green parties are strongest among the well educated in the developed world, while many policies could be seen as operating against the interests of the poor both in rich countries and globally. For example, some Greens support increases in the indirect taxation of goods ("ecotax") which they perceive to be polluting. Ecotax, short for Ecological taxation, can refer to A policy that introduces taxes intended to promote ecologically sustainable activities via economic incentives This can result in the less well off paying a higher share of the tax burden because more of their income goes to purchasing essentials. Green defenders of the shift towards ecotaxes respond that the poor are often the first and greatest victims of environmental degradation and do not have the resources to adapt or move away. Protecting ecosystems therefore protects the poor even more than the rich who can better adapt or move. Furthermore, equity positive tax or refund adjustments can be made to the progressive income tax system to compensate for any socially regressive consequences of the green tax shift.
Globally, Green opposition to heavy industry is seen by critics as acting against the interests of rapidly industrialising poor countries such as China or Thailand. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj A counter view is that emerging nations from the South would benefit environmentally and economically given the rising cost of fossil fuels by leap-frogging the fossil-driven industrial stage and moving directly to the post-fossil powered stage of production.
Green participation in the anti-globalisation movement, and the leading role taken by Green parties in countries such as the United States in opposing free trade agreements, also leads critics to argue that Greens are against opening up rich country markets to goods from the developing world, although many Greens would argue that they are in favour of trade justice - Fair trade over Free Trade. " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Contrary to the above view, Greens in Europe advocate the lowering of trade barriers and argue for the elimination of export subsidies for agricultural products in the industralised nations.
Critics argue that Greens have a Luddite view of technology, opposing technologies such as genetic modification which their critics see as positive. The Luddites were a Social movement of British Textile artisans in the early Nineteenth century who protested&mdashoften by destroying mechanized Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct Greens have often taken the lead in raising concerns about public health issues such as obesity which critics see as a modern form of moral panic. Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society organisations Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected A moral panic can be defined as "the intensity of feeling expressed by a large number of people about a specific group of people who appear to threaten the social order at a given Whereas a technophobic point of view can be found in the early Green movement and parties, Greens today reject the accusation of Luddism, countering that their policies of sustainable growth encourage 'clean' technological innovation like renewable energy and anti-pollution technology.
References
- ^ Keys, David. "How Rome polluted the world," Geographical, December 2003. http://www.geographical.co.uk/Home/index.html
- ^ Staudenmaier, Peter. "Fascist Ecology: The 'Green Wing' of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents.". Retrieved on 2008-03-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland
- ^ Biehl, Janet. "'Ecology' and the Modernization of Fascism in the German Ultra-right. " http://www.spunk.org/texts/places/germany/sp001630/janet.html
- ^ Brief note about the Small Party on Green Party of Canada website
- ^ Greens in Time and Space: The History of The Green Party
- ^ Global Greens - A Brief History of the Global Green Network
- ^ [1]
- ^ hpG - O mundo é de quem faz - O maior conteúdo da internet
- ^ [2]
- ^ 04.10.02: Global Greens on Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
- ^ [3]PDF (523 KiB)
- ^ Devuelve a Ingrid Viva
- ^ [4]
- ^ Devuelve a Ingrid Viva
- ^ U.S. Green Party platform:Criminal Justice www. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International gp. org
- ^ http://www.greenparty.ie/library/discussion_documents/gaeilge_staidph_ip_ar
- ^ "watermelon" definition from Double-Tongued Dictionary
See also
- Activism
- Deep ecology
- Eco-capitalism
- Eco-feminism
- Eco-socialism
- Ecotax
- Ecological humanities
- Environmental organizations
- Environmentalism
- Gaian Greens
- Green economics
- Green liberalism
- Green conservatism
- Green syndicalism
- Social ecology
- Viridian Greens
- Wild Greens youth movement of New Zealand Green Party
External links
- Global Greens Charter, Canberra 2001
- California Green Archives
- Ecology and Society - book on politics and sociology of environmentalism
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