Citizendia
Your Ad Here

For other uses of greenbelt and green belt, see Green belt (disambiguation).

In United Kingdom town planning, the green belt is a policy for controlling urban growth. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A green belt or greenbelt is a policy or land use designation used in Land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped wild or agricultural land The idea is for a ring of countryside where urbanisation will be resisted for the foreseeable future, maintaining an area where agriculture, forestry and outdoor leisure can be expected to prevail. Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing The fundamental aim of green belt policy is to prevent urban sprawl by keeping land permanently open, and consequently the most important attribute of green belts is their openness.

It was first proposed around London by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Town and Country Planning Act 1947 then allowed local authorities to include green belt proposals in their development plans. The Town and Country Planning Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo VI c 51 was an Act of Parliament in the United Kingdom passed by the post-war Labour government In 1955, Minister of Housing Duncan Sandys encouraged local authorities around the country to consider protecting land around their towns and cities by the formal designation of clearly-defined green belts. Edwin Duncan Sandys Baron Duncan-Sandys CH PC ( 24 January 1908 &ndash 26 November 1987) was a British Politician [1][2]

Contents

Green belt policy for England and Wales

The Government sets out its policies and principles towards the green belts defined by local authorities in England and Wales in Planning Policy Guidance Note 2: Green Belts [3]. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Planning Policy Guidance 2 Green belts commonly abbreviated as PPG 2, is a document produced by the British Government to advise Local planning authorities Local Councils are strongly urged to follow PPG2's detailed advice when considering whether to permit additional development in the green belt, or to assent to new uses being made of existing premises. In the green belt there is a general presumption against inappropriate development, unless very special circumstances can be demonstrated to show that the benefits of the development will outweigh the harm caused to the green belt. PPG2 also sets out a number of examples of what would constitute appropriate or inappropriate development in the green belt.

According to PPG2, there are five stated purposes of including land within the green belt:

Once an area of land has been defined as green belt, opportunities and benefits include:

Green belt areas in England

By 2003, fourteen distinct green belts collectively restrict about 13 percent of England. In order of decreasing size these are as follows:

Area
(km²)		 Cities
5,133 London (The Metropolitan Green Belt)
2,578 North West (Merseyside and Greater Manchester)
2,556 South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire
2,315 West Midlands
825 South west Hampshire and South east Dorset (Bournemouth/Poole, New Forest)
688 Avon (Bristol and Bath)
663 Tyne and Wear
618 Nottingham and Derby
441 Stoke-on-Trent
350 Oxford
267 Cambridge
262 York
70 Gloucester and Cheltenham
7 Burton upon Trent and Swadlincote
16,766 Total

Green belt in Scotland

Green belt policy in Scotland is set out in Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) 21, published by the Scottish Executive in 2006. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. North West England is one of the nine official Regions of England. Merseyside is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 1365900 Greater Manchester is a Metropolitan county in North West England, with a population of 2 Divisions and environs South Yorkshire is divided into four local government districts they are the City of Sheffield, the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster West Yorkshire is a Metropolitan county within the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England with a population of The West Midlands is a Metropolitan county in western central England with a population of 2591300 Wildlife Hampshire has wildlife typical of the island of Great Britain Dorset ( (or archaically, Dorsetshire) is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast Bournemouth ( is a large coastal resort town in the Borough of Bournemouth in Dorset, England. Poole ( is a large coastal town and seaport in Dorset on the south coast of England The New Forest is an area of southern England which includes the largest remaining tracts of unenclosed pasture land heathland and Forest in the heavily-populated The former County of Avon was a non-metropolitan county and ceremonial county in the west of England, named after the River Avon, which Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London Bath is a city in Somerset in the south west of England It is situated west of London and south-east of Bristol. Nottingham ( is a city in the Ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England. Derby (pronounced "dar-bee" /dˈɑːbɪ/ is a city in the East Midlands of England. Stoke-on-Trent ( often abbreviated to Stoke) is a city in Staffordshire, England which forms a linear Conurbation almost 12 miles (19 Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. Gloucester (ˈɡlɒstɚ) is a city, district and County town of Gloucestershire in the South West region of England. Education Burton upon Trent, also known as Burton-on-Trent or simply Burton, is a large town straddling the River Trent in the east of Staffordshire, Swadlincote is a town and Unparished area in the district of South Derbyshire, Derbyshire, England. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Scottish Government (SG ( Scottish Gaelic: Riaghaltas na h-Alba) is the executive arm of the government of Scotland.

History

The introduction of green belts was the culmination of over 50 years of environmentalist pressure with roots in the garden city movement and widespread academic interest in combating urban sprawl and ribbon development, as well as pressure from campaign groups such as the Campaign to Protect Rural England (CPRE). The garden city movement is an approach to Urban planning that was founded in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its Suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area Ribbon development means building houses along the roads radiating from a town The Campaign to Protect Rural England ( CPRE) is a registered charity with over 60000 members and supporters

Implementation of the notion dated from Herbert Morrison's 1934 leadership of the London County Council. Herbert Stanley Morrison Baron Morrison of Lambeth, CH PC ( 3 January 1888 &ndash 6 March 1965) was a British Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. London County Council (LCC was the principal local government body for the County of London, throughout its 1889-1965 existence and the first London-wide general municipal It was first formally proposed by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935, "to provide a reserve supply of public open spaces and of recreational areas and to establish a green belt or girdle of open space". London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. It was again included in an advisory Greater London Plan prepared by Patrick Abercrombie in 1944. Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie ( 6 June 1879 in Ashton upon Mersey &mdash 23 March 1957 in Aston Tirrold, Didcot Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. However, it was some 14 years before the elected local authorities responsible for the area around London had all defined the area on scaled maps with some precision.

