Israel's 1949 Green Line (dark green) and demilitarized zones (light green).

The term Green Line is used to refer to the 1949 Armistice lines established between Israel and its neighbours (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria) after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, or Israeli War of Independence. The 1949 Armistice Agreements are a set of agreements signed during 1949 between Israel and its neighbors Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (الأردنّ al-Urdunn) is an Arab country in Southwest Asia spanning the southern Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية The Green Line separates Israel not only from these countries but from territories Israel would later capture in the 1967 Six-Day War, including the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and Sinai Peninsula (the latter has since been returned to Egypt). Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west Borders of Israel The Golan Heights ( الجولان al-Jawlān, הגולן ha-Golan) is a strategic Plateau and mountainous The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Its name is derived from the green pencil used to draw the line on the map during the talks. ^[1][2]

Overview

The Israeli side of the Green Line encompasses 78. 5% of what was Palestine in 1947. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine or United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 was a plan approved by the General Assembly on November 29 Although the line does not denote an official border, as is explicitly stated in ("military considerations only"), in practice it is largely used to differentiate between those areas within the Israeli side of the Line, which are administered as part of the State of Israel, and the areas outside it, which are either administered by the Israeli military or in agreements with the Palestinian National Authority. The Israel Defense Forces ( IDF) (צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, lit ^[3][4] The extended municipality of Jerusalem constitutes one exception to this: although the parts ruled by Jordan until 1967 fall outside the Green Line, Israel has informally annexed them according to the Basic Jerusalem Law (1980). Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The West Bank and East Jerusalem were occupied by Jordan (formerly Transjordan) for a period of nearly two decades (1948&ndash1967 starting The Basic Laws of Israel (חוקי יסוד Hokei Yesod) are a key component of Israel 's Unwritten constitution. The Jerusalem Law is a common name of Basic Law Jerusalem Capital of Israel passed by the Knesset on July 30, 1980 (17th Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) Other nations' positions on Jerusalem vary. Israel has De facto control over all of Jerusalem. However there are many differing legal and diplomatic positions on Jerusalem.

The Golan Heights are another exception, having been informally annexed with the Golan Heights Law (1981). Borders of Israel The Golan Heights ( الجولان al-Jawlān, הגולן ha-Golan) is a strategic Plateau and mountainous The Golan Heights Law is the Israeli law which applies Israel's government and laws to the Golan Heights. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Israeli Settlements are also subject to the laws of the State of Israel rather than its military or the PNA's laws. Israeli settlements are communities inhabited by Israelis in territory that was captured as a result of Jordanian attacks during the 1967 Six-Day War. As of December 2005, the Line formally divides the areas of operation of the Israeli Magen David Adom and the Palestine Red Crescent Society, although the former is still responsible for care in Israeli settlements. PortalCurrent events News collections and sources See WikipediaNews collections and sources. The Magen David Adom (מגן דוד אדום abbr MDA or Mada) is Israel 's national emergency medical, disaster, Ambulance The Palestine Red Crescent Society was founded in 1968, by Fathi Arafat, Yassar Arafat 's brother ^[5]

Impact

The sections of the Line that delineate the boundaries between Israel on the one hand, and the West Bank and Gaza on the other, separated heavily populated regions. As such, drawing the precise line was complicated and the harm caused to settlements on its periphery was great. The majority of the line corresponds to the military front of the 1948 War, and while the considerations dictating its placement were primarily military, it soon became clear that in many places it divided towns and villages and separated farmers from their fields. Consequently, the Green Line underwent various slight adjustments, and special arrangements were made for limited movement in certain areas. ^[6]

Most impacted were (and for the most part, remain) Jerusalem, which the Line divided in half, into East and West Jerusalem; the city of Qalqilyah, which virtually became a Jordanian enclave within Israel, with only a narrow passage connecting it with the West Bank; and the village of Barta'a, which, partially due to errors on the map, was left with one third of its area on the Israeli side and two thirds outside of it. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the East Jerusalem refers to the part of Jerusalem captured by Jordan in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and subsequently by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. West Jerusalem may refer to Those parts of the city of Jerusalem captured by Israel in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Qalqilyah ( Arabic قلقيلية Qalqīlyaḧ; Hebrew קַלְקִילִיָה) is a Palestinian city in the West Bank. Barta'a (برطعة בַּרְטַּעָה is a town that straddles both sides of the Green Line in the Wadi Ara region Kibbutz Ramat Rachel was left almost enitrely outside the Israeli portion of the Green Line. A kibbutz ( Hebrew: קיבוץ קִבּוּץ lit "gathering clustering" plural kibbutzim) is a collective community in Ramat Rachel (רמת רחל lit Rachel's Heights is a Kibbutz located south of Jerusalem in Israel. ^[6]

Jewish population

During the war, a number of male Jews who resided east of the Line, including the Jewish Quarter of the Old City, were taken prisoner by the Jordanians, while women and children were allowed safe passage. For the article on Jewish Quarters throughout the Jewish diaspora, see Jewish Quarter (diaspora The Jewish The Old City (העיר העתיקה HaIr HaAtika, البلدة القديمة al-Balda al-Qadimah) is a 0 Many of the Gush Etzion inhabitants were killed. The Kfar Etzion massacre was an act committed by Arab armed forces on May 13, 1948, the day before the Declaration of Independence of the state The prisoners were returned to Israel after the war. ^[3]

In July 8, 1948, the Jewish inhabitants of Kfar Darom and Naharayim were evacuated by Israel due to military pressure by Egypt and Jordan respectively. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Kfar Darom (כפר דרום lit South Village) was a Kibbutz and Israeli settlement within the Gush Katif bloc in the Gaza Strip Israel also withdrew villages in the Lebanese Upper Galilee, whereas Syria withdrew from Mishmar HaYarden. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية "Galil" redirects here For the weapon see IMI Galil. Galilee (הגליל ha-Galil, lit the province, This article is about the existing moshav For the village destroyed in 1948 see Mishmar HaYarden Palestine.

Since the victory in the Six-Day War in 1967, successive Israeli governments have promoted the establishment of Jewish settlements south and east of the Line. Israeli settlements are communities inhabited by Israelis in territory that was captured as a result of Jordanian attacks during the 1967 Six-Day War. From August to September 2005, Israel unilaterally disengaged from the Gaza Strip and evacuated the Jewish population who lived south of the Line in Gaza back to sovereign Israeli territory. PortalCurrent events News collections and sources WikipediaNews collections and sources. PortalCurrent events News collections and sources WikipediaNews collections and sources. Israel's unilateral disengagement plan ( Hebrew: תוכנית ההתנתקות Tokhnit HaHitnatkut or תוכנית ההינתקות Tokhnit HaHinatkut in In 2006, with Ehud Olmert's Convergence plan, Israel had future plans to disengage (if necessary, unilaterally) from much of the West Bank (east of the Line), by 2007 or 2008. Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader The realignment plan (תוכנית ההתכנסות (originally dubbed the "convergence plan" was formulated and introduced to the Israeli public by prime minister Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Following the 2006 Israel-Gaza conflict and the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, however, the plan increasingly fell off the national agenda. Background See also Israel-Lebanon conflict The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO had engaged in cross-border attacks from Southern Lebanon Unlike the Gaza disengagement, this was expected to correspond much less with the Green Line, primarily by retaining Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem — forming, together with West Jerusalem, Israel's united capital in accordance with Israel's domestic 1980 Jerusalem Law — and the large Jewish settlement blocks in the West Bank. The Jerusalem Law is a common name of Basic Law Jerusalem Capital of Israel passed by the Knesset on July 30, 1980 (17th As well, some of the border was likely to be drawn in relation to the West Bank Barrier. West bank walljpg|thumb|Aerial view looking east from the Israeli side (See map)

Arab population

The majority of Arabs who had inhabited what became the Israeli side of the Line either fled or were expelled during the war. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The 1948 Palestinian exodus (الهجرة الفلسطينية al-Hijra al-Filasteeniya) referred to by Palestinians as al Naqba (النكبة Those Arabs who remained generally became Israeli citizens. The Umm al-Fahm-Baqa al-Gharbiyye-Tira area, known in Israel as "the Triangle," was originally designated to fall under Jordanian jurisdiction, but Israel insisted on having it within its side of the Line, due to military and strategic reasons. Umm al-Fahm (أمّ الفحم ʼUmm al-Faḥm, אֻם אל-פַחְם is a city in the Haifa District of Israel with a population of 45000 nearly Baqa al-Gharbiyye (باقة الغربية באקה אל-גרביה בָּקַה אל-עַ'רְבִּיָּה lit For other uses see Tira. Tira (الطـّيرة al-Tira, טִירָה is a city in the Center District of Israel in To achieve this, a territorial swap was negotiated with Transjordan, giving the latter Israeli territory in the southern hills of Hebron in exchange for "the Triangle" villages in Wadi Ara. The Emirate of Transjordan ( Arabic: ar إمارة شرق الأردن) was a former Ottoman territory incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine Hebron ( al-Ḫalīl or al-Khalīl, Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron Tiberian Hebrew: Ḥeḇrôn is the largest city in the West Bank, located in the south ^[3]

During the Six Day War, Israel captured and occupied territories outside the Green Line which were inhabited by over a million Palestinian Arabs, including refugees from the 1947-1949 war. Background Suez Crisis aftermath The Suez Crisis of 1956 represented a military defeat but a political victory for Egypt The are the territories captured by Israel from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria during the Six-Day War of 1967 consisting of the West Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[7] The Green Line remained the administrative border between these territories (with the exception of Jerusalem) and the areas inside the Israeli side of the Green Line.

In 1967, East Jerusalem was annexed into Israel, with its Arab inhabitants given permanent residency status. Permanent residency refers to a person's visa status the person is allowed to reside indefinitely within a country despite not having Citizenship. They could apply for Israeli citizenship, but virtually none of them chose to do so. Domestically, the status of East Jerusalem as part of Israel was further entrenched with the Jerusalem Law of 1980. The Basic Laws of Israel (חוקי יסוד Hokei Yesod) are a key component of Israel 's Unwritten constitution. Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 , although non-binding, determined the law null and void. United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared Israel's 1980 " Jerusalem Law " which declared Jerusalem to be In 1981, the rule of law of the State of Israel was extended to the Golan Heights with the Golan Heights Law in what can be seen as an informal annexation. Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 The rule of law, in its most basic form is the principle that no one is above the law The Golan Heights Law is the Israeli law which applies Israel's government and laws to the Golan Heights.

The Green Line and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

The question of whether or to what extent Israel should withdraw its population and forces to its side of the Green Line remains a crucial issue in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Although the Palestinians were not party to the drawing of the Line, its existence plays a key role for the boundaries of the future state they seek. Proposals for a Palestinian state (دولة فلسطين refer to the proposed establishment of an independent state for the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip, which is currently

From the early 1970s on, some elements in the Palestinian national movement, notably in Fatah and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), mooted the possibility of the establishment of a Palestinian state on the territories occupied in 1967. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Fatah (فتح literally opening, is a reverse Acronym from the Arabic name Harakat al-Tahrir al-Watani al-Filastini (حركة التحرير The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP ( Arabic: ' الجبهة الديموقراطية لتحرير فلسطين', transliterated Al-Jabha Nevertheless, the PLO did not recognize it as a prospective border between a Palestinian state and an Israeli state until the Palestinian Declaration of Independence in 1988, where this was hinted at. The Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO) (منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية or Munazzamat al-Tahrir al-Filastiniyyah) is a political and paramilitary The Palestinian Declaration of Independence was an attempt to create a "Palestinian state" (see Proposals for a Palestinian state for other attempts Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) This was further highlighted in the Oslo Accords in 1993. Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Oslo Accords, officially called the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements or Declaration of Principles Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar)

Unlike Fatah, Hamas, which following the Palestinian legislative election of 2006 controls the Palestinian Legislative Council and Prime Ministership (Fatah controls the Presidency), formally refuses to see the Green Line or one roughly corresponding to it as a prospective border between Israel and a future State of Palestine. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة On January 25 2006, elections were held for the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC the legislature of the Palestinian National Authority The Palestinian Legislative Council (sometimes referred to as the Palestinan Parliament) the Legislature of the Palestinian Authority, is a Unicameral The Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority is the Head of government of the Palestinian government The President of the Palestinian National Authority ( رئيس السلطة الوطنية الفلسطينية) is the highest-ranking political position (equivalent to Proposals for a Palestinian state (دولة فلسطين refer to the proposed establishment of an independent state for the Palestinian people in the Gaza Strip, which is currently Smaller parties and groups such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command, the Popular Resistance Committees, and Islamic Jihad lean more toward Hamas than Fatah's position. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير فلسطين - القيادة The Popular Resistance Committees (PRC are various Palestinian militant organizations which operate in the Gaza Strip and are regarded as terrorist organizations

During April 2006, Hamas' political branch issued statements which claimed that suicide bombing attacks inside Israel corresponded to a temporary phase of the struggle and are not expected to ensue indefinitely (or until the destruction of Israel, following its official platform). Stories without links will be removed'. News stories must be in English This article is about suicide attacks for political and/or military reasons This was, however, quickly contradicted and rejected by the military wing of Hamas.

In Israel, following the legislative election of 2006, it is likely that at least 68 of the Knesset's 120 members will favour a unilateral withdrawal to borders roughly corresponding to the Green Line. The Elections for the 17th Knesset were held in Israel on 28 March 2006. The following is a list of the Members of the 17th Knesset elected on 28 March 2006 and inaugurated 4 May 2006, and their replacements One striking development of the election was that Likud, who for decades subscribed to the concept of Greater Israel which ignores the Line, and before the split leading to the founding of Kadima was the ruling and largest party, saw its numbers diminish to one quarter its former strength, its lowest point ever. Likud (ליכוד lit Consolidation) is the major centre-right political party in Israel. Greater Israel (also Complete Land of Israel, ארץ ישראל השלמה Eretz Yisrael Hashlemah) is an expression with several different meanings Kadima (קדימה lit Forward) is a political party in Israel. Thus, only 35 MKs can be seen to be ideologically committed to opposing unilateral withdrawal.

See also

• 1949 Armistice Agreements
• At the Green Line
• Peace Process in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
• Blue Line
• Purple Line
• Mixed Armistice Commissions
• United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)

Notes

Further reading

• Gad Barzilai and Ilan Peleg, "Israel and Future Borders: Assessment of a Dynamic Process", Journal of Peace Research, Vol. The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress ( USA) freely available for use by researchers The Journal of Peace Research is a peer-reviewed Academic journal that publishes scholarly articles and book reviews in the fields of peace studies 31, No. 1 (February 1994), pp. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) 59-73
• Ilan Peleg and Paul Scham, "Israel's Neo-Revisionism and American Neoconservatism: The Unexplored Link", Association for Israel Studies, May 30, 2006
• Bornstein, Avram S. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Crossing the Green Line Between the West Bank and Israel, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001; Unfavourable review by Steven Plaut, Middle East Forum, Vol. The University of Pennsylvania Press (or Penn Press) was originally incorporated with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on 26 March 1890 and the imprint of the University of Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The Middle East Forum (MEF is an American Think tank founded in 1990 by historian and columnist Daniel Pipes, who also serves as its director 10, No. 3, (Spring 2003); Favourable review by Matthew S. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Gordon, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, Vol. The Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History is an Academic journal founded in 2000 by Patricia Romero and is devoted to research in the relatively 4, No. 2 (Fall 2003)
• S. Brian Willson, "History of Palestine and Green Line Israel", Most Dangerous of Rogue Nation, 1992, Revised May 2002
• David Newman, "Boundaries in Flux: The 'Green Line' Boundary between Israel and the West Bank - Past, Present and Future", Boundary & Territory Briefings, Vol. Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) May 2002: January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September 1 no. 7, 1995. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995
• David Newman, "The functional presence of an 'erased' boundary: The re-emergence of the 'green line'"; from Schofield C. H. and Schofield R. N. (eds. ). World Boundaries: the Middle East and North Africa, Routledge, London, 1995 (ISBN 0415088399)
• Nadim Rouhana, "The Intifada and the Palestinians of Israel: Resurrecting the Green Line", Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 The Journal of Palestine Studies is an Academic journal established in 1971 19, No. 3 (Spring 1990), pp. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) 58-75

External links

• Foundation for Middle East Peace - Maps
• University of Texas- Middle East Maps - PCL
• Walk The Green Line A fundraising event of IPCRI