New provisions for compensation in the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act allowed local authorities around the country to incorporate green belt proposals in their first development plans. The development plan is an aspect of Town and country planning in the Sri Lanka comprising a set of documents which set out the Local Authorities policies The codification of Green Belt policy and its extension to areas other than London came with the historic Circular 42/55 inviting local planning authorities to consider the establishment of Green Belts.

As the outward growth of London was seen to be firmly repressed, residents owning properties further from the built-up area also campaigned for this policy of urban restraint, partly to safeguard their own investments but often invoking an idealised scenic/rustic argument which laid the blame for most social ills upon urban influences. In mid-1971, for example, the government decided to extend the Metropolitan Green Belt northwards to include almost all of Hertfordshire. Year 1971 ( MCMLXXI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1971 Gregorian calendar. Hertfordshire (ˈhɑːtfədʃə(r, abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in the East region of The Metropolitan Green Belt now covers parts of 68 different Districts or Boroughs.

Criticisms of green belt policy

Several academics, policy groups and town planning organisations in recent years have criticised the idea and implementation of green belts in the UK, on the grounds that the policy is too rigid in the face of new urban and environmental challenges, and can act counter to the promotion of sustainable patterns of development. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present In particular, there is a concern that development can "leapfrog" green belts, leading to more people commuting longer distances to work, often by car. It is also sometimes claimed that areas of green belt can be of unremarkable environmental quality, and may not be well managed or provide the recreational opportunities originally envisaged. [3]

The Town and Country Planning Association, an organisation heavily involved in initiating the concept several decades previously, published a policy statement in 2002[4] which proposed a more flexible policy which would allow the introduction of green wedge and strategic gap policies rather than green belts, and so permit the expansion of some urban areas. The Town and Country Planning Association is England's oldest environmental charity Similarly, in October 2007, Sir Martin Doughty, Chair of Natural England, argued for a review of green belts, saying: "The time has come for a greener green belt. Natural England is a Non-Departmental Public Body of the UK government. We need a 21st century solution to England's housing needs which puts in place a network of green wedges, gaps and corridors, linking the natural environment and people. "[5].

More radical commentators such as James Heartfield[6] and Alan Evans[7] have called for outright abolition of green belts, principally on the grounds that by inhibiting the free use of land they restrict home ownership. Lewis F. Abbott has criticised the greenbelts for having “hindered normal organic suburban growth, raised the costs of land, and diverted new housing developments to altogether less suitable sites elsewhere”. [8]

However, in England the concept of "green belt" has become entrenched as a fundamental part of government policy, and the possibility of reviewing boundaries is often viewed with considerable hostility by local communities and their elected representatives[9][10].

Related concepts

The general concept of "green belt" has evolved in recent years to encompass "Greenspace" and "Greenstructure", taking into account urban greenspace, an important aspect of sustainable development in the 21st century. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present However, these concepts are quite distinct in the UK from the green belt as a statutory development plan designation. In 2005, the European Commission's COST Action C11 (European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research) undertook in-depth city case studies into cities across 15 European countries. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. Sheffield was one such case study city for the UK. Sheffield ( is a city and Metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England Conclusions were published in "Case studies in Greenstructure Planning".

See also

References

  1. ^ BBC NEWS | UK | Q&A: England's green belt
  2. ^ Geography; An Integrated Approach - David Waugh
  3. ^ Housebuilding and the New Homes Market: A Survey, Industrial Systems Research Publications, Manchester UK. A green belt or greenbelt is a policy or land use designation used in Land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped wild or agricultural land The London commuter belt is the Metropolitan area surrounding London, England from which it is possible to commute to work in the capital Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in the center of a city to avoid Urban sprawl; and advocates compact An urban growth boundary', or UGB, is a regional boundary set in an attempt to control Urban sprawl by allowing the area inside the boundary for higher Revised second edition 2008. Chapter three: "Housebuilding and Land (2): Political and Legal Influences. " ISBN 978-0-906321-45-4. [1]
  4. ^ http://www.tcpa.org.uk/policy_files/g-beltsPS.pdf
  5. ^ Time for a greener green belt, says Natural England
  6. ^ Don’t protect the Green Belt - build on it | spiked
  7. ^ Call for green belt rules to be scrapped | Society | guardian.co.uk
  8. ^ Political Barriers To Housebuilding In Britain: A Critical Case Study Of Protectionism & Its Industrial-Commercial Effects. Industrial Systems Research Publications, Manchester UK. New edition 2002. Chapter two: “Greenbelt Barriers To Urban Expansion. ” ISBN 978-0-906321-21-8. [2]
  9. ^ Oxford Green Belt Network Website
  10. ^ Friends of the Earth: Press Release: National Save the Green Belt Rally Takes Place at Stevenage

External links

Urbanizationn (also spelled urbanisation) is the physical growth of Urban areas into rural or natural land as a result of population in-migration to an existing
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic